A Retrospective Analysis of the Effects of Low Level Laser Therapy on Toenail Onychomycosis

A Retrospective Evaluation of the Effect of the Erchonia LUNULA™ on the Increase of Clear Nail in Patients With Toenail Onychomycosis

The purpose of this study is to determine whether low level laser therapy (LLLT) using the Erchonia LUNULA device is effective in increasing clear nail in toenails with onychomycosis.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Onychomycosis
• Intervention / Treatment: Device: Erchonia LUNULA

Detailed Description

Nail onychomycosis, or fungus infection, is typically caused by a fungus called dermatophytes, but may also be caused by yeasts and molds. These microscopic organisms invade the skin through tiny invisible cuts or through a small separation between the nail and the nail bed. Under conditions of warmth and moisture, the fungi grow and spread. The infection begins as a white or yellow spot under the tip of the nail, and as it spreads deeper into the nail, causes unsightly and potentially painful nail discoloration, thickening and the development of crumbling edges. Onychomycosis occurs more commonly in toenails than in fingernails because toenails are often confined in a dark, warm, moist environment inside shoes where fungi can thrive. Toenail fungus affects approximately 23 million people in the US - about 10% of all adults.

Potential complications of onychomycosis include pain in the nails, permanent damage to the nails, development of other serious infections that can spread beyond the feet for individuals with a suppressed immune system due to medication, diabetes or other conditions, such as leukemia and AIDS.

Nail fungus can be difficult to treat, and repeated infections are common. Currently available treatments for onychomycosis include oral antifungal medications, antifungal lacquer, and topical medications, surgical nail removal and photodynamic therapy.

There is no perfect cure for toenail fungus. Even the most effective oral medications are successful only about half of the time, and topical medications are successful less than 10% of the time. Recently, research has found laser therapy to show promise as a novel alternative treatment for toenail onychomycosis. Unlike medication-driven treatments for toenail fungus which can have many side effects including serious ones such as liver toxicity, laser therapy presents minimal to no risk of side effects. Laser therapy is applied to toenail onychomycosis by shining a laser light through the toenail into the tissue below. The laser light vaporizes the fungus while leaving the skin and surrounding healthy tissue unharmed.

Low level laser therapy operates under the principle of photochemistry with a photoacceptor molecule absorbing the emitted photons and inducing a biological cascade. Like our eukaryotic cell, fungi contain the highly complex organelle the mitochondria, which is responsible for the manufacturing of the energy molecule adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Within the inner mitochondrial membrane is cytochrome c oxidase, an identified photoacceptor molecule. It is believed that laser therapy could perhaps provide a means to photo-destroy the fungi responsible for onychomycosis (OM) by inducing the release of highly reactive superoxides. Moreover, laser therapy has been shown to promote superoxide dismutase (SOD), a process responsible for the destruction of foreign invaders. Extracellular release of low levels of mediators associated with SOD can increase the expression of chemokines, cytokines, and endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecules, amplifying the cascade that elicits the inflammatory response. The physiologic function of hydrogen peroxide, superoxide anion, and hydroxyl free radical is to destroy phagocytosed microbes. By enhancing the natural processes of the immune system and impacting the structural integrity of the fungi strain, it is believed that laser therapy may provide a means for clinicians to effectively treat OM without the onset of any adverse events.

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 54
• Phase: Not Applicable

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 14 years and older (Adult, Older Adult)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No
• Genders Eligible for Study: All

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• Great toenail presents with clearly visually identifiable and photographically documentable onychomycosis of the great toenail, or no visible onychomycosis (1 great toenail)
• Onychomycosis has been identified as due to bacterial/fungal infection classified by the investigator as onychomycosis, with the nail presenting positive on visual inspection for somewhat thickened nail plate with a cloudy appearance and some discoloration (white to yellow to brown)
• Onychomycosis etiology has been confirmed through positive fungal potassium hydroxide preparation (KOH) testing results

Exclusion Criteria:

• Spikes of disease extending to nail matrix in the great toenail
• Infection involving lunula of the great toenail, e.g. genetic nail disorders, primentary disorders
• Great toenail has less than 2mm clear (unaffected) nail plate length beyond the proximal fold
• Dermatophytoma or "yellow spike/streak" (defined as thick masses of fungal hyphae and necrotic keratin between the nail plate and nail bed) on the great toenail
• Onychogryphosis
• Proximal subungual onychomycosis
• White superficial onychomycosis

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Treatment
• Allocation: N/A
• Interventional Model: Single Group Assignment
• Masking: None (Open Label)

Number of Arms

1

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Experimental: Erchonia LUNULA; The Erchonia LUNULA emits both red light (635 nm) and blue light (405 nm) to the affected toenail for 12 minutes per treatment for 4 treatments, each treatment one week apart.	Device: Erchonia LUNULA; Active low level laser light therapy

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Percent (%) of Toenails Attaining 3 Millimeters (mm) or More of Clear Nail Growth	Individual toenail success criteria was defined as 3 millimeter (mm) or more of clear nail growth at 6 months post-procedure administration as evaluated relative to baseline. Overall study success criteria was defined as an 60% or more of treated toenails meeting the individual success criteria.	6 Months

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Change in Millimeters (mm) of Clear Nail Bed	Millimeter (mm) of clear nail from the base of the toenail was determined from digital photographs of the toenail using a computer program. Change in mm of clear nail bed was calculated as the difference in mm of clear nail bed from baseline measurement to the measurement at 6 months after the end of the procedure administration phase. An increase in mm of clear nail between the two measurement points indicates that the toenail has improved and is positive for study success. A decrease in mm of clear nail between the two measurement points indicates that the toenail has worsened and is negative for study success.	Baseline and 6 Months

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Erchonia Corporation
• Investigators: Principal Investigator: Kerry Zang, DPM

Publications and helpful links

General Publications

• Zang K, Sullivan R, Shanks S. A Retrospective Study of Non-thermal Laser Therapy for the Treatment of Toenail Onychomycosis. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2017 May;10(5):24-30. Epub 2017 May 1.

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start: October 1, 2015
• Primary Completion (Actual): October 1, 2015
• Study Completion (Actual): October 1, 2015

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: October 25, 2015
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: October 26, 2015
• First Posted (Estimate): October 28, 2015

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Estimate): September 28, 2016
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: August 20, 2016
• Last Verified: August 1, 2016

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Skin Diseases; Infections; Bacterial Infections and Mycoses; Skin Diseases, Infectious; Mycoses; Tinea; Dermatomycoses; Nail Diseases; Onychomycosis
• Other Study ID Numbers: EC_LUNULA_RETRO

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

• Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?: No