Effect of AMY1 copy number variation and various doses of starch intake on glucose homeostasis: data from a cross-sectional observational study and a crossover meal study

Mary Farrell, Stina Ramne, Phébée Gouinguenet, Louise Brunkwall, Ulrika Ericson, Anne Raben, Peter M Nilsson, Marju Orho-Melander, Yvonne Granfeldt, Juscelino Tovar, Emily Sonestedt, Mary Farrell, Stina Ramne, Phébée Gouinguenet, Louise Brunkwall, Ulrika Ericson, Anne Raben, Peter M Nilsson, Marju Orho-Melander, Yvonne Granfeldt, Juscelino Tovar, Emily Sonestedt

Abstract

Background: Copy number (CN) variation (CNV) of the salivary amylase gene (AMY1) influences the ability to digest starch and may influence glucose homeostasis, obesity and gut microbiota composition. Hence, the aim was to examine the association of AMY1 CNV with fasting glucose, BMI, and gut microbiota composition considering habitual starch intake and to investigate the effect of AMY1 CNV on the postprandial response after two different starch doses.

Methods: The Malmö Offspring Study (n = 1764, 18-71 years) was used to assess interaction effects between AMY1 CNV (genotyped by digital droplet polymerase chain reaction) and starch intake (assessed by 4-day food records) on fasting glucose, BMI, and 64 gut bacteria (16S rRNA sequencing). Participants with low (≤ 4 copies, n = 9) and high (≥ 10 copies, n = 10) AMY1 CN were recruited for a crossover meal study to compare postprandial glycemic and insulinemic responses to 40 g and 80 g starch from white wheat bread.

Results: In the observational study, no overall associations were found between AMY1 CNV and fasting glucose, BMI, or gut microbiota composition. However, interaction effects between AMY1 CNV and habitual starch intake on fasting glucose (P = 0.03) and BMI (P = 0.05) were observed, suggesting inverse associations between AMY1 CNV and fasting glucose and BMI at high starch intake levels and positive association at low starch intake levels. No associations with the gut microbiota were observed. In the meal study, increased postprandial glucose (P = 0.02) and insulin (P = 0.05) were observed in those with high AMY1 CN after consuming 40 g starch. This difference was smaller and nonsignificant after consuming 80 g starch.

Conclusions: Starch intake modified the observed association between AMY1 CNV and fasting glucose and BMI. Furthermore, depending on the starch dose, a higher postprandial glucose and insulin response was observed in individuals with high AMY1 CN than in those with low AMY1 CN.

Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov , NCT03974126 . Registered 4 June 2019-retrospectively registered.

Keywords: AMY1; Body mass index; Copy number variation; Diet-gene interaction; Gut microbiome; Metabolic health; Nutrigenetics; Salivary α-amylase; Starch intake.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

© 2021. The Author(s).

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Change in postprandial response (mean ± SE) among the low AMY1 CN group (n = 9, black) and high AMY1 CN group (n = 10, gray) over time (min) after a starch meal. A Capillary blood glucose response to 40 g starch, B capillary blood glucose response to 80 g starch, C plasma insulin response to 40 g starch, and D plasma insulin response to 80 g starch. Three-way ANOVA demonstrated a significant AMY1 CN group × time interaction (P = 0.04) and AMY1 CN group × starch dose × time interaction (P = 0.02) for glucose. For insulin, only the AMY1 CN group × time interaction was borderline significant (P = 0.06). Two-way ANOVA separated by starch dose demonstrated significant AMY1 CN group × time interactions for both glucose and insulin at 40 g (P = 0.0011 and P = 0.0007) but not at 80 g (P = 0.49 and P = 0.59), respectively. Boxplots of the total iAUC for each group and starch dose are displayed in E for glucose and F for insulin. *Whisker reaches iAUC 91,211. AMY1, salivary α-amylase gene; CN, copy number; iAUC incremental area under the curve

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Source: PubMed

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