The Effect of Social Skills Training in Visually Impaired Adolescents

The Effect of Social Skills Training on Self-efficacy, Social Phobia and Social Integration in Visually Impaired Adolescents

The aim of our study is to examine the effects of eight sessions of online social skills training given to visually impaired adolescents on social skills, self-efficacy, social phobia and social integration. Forty visually impaired adolescents between the ages of 13 and 19 participated in the study. Participants were divided into control and training groups. 20 adolescents were included in the education program. All participants included in the study were evaluated using the Sociodemographic Information Form, Social Skills Assessment Scale for Children, General Self-Efficacy Scale, Child and Adolescent Social Phobia Scale, and Social Integration Questionnaire.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Blindness; Young Adult; Blindness Congenital; Blindness and Low Vision; Visual Disorder
• Intervention / Treatment: Behavioral: Social Skills Training

Detailed Description

Our study was planned to see the effect of social skills training applied to visually impaired adolescents on self-efficacy, social phobia, and social integration.

1. Inclusion Criteria:

   • Being between the ages of 13-19
   • Being visually impaired according to the health board report
   • Volunteering to participate in the study

2. Exclusion Criteria:

   • Any diagnosis or disability other than visual impairment.
   • Not understanding what you read in Turkish and what is said
   • Getting a score of ˂23 according to the Modified Mini Mental Evaluation Scale Method: In the study, a control group of 20 people and an intervention group of 20 people were formed. Individuals who met the inclusion criteria were included in the sample pool by informing them about the research. Adolescents in the training group were given 8 sessions of "Social Skills Training", while the control group was informed about general social skills in 1 session. At the end of the training, a final evaluation was made for both groups. Initial and final assessments were made face-to-face. The training was held via Zoom.

Training Plan: The training is planned in 8 sessions. During this 4-week period, 2 sessions will be held each week. The training, which will be held via Zoom, will be carried out as a group or individual application. The first session will be four basic skills, the second session will be communication skills, the third session will be assertiveness skills, the fourth session will be conflict management skills, the fifth session will be social life skills, the sixth session will be flirting friendship skills, the seventh session will be health maintenance skills. The eighth session will be about professional/work skills.

Session 1: Four Basic Skills: Listening to others, making requests, expressing positive emotions, making requests.

Session 2: Communication Skills Session 3: Assertive Skills: Refusing requests, making complaints, responding to complaints, etc.

Session 4: Conflict Management Skills Session 5: Social Life Skills Session 6: Dating and Flirting Skills Session 7: Health Maintenance Skills: Making a doctor's appointment by phone, asking about medications, asking about health-related issues, etc.

Session 8: Professional/Work Skills: Conducting job interviews, asking for feedback on job performance, etc.

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 40
• Phase: Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• Turkey
  • Ankara, Turkey, 06000
    • Saglik Bilimleri Universitesi

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 9 years to 15 years (Child, Adult)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No
• Genders Eligible for Study: All

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• Being between the ages of 13-19
• Being visually impaired according to the health board report
• Volunteering to participate in the study

Exclusion Criteria:

• Any diagnosis other than visual impairment, presence of a disabled person
• Not understanding what you read in Turkish and what is said
• Getting a score of ˂23 according to the Modified Mini Mental Evaluation Scale

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Treatment
• Allocation: Randomized
• Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
• Masking: Single

Number of Arms

2

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Experimental: Social Skills Training-intervention group; Intervention group: Adolescents in the training group were given 8 sessions of "Social Skills Training". At the end of the training, the final evaluation was made. Initial and final assessments were made face-to-face. The training was held via Zoom.	Behavioral: Social Skills Training; Intervention: The training is planned as 8 sessions. During this 4-week period, 2 sessions were held each week. The training, which will be held via Zoom, was carried out as a group or individual application. The first session was planned as four basic skills, the second session communication skills, the third session assertiveness skills, the fourth session conflict management skills, the fifth session social life skills, the sixth session friendship flirting skills, the seventh session health maintenance skills, and the eighth session professional/work skills.
Active Comparator: One Session General Social Skills-control group; The control group was informed about general social skills in one session. When the training given to the intervention group was completed, the final evaluation was made. Initial and final assessments were made face-to-face.	Behavioral: Social Skills Training; Intervention: The training is planned as 8 sessions. During this 4-week period, 2 sessions were held each week. The training, which will be held via Zoom, was carried out as a group or individual application. The first session was planned as four basic skills, the second session communication skills, the third session assertiveness skills, the fourth session conflict management skills, the fifth session social life skills, the sixth session friendship flirting skills, the seventh session health maintenance skills, and the eighth session professional/work skills.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Sociodemographic Information Form		up to one month
MESSY Children's Social Skills Assessment Scale (MESSY)	The scale has been developed to evaluate the social skills of children and enables the evaluation of the person regarding any sub-dimension's social skills or social status. It evaluates the sub-dimensions of Appropriate Social Skills (23 items), Inappropriate Assertiveness (21 items), Impulsivity (5 items), Self-Confidence (5 items), Jealousy/Introversion (4 items). Provides 5-point Likert type measurement. The score that can be obtained from the scale varies between 47 and 235. The validity and reliability study was carried out by Erdoğan. The scale was developed to assess children's social skills, and it enables the assessment of a person regarding any sub-dimension's social skills or social status	up to one month
Child and Adolescent Social Phobia Scale	The scale was prepared as 35 questions in the first stage, and it was applied to 30 children with or without social phobia in the clinic, and it was checked whether the items were appropriate for the age group. Thus, some items were rearranged. Some items were removed and the number of items was reduced to 25. Provides a five-point Likert-type measurement. As the total score on the scale increases, the social phobia of individuals decreases.	up to one month
General Self-Efficacy Scale	Sherer and his team developed together; It is a form consisting of 23 items, the validity and reliability study of which was conducted by Yıldırım and İlhan. It has 3 sub-parameters (starting-not giving up-continuation) and 17 items; It is scored according to the 5-point likert system. There is a direct ratio between the score obtained from the scale and the belief in self-efficacy, and it is possible to get a minimum of 17 and a maximum of 85 points. The reliability coefficient of the scale is 0.80 and the retest reliability coefficient is 0.69. As the total score obtained in the scale increases, the level of self-efficacy of the individuals increases.	up to one month

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Social Integration Survey	The Turkish validity and reliability study was carried out by Akyürek, Salar, Bumin and Kayıhan. The validity and reliability study was conducted with the study conducted on 126 patients in the physiotherapy clinic of Ankara University Rehabilitation Hospital and Kastamonu Rehabilitation Hospital. It consists of 15 questions. As the total score on the scale increases, the social integration of the individual in the society increases.	up to one month

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Saglik Bilimleri Universitesi

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Actual): July 1, 2022
• Primary Completion (Actual): September 1, 2022
• Study Completion (Actual): October 1, 2022

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: October 25, 2022
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: November 2, 2022
• First Posted (Actual): November 8, 2022

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): November 8, 2022
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: November 2, 2022
• Last Verified: November 1, 2022

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: adolescent; self efficacy; social integration; visually impaired; social fobia
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Nervous System Diseases; Eye Diseases; Neurologic Manifestations; Sensation Disorders; Blindness; Vision, Low; Vision Disorders
• Other Study ID Numbers: 2022-187

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

• Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?: No

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No