Chemotherapy and HAART to Treat AIDS-related Primary Brain Lymphoma

AIDS-Related Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma: A Phase II Pilot Study of High-Dose Intravenous Methotrexate With Rituximab Leucovorin Rescue and Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy

This study will investigate the use of chemotherapy plus highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in patients with Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)-related primary brain lymphoma. None of the drugs used in this study are experimental, but chemotherapy plus HAART has not been established as a standard treatment in patients with AIDS. The chemotherapy regimen used in this study (see below) was chosen because it may be less toxic to immune cells called T-lymphocytes than most drug treatments for lymphoma.

People with AIDS 18 and older and have primary brain lymphoma may be eligible for this study. Candidates are screened with a medical history and physical examination, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT) and positron emission tomography (PET) scans, cerebrospinal fluid studies, brain biopsy at tumor sites, if possible, electrocardiogram and blood tests.

Participants undergo six 2-week "induction treatment" cycles of HAART plus chemotherapy with methotrexate, rituximab and leucovorin, followed by two 4-week "consolidation" treatment cycles using HAART, methotrexate and leucovorin, and then HAART alone. Rituximab is given by intravenous (intravenous (IV), through a vein) day 1 of each cycle. Also on day 1 IV fluids are given to lower acidity in the urine to protect the kidneys from the methotrexate. On day 2, methotrexate is infused through a vein over 4 hours. Starting 24 hours after initiation of the methotrexate infusion, leucovorin is given every 3 to 6 hours (first IV and then possibly by mouth) until the drug decreases to a target level in the blood. HAART is begun as soon as possible. The specific HAART regimen for each patient is determined individually. All patients are hospitalized the first week of every 2-week treatment cycle for safety monitoring. In addition to HAART and chemotherapy, patients undergo the following tests and procedures:

• Intellectual functioning: Before starting treatment, patients are tested for their ability to understand basic concepts and coordination in order to be able to evaluate how the brain lymphoma affects thinking and concentration. After the lymphoma appears to have resolved, more formal and intensive tests are done. The intensive tests are repeated each year, and shorter, interim tests are done about every 6 months. Also, a specialist periodically monitors patients' understanding of HAART and the importance of this therapy.
• Blood tests: Blood is drawn every day during hospitalizations to measure methotrexate levels and to evaluate kidney and liver function and blood counts. Blood is also drawn before starting therapy, when the lymphoma disappears, 6 months after completing treatment, and any time it appears that the lymphoma may have recurred to test for Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a virus that is almost always present in AIDS-related primary brain lymphoma.
• Imaging tests: Patients undergo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET) scans periodically to monitor the effects of treatment on the lymphoma. MRI scans are done after the 2nd, 4th, 6th, and 8th treatments, then every 2 months for three times, every 3 months for six times, every 6 months for four times, and then every year for 5 years, or sooner if there is a concern about the brain. PET scans are done after the first cycle, after the MRI suggests the lymphoma is gone, and then yearly.
• Lumbar puncture (spinal tap): This test is done to look for EBV in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Under local anesthetic, a needle is inserted in the space between the bones in the lower back where the CSF circulates below the spinal cord and a small amount of fluid is collected through the needle. This test is done at the same times as the blood tests for EBV.
• Eye examinations: Patients' eyes are examined periodically because brain lymphoma can sometimes spread to the eye and because some people with AIDS-related primary brain lymphoma are at risk of certain eye infections.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: AIDS-Related-Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma
• Intervention / Treatment: Drug: Methotrexate; Drug: Rituximab; Drug: Leucovorin

Detailed Description

Background: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)-related primary central nervous system lymphoma (AR-PCNSL) is an Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-driven lymphoproliferative process that typically results in death within a few months. Essentially all of the cases are immunoblastic cluster of differentiation 20 (CD20+) tumors, and occur once the cluster of differentiation 4 (CD4+) cells have fallen to below 50 cells/mm^3. Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) can result in immune reconstitution that decreases the risk of AR-PCNSL. However, a subset of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients still develops ARPCNSL, often because they are unaware that they are HIV infected, or they do not take HAART. Treatment options for such patients are limited. In the non-AIDS setting, chemotherapy has become the standard of care for primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) and late neurocognitive decline consequent to radiotherapy can be avoided by such approaches. In the pre-HAART era, AR-PCNSL was generally treated with whole brain radiotherapy, however death due to recurrent lymphoma or to other AIDS complications occurred prior to the potential manifestations of late occurring radiation-related neurotoxicity. Radiation-sparing approaches have not been studied in AR-PCNSL in the HAART era, where advances in antiretroviral therapy have made curative intent chemotherapy feasible for most patients with HIV infection.

Objectives: The primary objective of this study is to estimate the fraction of patients with AR-PCNSL receiving experimental treatment consisting of HAART, combined with rituximab, high-dose methotrexate and leucovorin (R-HD-MTX) who are alive and without recurrent lymphoma or severe cognitive problems at two years. .

Eligibility: HIV-infected, age 18 years or older, AR-PCSNL that has not previously been treated, and be able to give informed consent or have a durable power of attorney who can provide informed consent, HIV profile that makes them likely to respond to HAART. There are a number of other specific inclusion and exclusion criteria, in part to exclude patients who would be unlikely to tolerate the therapy.

Design: Phase II pilot study investigating R-HD-MTX given with leucovorin rescue and HAART as a treatment for AR-PCNSL. Evaluation will include quantitative measurement of lymphocyte subsets, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of HIV and EBV viral loads (including both blood and cerebrospinal fluid in the case of EBV) to assess immune response and anti-viral effects. Tumor evaluation with brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and brain fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET scans) will be used for staging and response assessment. Longitudinal neuropsychologic testing after complete responses are documented will serve to evaluate neurocognitive parameters post therapy.

a separate cohort for additional secondary endpoints.

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 12
• Phase: Phase 2

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• United States
  • Maryland
    • Bethesda, Maryland, United States, 20892
      • National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, 9000 Rockville Pike

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 16 years to 97 years (Adult, Older Adult)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No
• Genders Eligible for Study: All

Description

• INCLUSION CRITERIA:

Positive human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) serology (previous records acceptable)

• Diagnosis of Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma
• Confirmed histopathologic diagnosis by National Cancer Institute (NCI) Laboratory of Pathology
• If tissue diagnosis is not feasible for any reason, such as undue risk to the patient to acquire tissue diagnosis, the following will be accepted as confirmed Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related primary central nervous system lymphoma (AR-PCNSL) diagnosis:
• Positive brain fluro-2-deoxy-d-glucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) and
• Epstein Barr Virus (EBV) detected in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) using polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
• Age 18 years or greater
• Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance less than or equal to 0-4
• Ability to understand and willing to provide informed consent
• If patient unable to understand informed consent, a previously designated durable power of attorney for healthcare or an individual with legal authority may substitute in this capacity
• Assignment of a durable power of attorney for healthcare if not already done

EXCLUSION CRITERIA:

• Prior therapy for central nervous system (CNS) lymphoma
• Steroids not an exclusion
• Evidence of lymphoma outside of the central nervous system
• Ocular involvement will not exclude
• Multidrug resistant HIV not amenable to long-term suppression based on either or both:
• Clinical history of poor adherence to multiple antiretroviral drugs deemed sufficient to render effective HIV control unattainable;
• HIV mutational analysis (genotyping and/or phenotyping) that reveals high-level resistance to more than 1 class of anti-HIV drugs such that a combination regimen comprised of agents from at least two drug classes can not be devised to suppress HIV long-term.
• Refusal to adhere to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)
• Concurrent malignancy other than Kaposi sarcoma, resectable squamous cell or basal cell skin cancer, or T1 anal cancer amenable to surgical resection.
• Heart failure, Class IV by New York Heart Association criteria
• Chronic Liver Disease, Child-Pugh class B or C

Pregnancy

• Refusal to practice contraception during chemotherapy.
• Any condition or set of circumstances that the Principal Investigator or Protocol Chair interprets as creating undue risk to the patient by participating on this study or would make the patient unlikely to comply with the study.

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Treatment
• Allocation: N/A
• Interventional Model: Single Group Assignment
• Masking: None (Open Label)

Number of Arms

1

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm

Intervention / Treatment

Experimental: Rituximab, High-Dose Methotrexate & Leucovorin Treatment; Induction treatment cycles with rituximab, high-dose methotrexate and leucovorin will be administered every 2 weeks for 6 cycles. Two additional consolidation cycles of high-dose methotrexate without rituximab will be administered at 4 weeks and 8 weeks following completion of the combined therapy.

Drug: Methotrexate; 6000 mg/m^2 will be administered by intravenous infusion over 4 hours after confirming that the recipient patients urine pH is within the range greater than or equal to 7 to less than or equal to 8, and urine output is greater than or equal to 100 mL/hour.; Other Names: Trexall; Rasuvo; Xatmep; Otrexup (PF); Drug: Rituximab; 375 mg/m^2 intravenous (IV) day 1 of each cycle prior to administration of high-dose methotrexate; Other Names: Rituxan; MabThera; Drug: Leucovorin; Leucovorin calcium doses will be administered orally or by short intravenous (IV) infusion over 15 minutes; Other Names: citrovorum factor; Folinic acid

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Number of Patients Alive at 2 Years Without Recurrent Brain Lymphoma or Severe Neurocognitive Defects	Recurrent lymphoma as defined by the International Primary Central Nervous System (CNS) Lymphoma Collaborative Group for response assessment of aggressive Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma (NHL) using fluorodeoxyglucose F 18 (18FDG-PET). Severe cognitive problems are defined as the inability to carry out normal activities with minimal difficulty and not requiring nursing care or hospitalization because of neurological impairment.	2 years

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Number of Participants With Serious and Non-serious Adverse Events	Here is the count of participants with serious and non-serious adverse events assessed by the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE v3.0). A non-serious adverse event is any untoward medical occurrence. A serious adverse event is an adverse event or suspected adverse reaction that results in death, a life-threatening adverse drug experience, hospitalization, disruption of the ability to conduct normal life functions, congenital anomaly/birth defect or important medical events that jeopardize the patient or subject and may require medical or surgical intervention to prevent one of the previous outcomes mentioned.	Date treatment consent signed to date off study, approximately 142 months and 11 days.
Number of Participants With Response to Treatment After Rituximab, High-Dose Methotrexate (R-HD-MTX) Induction	Response was assessed by the International Workshop Criteria for Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma. Complete Response is disappearance of all enhancing lesions on magnetic resonance imaging of the brain. Partial Response is a reduction of enhancing tumor volume by more than 50% for at least 4 weeks. Progressive Disease is an increase of tumor volume of more than 25% or occurrence of new lesions.	At the end of 6 cycles or 12 weeks of treatment
Estimated Percentage of Participants Overall Survival	Participants that are estimated to be alive or last known to be alive after Rituximab, High-Dose Methotrexate and Leucovorin treatment.	Time from treatment start date until date of death or date last known alive, approximately 60 months
Median Mini Mental Status Exam (MMSE) Score in Surviving Participants After Rituximab, High-Dose Methotrexate & Leucovorin ( R-HD-MTX) Treatment	The MMSE is scored out of a maximum of 30 points. A score of >25 is considered normal, with scores <25 indicating different levels of cognitive impairment: mild (21-24) moderate (10-20), and severe (0-10).	up to 2.5 years
Change From Baseline in Cluster of Differentiation 4 (CD4) T Cell Count at up to 2.5 Years	An increase in CD4 cells is determined by the number of CD4+ T lymphocytes /µL of peripheral blood.	Baseline and up to 2.5 years

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: National Cancer Institute (NCI)

Publications and helpful links

General Publications

• Levine AM. AIDS-related malignancies: the emerging epidemic. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1993 Sep 1;85(17):1382-97. doi: 10.1093/jnci/85.17.1382.
• Goplen AK, Dunlop O, Liestol K, Lingjaerde OC, Bruun JN, Maehlen J. The impact of primary central nervous system lymphoma in AIDS patients: a population-based autopsy study from Oslo. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol. 1997 Apr 1;14(4):351-4. doi: 10.1097/00042560-199704010-00007.
• von Gunten CF, Von Roenn JH. Clinical aspects of human immunodeficiency virus-related lymphoma. Curr Opin Oncol. 1992 Oct;4(5):894-9. doi: 10.1097/00001622-199210000-00012.
• Kranick SM, Goncalves PH, Stetler-Stevenson M, Aleman K, Polizzotto MN, Little RF, Yarchoan R, Uldrick TS. Paradoxical central nervous system immune reconstitution syndrome in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related primary central nervous system lymphoma. Haematologica. 2015 Jan;100(1):e21-4. doi: 10.3324/haematol.2014.114736. Epub 2014 Oct 10. No abstract available.

Helpful Links

• NIH Clinical Center Detailed Web Page

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Actual): September 14, 2006
• Primary Completion (Actual): September 18, 2019
• Study Completion (Actual): September 19, 2019

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: December 21, 2005
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: December 20, 2005
• First Posted (Estimate): December 21, 2005

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): June 1, 2020
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: May 15, 2020
• Last Verified: May 1, 2020

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: Methotrexate; Human immunodeficiency virus; Rituximab; CNS Lymphoma; Epstein-Barr virus; Central Nervous System Lymphoma; High Dose Methotrexate; Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome; AR-PCNSL
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Immune System Diseases; Neoplasms by Histologic Type; Neoplasms; Lymphoproliferative Disorders; Lymphatic Diseases; Immunoproliferative Disorders; Lymphoma; Physiological Effects of Drugs; Molecular Mechanisms of Pharmacological Action; Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors; Enzyme Inhibitors; Antirheumatic Agents; Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic; Antimetabolites; Antineoplastic Agents; Immunosuppressive Agents; Immunologic Factors; Protective Agents; Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological; Dermatologic Agents; Micronutrients; Vitamins; Reproductive Control Agents; Antidotes; Vitamin B Complex; Abortifacient Agents, Nonsteroidal; Abortifacient Agents; Folic Acid Antagonists; Rituximab; Leucovorin; Methotrexate
• Other Study ID Numbers: 060051; 06-C-0051

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

• Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?: No

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: Yes
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No
• product manufactured in and exported from the U.S.: No