E-Cigarette and Cigarette Nicotine Delivery and Abuse Liability in Cigarette Smokers and Dual Users

Investigation of Electronic Cigarette and Cigarette Nicotine Delivery and Abuse Liability in Cigarette Smokers and Dual Users

The FDA has shown clear interest in strategies that will reduce the public health burden of tobacco use. One proposed strategy includes banning the sale of fully nicotinized cigarettes and only allowing VLNCs (Very Low Nicotine Cigarettes) to be sold. While there are concerns regarding the unintended consequences (e.g., black market sales of fully nicotinized cigarettes) of such bans, research is needed to understand how smokers and dual users will act in the potential market. The overall aim of the current research is to understand purchasing and product choice behaviors of tobacco/nicotine users if the proposed ban were to go into effect.

Study Overview

• Status: Withdrawn
• Conditions: Tobacco Use

Detailed Description

Tobacco use continues to be the leading cause of preventable death in the US, with the majority of deaths due to combustible tobacco use. Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) may represent a nicotine delivery device that addresses cravings and nicotine withdrawal and is much less harmful compared to cigarettes, particularly if completely substituted for cigarettes. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recently set forth plans that include the possibility of regulating the level of nicotine in combustible cigarettes to make them non-addictive and disallowing the sale of fully nicotinized cigarettes. While studies have shown that lowering the level of nicotine in cigarettes leads to high quit rates and would likely have a positive overall public health impact, there are concerns that doing so will lead to a black market for purchasing fully nicotinized cigarettes. However, no empirical evidence currently exists regarding this possible unintended consequence of the proposed regulation and the current project aims to fill this gap. Current smokers and dual cigarette and e-cigarette users will complete three in-lab study visits. Following screening and practice with all study products, participants will complete standardized 10-puff bouts for three e-cigarettes, the VLNCs (Very Low Nicotine Cigarettes), and their usual brand cigarette. They will then complete three concurrent choice tasks. The tasks will simulate 1) the current market, in which e-cigarettes and fully nicotinized cigarettes are available, 2) the potential future market in which e-cigarettes and VLNC (Very Low Nicotine Cigarettes) are freely available and nicotinized cigarettes are banned, and 3) the potential future market in which only tobacco flavored e-cigarettes and VLNCs (Very Low Nicotine Cigarettes) are freely available and nicotinized cigarettes are banned. Understanding, in an environment where VLNCs (Very Low Nicotine Cigarettes) are the only cigarettes available, current smokers' and dual users' product choices will fill an important gap in the research and inform regulation of these products.

• Study Type: Observational

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• United States
  • Oklahoma
    • Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States, 73104
      • University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center Oklahoma Tobacco Research Center

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 18 years to 50 years (Adult)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No
• Genders Eligible for Study: All

• Sampling Method: Non-Probability Sample

Study Population

A sample of 40 current cigarette smokers (n=20) and dual e-cigarette and cigarette users (n=20) who are willing to use/try an alternative nicotine-delivery device will be recruited via advertisements/ recruitment materials (e.g., craigslist, ads on OSU, OU, and UCO campuses, OUHSC, email) and referrals. Participants will live in the Oklahoma City, OK metro area. Participants will be provided information about the study and provide initial consent for screening via an online screener.

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• be at least 18 years old
• live within 30 miles of the research site
• interested in/willing to use an e-cigarette during study visits
• be willing and able to complete study procedures including specimen collection, survey completion, and remaining nicotine abstinent for 12 hours prior to each study visit
• speak and understand English
• willing to provide informed consent
• bring usual brand cigarettes to screener study visit.

Additional Inclusion criteria for smokers:

• smoke at least 10 cigarettes per day for the past three months,
• exhaled more than equal to 6 ppm carbon monoxide at the screener visit.

Additional Inclusion criteria for dual users:

• smoke more than equal to 5 tobacco cigarettes per day for the last 3 months,
• use e-cigarettes at least 15 days per month for the last 3 months, and
• bring e-cigarette device to screener study visit.

Exclusion Criteria:

• currently suffering from lung disease including asthma, cystic fibrosis (CF), or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), unless it is well-controlled,
• currently pregnant or breast-feeding or have plans to become pregnant or begin breast-feeding at any point during the study,
• intoxicated at study visits (breath alcohol testing and clean urine drug screen),
• any known allergies or sensitivity to the known major constituents contained in the aerosol of the study e-cigarette devices (e.g., flavorants, vegetable glycerin, propylene glycol),
• User of zero-nicotine e-cigarettes,
• smokes mentholated cigarettes regularly,
• history of cardiac event or distress within the past 3 months.

Additional Exclusion criteria for smokers:

• have previously used any e-cigarette device (cig-a-like, pen style, mod, APV) for longer than 30 days
• use of an e-cigarette device over the past 14 days.

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Observational Models: Case-Control
• Time Perspectives: Cross-Sectional

Number of groups / cohorts

2

Cohorts and Interventions

Group / Cohort
Exclusive cigarette smokers; Exclusive cigarette smokers must smoke at least 10 cigarettes per day for the past three months and have exhaled carbon monoxide (eCO) levels of at least 6 ppm at the screening visit.
Dual (Electronic cigarette and cigarette smoking) users; Dual e-cigarette and cigarette users must have smoked at least 5 cigarettes per day for the last 3 months and use e-cigarettes at least 15 days per month for the last 3 months.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Nicotine delivery measured by serum (blood) nicotine	Participants will complete one standardized puffing bout (10 puffs) with each of the three electronic cigarettes, usual brand cigarette and Very Low Nicotine Cigarettes (VLNCs). Serum nicotine will be measured throughout each standardized puffing bout. Greater levels of serum nicotine will be indicative of greater nicotine delivery.	1 month
Proportion of puffs earned and allocated to each product in three hypothetical tobacco regulatory scenarios	Participants will complete three computer tasks simulating hypothetical regulatory scenarios and will earn and allocate puffs to study products. A greater proportion of puffs allocated will indicate greater demand for the product in that hypothetical scenario	1 month

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: University of Oklahoma
• Investigators: Principal Investigator: Theodore Wagener, PhD, University of Oklahoma

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Anticipated): June 1, 2019
• Primary Completion (Anticipated): December 1, 2019
• Study Completion (Anticipated): December 1, 2019

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: May 7, 2019
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: May 7, 2019
• First Posted (Actual): May 9, 2019

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): December 19, 2020
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: December 16, 2020
• Last Verified: December 1, 2020

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: e-cigarettes; JUUL brand e-cigarette; NJOY brand e-cigarette; EVOLV brand mod e-cigarette; Very Low Nicotine Cigarettes (VLNCs)
• Other Study ID Numbers: 8841

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No