A Study of S-033188 (Baloxavir Marboxil) Compared With Placebo or Oseltamivir in Otherwise Healthy Patients With Influenza (CAPSTONE 1)

A Phase 3, Multicenter, Randomized, Double-blind Study of a Single Dose of S-033188 (Baloxavir Marboxil) Compared With Placebo or Oseltamivir 75 mg Twice Daily for 5 Days in Otherwise Healthy Patients With Influenza

The primary objective of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of a single, oral dose of baloxavir marboxil compared with placebo by measuring the time to alleviation of symptoms in patients with uncomplicated influenza virus infection.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Influenza
• Intervention / Treatment: Drug: Baloxavir Marboxil; Drug: Placebo to Oseltamivir; Drug: Placebo to Baloxavir Marboxil; Drug: Oseltamivir

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 1436
• Phase: Phase 3

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 12 years to 64 years (Child, Adult)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No
• Genders Eligible for Study: All

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Patients who are able to understand the study and comply with all study procedures, and willing to provide written informed consent/assent prior to the predose examinations appropriately. As for adolescent patients, informed consent/assent of voluntary participation should be obtained in accordance with local requirements
2. Male or female patients aged ≥ 12 to ≤ 64 years at the time of signing the informed consent/assent form.

3. Patients with a diagnosis of influenza virus infection confirmed by all of the following:

   1. Fever ≥ 38ºC (axillary) in the predose examinations or > 4 hours after dosing of antipyretics if they were taken

   2. At least one of the following general systemic symptoms associated with influenza are present with a severity of moderate or greater

      • Headache
      • Feverishness or chills
      • Muscle or joint pain
      • Fatigue

   3. At least one of the following respiratory symptoms associated with influenza are present with a severity of moderate or greater

      • Cough
      • Sore throat
      • Nasal congestion

4. The time interval between the onset of symptoms and the predose examinations is 48 hours or less. The onset of symptoms is defined as either:

   1. Time of the first increase in body temperature (an increase of at least 1ºC from normal body temperature)
   2. Time when the patient experiences at least one general or respiratory symptom
5. Women of childbearing potential who agree to use a highly effective method of contraception for 3 months after the first dose of study drug

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Patients with severe influenza virus infection requiring inpatient treatment.
2. Patients aged ≥ 20 years with known allergy to oseltamivir (Tamiflu®).

3. Patients with any of the following risk factors

   1. Women who are pregnant or within 2 weeks post-partum
   2. Residents of long-term care facilities (eg, welfare facilities for the elderly, nursing homes)
   3. Chronic respiratory diseases including bronchial asthma
   4. Neurological and neurodevelopmental disorders including disorders of the brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerve, and muscle (eg, cerebral palsy, epilepsy [seizure disorders], stroke, intellectual disability, moderate to severe developmental delay, muscular dystrophy, or spinal cord injury)
   5. Heart disease (such as congenital heart disease, congestive heart failure, or coronary artery disease), excluding hypertension without any other heart-related symptoms)
   6. American Indians and Alaskan natives
   7. Blood disorders (such as sickle cell disease)
   8. Endocrine disorders (including diabetes mellitus)
   9. Kidney disorders
   10. Liver disorders
   11. Metabolic disorders
   12. Compromised immune system (including patients receiving immunosuppressant therapy, or those with cancer or human immunodeficiency virus [HIV] infection)
   13. Morbid obesity (body mass index [BMI] ≥ 40)
4. Patients unable to swallow tablets or capsules.
5. Patients who have previously received Baloxavir Marboxil.
6. Patients weighing < 40 kg
7. Patients who have been exposed to an investigational drug within 30 days prior to the predose examinations.

8. Women who are breastfeeding or have a positive pregnancy test in the predose examinations. The following female patients who have documentation of either a or b below do not need to undergo a pregnancy test in the predose examinations:

   1. Postmenopausal (defined as cessation of regular menstrual periods for 2 years or more and confirmed by a follicle-stimulating hormone test) women
   2. Women who are surgically sterile by hysterectomy, bilateral oophorectomy, or tubal ligation
9. Patients with concurrent infections requiring systemic antimicrobial and/or antiviral therapy at the predose examinations.
10. Patients who have received peramivir, laninamivir, oseltamivir, zanamivir, rimantadine, umifenovir, or amantadine within 30 days prior to the predose examinations.
11. Patients who have received an investigational monoclonal antibody for a viral disease in the last year.
12. Patients with severe underlying diseases.
13. Patients with known creatinine clearance ≤ 60 mL/min.
14. Patients who, in the opinion of the investigator, would be unlikely to comply with required study visits, self-assessments, and interventions

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Treatment
• Allocation: Randomized
• Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
• Masking: Double

Number of Arms

5

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Experimental: Adults: Baloxavir Marboxil; Participants aged 20 to 64 years will receive two or four 20 mg baloxavir marboxil tablets orally on Day 1 and one oseltamivir placebo capsule orally twice a day (BID) on Days 1 to 5.	Drug: Baloxavir Marboxil; 2 to4 X 20-mg tablets taken orally; Other Names: S-033188; Drug: Placebo to Oseltamivir; Placebo capsules matching oseltamivir 75 mg capsules
Active Comparator: Adults: Oseltamivir; Participants aged 20 to 64 years will receive 75 mg oseltamivir twice a day on Days 1 to 5 and two or four baloxavir marboxil placebo tablets on Day 1.	Drug: Placebo to Baloxavir Marboxil; 2 to4 X 20-mg tablets taken orally; Drug: Oseltamivir; 75 mg capsules taken orally; Other Names: Tamiflu®
Placebo Comparator: Adults: Placebo; Participants aged 20 to 64 years will receive two or four baloxavir marboxil placebo tablets on Day 1 and one oseltamivir placebo capsule orally twice a day on Days 1 to 5.	Drug: Placebo to Oseltamivir; Placebo capsules matching oseltamivir 75 mg capsules; Drug: Placebo to Baloxavir Marboxil; 2 to4 X 20-mg tablets taken orally
Experimental: Adolescents: Baloxavir Marboxil; Participants aged 12 to 19 years will receive two or four baloxavir marboxil 20 mg tablets on Day 1.	Drug: Baloxavir Marboxil; 2 to4 X 20-mg tablets taken orally; Other Names: S-033188
Placebo Comparator: Adolescents: Placebo; Participants aged 12 to 19 years will receive two or four baloxavir marboxil placebo tablets on Day 1.	Drug: Placebo to Baloxavir Marboxil; 2 to4 X 20-mg tablets taken orally

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Time to Alleviation of Symptoms in Participants Randomized to Baloxavir or Placebo	Participants assessed the severity of seven influenza-associated symptoms (cough, sore throat, headache, nasal congestion, feverishness or chills, muscle or joint pain, and fatigue) on a 4-point scale (with 0 indicating no symptoms, 1 mild symptoms, 2 moderate symptoms, and 3 severe symptoms). Time to alleviation of symptoms was defined as the time from the start of the study treatment to the time when all seven influenza-related symptoms were assessed by the participant as absent (0) or mild (1) for at least 21.5 hours. Time to alleviation of symptoms was analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier (KM) method; participants who did not experience alleviation of symptoms were censored at the last observation time point.	Initiation of study treatment up to Day 14
Time to Alleviation of Symptoms in Adults Randomized to Baloxavir or Oseltamivir	Participants assessed the severity of seven influenza-associated symptoms (cough, sore throat, headache, nasal congestion, feverishness or chills, muscle or joint pain, and fatigue) on a 4-point scale (with 0 indicating no symptoms, 1 mild symptoms, 2 moderate symptoms, and 3 severe symptoms). Time to alleviation of symptoms was defined as the time from the start of the study treatment to the time when all seven influenza-related symptoms were assessed by the participant as absent (0) or mild (1) for at least 21.5 hours. Time to alleviation of symptoms was analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier(KM) method; participants who did not experience alleviation of symptoms were censored at the last observation time point.	Initiation of study treatment up to Day 14

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Percentage of Participants With Positive Influenza Virus Titer at Each Time Point in Participants Randomized to Baloxavir or Placebo	Virus titer was quantified from nasopharyngeal swabs (or throat swabs if nasopharyngeal swabbing was not feasible) by tissue culture methods. Positive influenza virus titer was defined as virus titer not less than the lower limit of quantification (0.7 log₁₀ of the 50% tissue culture infective dose (TCID₅₀/mL) among those assessed for virus titer on Days 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 9.	Days 2, 3, 4 (optional), 5, 6 (optional), and 9
Percentage of Participants With Positive Influenza Virus Titer at Each Time Point in Adults Randomized to Baloxavir or Oseltamivir	Virus titer was quantified from nasopharyngeal swabs (or throat swabs if nasopharyngeal swabbing was not feasible) by tissue culture methods. Positive influenza virus titer was defined as virus titer not less than the lower limit of quantification (0.7 log₁₀ of the 50% tissue culture infective dose (TCID₅₀/mL) among those assessed for virus titer on Days 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 9.	Days 2, 3, 4 (optional), 5, 6 (optional), and 9
Percentage of Participants With Positive Influenza Virus by RT-PCR at Each Time Point in Participants Randomized to Baloxavir or Placebo	Influenza virus ribonucleic acid (RNA) was quantified from nasopharyngeal swabs (or throat swabs, if nasopharyngeal swabbing was not feasible). The percentage of participants with detectable virus RNA (2.05 for flu A and 2.83 for flu B log₁₀ virus particles/mL) among those assessed measured by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) on Days 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 9.	Days 2, 3, 4 (optional), 5, 6 (optional), and 9
Percentage of Participants With Positive Influenza Virus by RT-PCR at Each Time Point in Adults Randomized to Baloxavir or Oseltamivir	Influenza virus RNA was quantified from nasopharyngeal swabs (or throat swabs, if nasopharyngeal swabbing was not feasible). The percentage of participants with detectable virus RNA (2.05 for flu A and 2.83 for flu B log₁₀ virus particles/mL) among those assessed measured by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) on Days 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 9.	Days 2, 3, 4 (optional), 5, 6 (optional), and 9
Change From Baseline in Virus Titer at Each Time Point in Participants Randomized to Baloxavir or Placebo	Virus titer was quantified from nasopharyngeal swabs (or throat swabs if nasopharyngeal swabbing was not feasible) by tissue culture methods. If virus titer was less than the lower limit of quantification, the virus titer was imputed 0.7 (TCID₅₀/mL).	Day 1 pretreatment (Baseline) and Days 2, 3, 4 (optional), 5, 6 (optional), and 9
Change From Baseline in Virus Titer at Each Time Point in Adults Randomized to Baloxavir or Oseltamivir	Virus titer was quantified from nasopharyngeal swabs (or throat swabs if nasopharyngeal swabbing was not feasible) by tissue culture methods. If virus titer was less than the lower limit of quantification, the virus titer was imputed 0.7 (TCID₅₀/mL).	Day 1 pretreatment (Baseline) and Days 2, 3, 4 (optional), 5, 6 (optional), and 9
Change From Baseline in Virus RNA (RT-PCR) at Each Time Point in Participants Randomized to Baloxavir or Placebo	Nasopharyngeal swabs (or throat swabs, if nasopharyngeal swabbing was not feasible) were obtained for viral quantitation. Virus RNA is measured by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).	Day 1 pretreatment (Baseline) and Days 2, 3, 4 (optional), 5, 6 (optional), and 9
Change From Baseline in Virus RNA (RT-PCR) at Each Time Point in Adults Randomized to Baloxavir or Oseltamivir	Nasopharyngeal swabs (or throat swabs, if nasopharyngeal swabbing was not feasible) were obtained for viral quantitation. Virus RNA was measured by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).	Day 1 pretreatment (Baseline) and Days 2, 3, 4 (optional), 5, 6 (optional), and 9
Area Under the Curve (AUC) Adjusted by Baseline in Influenza Virus Titer in Participants Randomized to Baloxavir or Placebo	This endpoint was defined as AUC of change from Baseline in virus titer from Day 1 to Day 9. AUC was calculated using the trapezoidal method.	Day 1 to Day 9
Area Under the Curve (AUC) Adjusted by Baseline in Influenza Virus Titer in Adults Randomized to Baloxavir or Oseltamivir	This endpoint was defined as AUC of change from Baseline in virus titer from Day 1 to Day 9. AUC was calculated using the trapezoidal method.	Day 1 to Day 9
Area Under the Curve (AUC) Adjusted by Baseline of Influenza Virus RNA in Participants Randomized to Baloxavir or Placebo	This endpoint was defined as AUC of change from baseline in the amount of virus RNA (RT-PCR) from Day 1 to Day 9. The AUC was calculated using the trapezoidal method.	Day 1 to Day 9
Area Under the Curve (AUC) Adjusted by Baseline of Influenza Virus RNA in Adults Randomized to Baloxavir or Oseltamivir	This endpoint was defined as AUC of change from baseline in the amount of virus RNA (RT-PCR) from Day 1 to Day 9. The AUC was calculated using the trapezoidal method.	Day 1 to Day 9
Time to Cessation of Viral Shedding Determined by Virus Titer in Participants Randomized to Baloxavir or Placebo	Time to cessation of viral shedding by virus titer was defined as the time between the initiation of the study treatment and first time when the virus titer was below the limit of detection (0.7 log₁₀[TCID₅₀/mL]). The median and 95% confidence interval (CI) for time to cessation of viral shedding determined by virus titer was analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier (KM) method; participants whose virus titer had not reached cessation by the last observation time point were treated as censored at that time point.	Day 1 to Day 9
Time to Cessation of Viral Shedding Determined by Virus Titer in Adults Randomized to Baloxavir or Oseltamivir	Time to cessation of viral shedding by virus titer was defined as the time between the initiation of the study treatment and first time when the virus titer was below the limit of detection (0.7 log₁₀[TCID₅₀/mL]). The time to cessation of viral shedding determined by virus titer was analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier (KM) method; participants whose virus titer had not reached cessation by the last observation time point were treated as censored at that time point.	Day 1 to Day 9
Time to Cessation of Viral Shedding Determined by Virus RNA in Participants Randomized to Baloxavir or Placebo	Time to cessation of viral shedding by RT-PCR was defined as the time between the initiation of the study treatment and first time when the virus RNA was below the limit of detection measured by RT-PCR. Time to cessation of viral shedding by RT-PCR was analyzed using the KM method; participants whose virus RNA had not reached cessation by the last observation time point were treated as censored at that time point.	Day 1 to Day 9
Time to Cessation of Viral Shedding Determined by Virus RNA in Adults Randomized to Baloxavir or Oseltamivir	Time to cessation of viral shedding by RT-PCR was defined as the time between the initiation of the study treatment and first time when the virus RNA was below the limit of detection measured by RT-PCR. Time to cessation of viral shedding by RT-PCR was analyzed using the KM method; participants whose virus RNA had not reached cessation by the last observation time point were treated as censored at that time point.	Day 1 to Day 9
Percentage of Participants Whose Symptoms Were Alleviated at Each Time Point in Participants Randomized to Baloxavir or Placebo	Participants assessed the severity of seven influenza-associated symptoms (cough, sore throat, headache, nasal congestion, feverishness or chills, muscle or joint pain, and fatigue) on a 4-point scale (with 0 indicating no symptoms, 1 mild symptoms, 2 moderate symptoms, and 3 severe symptoms). Alleviation of symptoms was defined as all seven influenza-related symptoms assessed by the participant as absent (0) or mild (1) .	12, 24, 36, 48, 72, 96, 120, 144, 168, 192 and 216 hours after the initial dose of study treatment
Percentage of Participants Whose Symptoms Were Alleviated at Each Time Point in Adults Randomized to Baloxavir or Oseltamivir	Participants assessed the severity of seven influenza-associated symptoms (cough, sore throat, headache, nasal congestion, feverishness or chills, muscle or joint pain, and fatigue) on a 4-point scale (with 0 indicating no symptoms, 1 mild symptoms, 2 moderate symptoms, and 3 severe symptoms). Alleviation of symptoms was defined as all seven influenza-related symptoms assessed by the participant as absent (0) or mild (1) .	12, 24, 36, 48, 72, 96, 120, 144, 168, 192 and 216 hours after the initial dose of study treatment
Time to Alleviation of the Four Systemic Symptoms in Participants Randomized to Baloxavir or Placebo	Participants assessed the severity of seven influenza-associated symptoms (cough, sore throat, headache, nasal congestion, feverishness or chills, muscle or joint pain, and fatigue) on a 4-point scale (with 0 indicating no symptoms, 1 mild symptoms, 2 moderate symptoms, and 3 severe symptoms). Time to alleviation of the 4 systemic symptoms was defined as the time between the initiation of the study treatment to the time when all 4 systemic symptoms (headache, feverishness or chills, muscle or joint pain, and fatigue) were assessed by the participant as 0 (None) or 1 (Mild) for a duration of at least 21.5 hours. Time to alleviation of the 4 systemic symptoms was analyzed using KM methods; participants who did not experience alleviation of symptoms were censored at the last observation time point.	Initiation of study treatment up to Day 14
Time to Alleviation of the Four Systemic Symptoms in Adults Randomized to Baloxavir or Oseltamivir	Participants assessed the severity of seven influenza-associated symptoms (cough, sore throat, headache, nasal congestion, feverishness or chills, muscle or joint pain, and fatigue) on a 4-point scale (with 0 indicating no symptoms, 1 mild symptoms, 2 moderate symptoms, and 3 severe symptoms). Time to alleviation of the 4 systemic symptoms was defined as the time between the initiation of the study treatment to the time when all 4 systemic symptoms (headache, feverishness or chills, muscle or joint pain, and fatigue) were assessed by the participant as 0 (None) or 1 (Mild) for a duration of at least 21.5 hours. Time to alleviation of the 4 systemic symptoms was analyzed using KM methods; participants who did not experience alleviation of symptoms were censored at the last observation time point.	Initiation of study treatment up to Day 14
Time to Alleviation of the Three Respiratory Symptoms in Participants Randomized to Baloxavir or Placebo	Participants assessed the severity of seven influenza-associated symptoms (cough, sore throat, headache, nasal congestion, feverishness or chills, muscle or joint pain, and fatigue) on a 4-point scale (with 0 indicating no symptoms, 1 mild symptoms, 2 moderate symptoms, and 3 severe symptoms). Time to alleviation of the 3 respiratory symptoms was defined as the time from the start of study treatment to the time when all 3 respiratory symptoms (cough, sore throat and nasal congestion) were assessed by the participant as absent (0) or mild (1) for at least 21.5 hours. Time to alleviation of the 3 respiratory symptoms was analyzed using the KM method; participants who did not experience alleviation of symptoms were censored at the last observation time point.	Initiation of study treatment up to Day 14
Time to Alleviation of the Three Respiratory Symptoms in Adults Randomized to Baloxavir or Oseltamivir	Participants assessed the severity of seven influenza-associated symptoms (cough, sore throat, headache, nasal congestion, feverishness or chills, muscle or joint pain, and fatigue) on a 4-point scale (with 0 indicating no symptoms, 1 mild symptoms, 2 moderate symptoms, and 3 severe symptoms). Time to alleviation of the 3 respiratory symptoms was defined as the time from the start of study treatment to the time when all 3 respiratory symptoms (cough, sore throat and nasal congestion) were assessed by the participant as absent (0) or mild (1) for at least 21.5 hours. Time to alleviation of the 3 respiratory symptoms was analyzed using the KM method; participants who did not experience alleviation of symptoms were censored at the last observation time point.	Initiation of study treatment up to Day 14
Change From Baseline in Composite Symptom Score at Each Time Point in Participants Randomized to Baloxavir or Placebo	Participants assessed the severity of seven influenza-associated symptoms (cough, sore throat, headache, nasal congestion, feverishness or chills, muscle or joint pain, and fatigue) on a 4-point scale (with 0 indicating no symptoms, 1 mild symptoms, 2 moderate symptoms, and 3 severe symptoms). The composite symptom score is the total score of the 7 influenza symptoms as assessed by the participant, and ranges from 0 to 21.	Day 1 pretreatment (Baseline) and 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, 96, 120, 144, 168, 192, and 216 hours after the initial dose of study treatment.
Change From Baseline in Composite Symptom Score at Each Time Point in Adults Randomized to Baloxavir or Oseltamivir	Participants assessed the severity of seven influenza-associated symptoms (cough, sore throat, headache, nasal congestion, feverishness or chills, muscle or joint pain, and fatigue) on a 4-point scale (with 0 indicating no symptoms, 1 mild symptoms, 2 moderate symptoms, and 3 severe symptoms). The composite symptom score is the total score of the 7 influenza symptoms as assessed by the participant, and ranges from 0 to 21.	Day 1 pretreatment (Baseline) and 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, 96, 120, 144, 168, 192, and 216 hours after the initial dose of study treatment.
Time to Resolution of Fever in Participants Randomized to Baloxavir or Placebo	Time to resolution of fever was defined as the time between the initiation of the study treatment and the resolution of fever. The resolution of fever was defined as the time when the participant's self-measured axillary temperature became less than 37ºC and was maintained at less than 37ºC for a duration of at least 12 hours. Time to resolution of fever was analyzed using KM methods; participants who did not experience resolution of fever by the last observation time point were censored at that time point.	Initiation of study treatment up to Day 14
Time to Resolution of Fever in Adults Randomized to Baloxavir or Oseltamivir	Time to resolution of fever was defined as the time between the initiation of the study treatment and the resolution of fever. The resolution of fever was defined as the time when the participant's self-measured axillary temperature became less than 37ºC and was maintained at less than 37ºC for a duration of at least 12 hours. Time to resolution of fever was analyzed using KM methods; participants who did not experience resolution of fever by the last observation time point were censored at that time point.	Initiation of study treatment up to Day 14
Percentage of Participants Reporting Normal Temperature at Each Time Point in Participants Randomized to Baloxavir or Placebo	Defined as the percentage of patients whose axillary temperature dropped to less than 37ºC after the initiation of study treatment.	12, 24, 36, 48, 72, 96, 120, 144, 168, 192 and 216 hours after the initial dose of study treatment
Percentage of Participants Reporting Normal Temperature at Each Time Point in Adults Randomized to Baloxavir or Oseltamivir	Defined as the percentage of patients whose axillary temperature dropped to less than 37ºC after the initiation of study treatment.	12, 24, 36, 48, 72, 96, 120, 144, 168, 192 and 216 hours after the initial dose of study treatment
Body Temperature at Each Time Point in Participants Randomized to Baloxavir or Placebo	Participant's self-measured axillary temperature using an electronic thermometer.	12, 24, 36, 48, 72, 96 and 120 hours after the initial dose of study treatment
Body Temperature at Each Time Point in Adults Randomized to Baloxavir or Oseltamivir	Participant's self-measured axillary temperature using an electronic thermometer.	12, 24, 36, 48, 72, 96 and 120 hours after the initial dose of study treatment
Time to Alleviation of Individual Symptoms in Participants Randomized to Baloxavir or Placebo	Participants assessed the severity of seven influenza-associated symptoms (cough, sore throat, headache, nasal congestion, feverishness or chills, muscle or joint pain, and fatigue) on a 4-point scale (with 0 indicating no symptoms, 1 mild symptoms, 2 moderate symptoms, and 3 severe symptoms). Time to alleviation of each symptom was defined as the time from the start of treatment to the start of the time period when the individual symptom was assessed by the participant as 0 (None) or 1 (Mild) for a duration of at least 21.5 hours.	Initiation of study treatment up to Day 14
Time to Alleviation of Individual Symptoms in Adults Randomized to Baloxavir or Oseltamivir	Participants assessed the severity of seven influenza-associated symptoms (cough, sore throat, headache, nasal congestion, feverishness or chills, muscle or joint pain, and fatigue) on a 4-point scale (with 0 indicating no symptoms, 1 mild symptoms, 2 moderate symptoms, and 3 severe symptoms). Time to alleviation of each symptom was defined as the time from the start of treatment to the start of the time period when the individual symptom was assessed by the participant as 0 (None) or 1 (Mild) for a duration of at least 21.5 hours.	Initiation of study treatment up to Day 14
Time to Return to Preinfluenza Health Status in Participants Randomized to Baloxavir or Placebo	Participants were asked to record their preinfluenza health status on a scale from 0 (worst possible health) to 10 (normal health [for someone your age and your health condition]), and their health status every day after initiation of study treatment on the same scale. Return to preinfluenza health status was defined as time from the initiation of the study treatment to the first time when the health status score was equal to or higher than the preinfluenza health status score. Time to return to preinfluenza health status was analyzed using KM methods; participants with a smaller number on the scale for health status by the last observation time point were censored at that time point.	Initiation of study treatment up to Day 14
Time to Return to Preinfluenza Health Status in Adults Randomized to Baloxavir or Oseltamivir	Participants were asked to record their preinfluenza health status on a scale from 0 (worst possible health) to 10 (normal health [for someone your age and your health condition]), and their health status every day after initiation of study treatment on the same scale. Return to preinfluenza health status was defined as time from the initiation of the study treatment to the first time when the health status score was equal to or higher than the preinfluenza health status score. Time to return to preinfluenza health status was analyzed using KM methods; participants with a smaller number on the scale for health status by the last observation time point were censored at that time point.	Initiation of study treatment up to Day 14
Percentage of Participants With Influenza-related Complications in Participants Randomized to Baloxavir or Placebo	The percentage of participants who experienced each influenza-related complication (hospitalization, death, sinusitis, otitis media, bronchitis, and radiologically confirmed pneumonia) as an adverse event after the initiation of the study treatment.	Initiation of study treatment up to Day 14
Percentage of Participants With Influenza-related Complications in Adults Randomized to Baloxavir or Oseltamivir	The percentage of participants who experienced each influenza-related complication (hospitalization, death, sinusitis, otitis media, bronchitis, and radiologically confirmed pneumonia) as an adverse event after the initiation of the study treatment.	Initiation of study treatment up to Day 14
Percentage of Participants With Adverse Events (AEs)		From first dose of study drug to Day 22

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Shionogi
• Investigators: Study Director: Clinical Support Help Line Shionogi Clinical Trials Administrator, Shionogi

Publications and helpful links

General Publications

• Hayden FG, Sugaya N, Hirotsu N, Lee N, de Jong MD, Hurt AC, Ishida T, Sekino H, Yamada K, Portsmouth S, Kawaguchi K, Shishido T, Arai M, Tsuchiya K, Uehara T, Watanabe A; Baloxavir Marboxil Investigators Group. Baloxavir Marboxil for Uncomplicated Influenza in Adults and Adolescents. N Engl J Med. 2018 Sep 6;379(10):913-923. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1716197.
• Retout S, De Buck S, Jolivet S, Duval V, Cosson V. A Pharmacokinetics-Time to Alleviation of Symptoms Model to Support Extrapolation of Baloxavir Marboxil Clinical Efficacy in Different Ethnic Groups with Influenza A or B. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2022 Aug;112(2):372-381. doi: 10.1002/cpt.2648. Epub 2022 Jun 10.
• Uehara T, Hayden FG, Kawaguchi K, Omoto S, Hurt AC, De Jong MD, Hirotsu N, Sugaya N, Lee N, Baba K, Shishido T, Tsuchiya K, Portsmouth S, Kida H. Treatment-Emergent Influenza Variant Viruses With Reduced Baloxavir Susceptibility: Impact on Clinical and Virologic Outcomes in Uncomplicated Influenza. J Infect Dis. 2020 Jan 14;221(3):346-355. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiz244.

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Actual): December 8, 2016
• Primary Completion (Actual): April 4, 2017
• Study Completion (Actual): April 24, 2017

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: October 27, 2016
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: November 1, 2016
• First Posted (Estimate): November 3, 2016

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): May 8, 2019
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: April 24, 2019
• Last Verified: April 1, 2019

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: Flu; Baloxavir Marboxil; Oseltamivir; Tamiflu®
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: RNA Virus Infections; Virus Diseases; Infections; Respiratory Tract Infections; Respiratory Tract Diseases; Orthomyxoviridae Infections; Influenza, Human; Molecular Mechanisms of Pharmacological Action; Anti-Infective Agents; Antiviral Agents; Enzyme Inhibitors; Oseltamivir; Baloxavir
• Other Study ID Numbers: 1601T0831