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Effects of Park Golf on Working Memory and Prefrontal Cortex Activation in Older Adults

11. september 2026 opdateret af: Gwangju Health University

Does Park Golf Affect Working Memory?: An fNIRS-Based Randomized Controlled Trial in Community-Dwelling Older Adults

This study investigates whether a park golf program can improve working memory and prefrontal cortex activity in community-dwelling older adults. A total of 36 older adults (aged 65-85) were randomly assigned to either a park golf group or a health education group. The park golf group participated in a supervised park golf program (2 sessions per week for 4 weeks, 60 minutes per session), while the health education group attended lectures on healthy aging topics such as nutrition and fall prevention on the same schedule. Before and after the intervention, participants completed cognitive and physical assessments, including the Korean Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA-K), the Timed Up and Go test, and a spatial working memory task (N-back) performed while brain activity in the prefrontal cortex was measured using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), a non-invasive, radiation-free imaging method. The findings may help establish evidence for community-based physical activity programs, such as park golf, as a strategy to support cognitive health in older adults.

Studieoversigt

Status

Aktiv, ikke rekrutterende

Betingelser

Intervention / Behandling

Undersøgelsestype

Interventionel

Tilmelding (Anslået)

36

Fase

  • Ikke anvendelig

Kontakter og lokationer

Dette afsnit indeholder kontaktoplysninger for dem, der udfører undersøgelsen, og oplysninger om, hvor denne undersøgelse udføres.

Studiesteder

  • Sydkorea
    • Gwangju
      • Gwangju, Gwangju, Sydkorea, 61161
        • Gwangju Health University, Buk-gu Campus, Smart Care Village

Deltagelseskriterier

Forskere leder efter personer, der passer til en bestemt beskrivelse, kaldet berettigelseskriterier. Nogle eksempler på disse kriterier er en persons generelle helbredstilstand eller tidligere behandlinger.

Berettigelseskriterier

Aldre berettiget til at studere

  • Ældre voksen

Tager imod sunde frivillige

Ja

Beskrivelse

Inclusion Criteria:

  • Community-dwelling older adults aged 65 to 85 years, living independently (excluding those residing in nursing facilities or hospitalized)
  • Korean version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA-K) score of 23 or higher (normal cognitive function range)
  • Able to walk independently and possess the basic functional capacity required to participate in park golf
  • No experience with park golf, or no regular participation in park golf within the past 6 months
  • Voluntary written informed consent to participate in the study

Exclusion Criteria:

  • History of severe neurological disease (e.g., Parkinson's disease, stroke, dementia) or psychiatric disease (e.g., major depressive disorder, schizophrenia)
  • Scalp disease, skull abnormality, or history of craniotomy that could affect fNIRS measurement
  • Currently taking medications affecting cognitive function (e.g., anticholinergics, antipsychotics)
  • Regular participation in high-intensity exercise programs 3 or more times per week
  • Physician-prescribed restriction on physical activity
  • Severe visual or auditory impairment that would make assessment difficult, even with correction
  • Left-handedness (excluded to control for hemispheric dominance in fNIRS measurement)

Studieplan

Dette afsnit indeholder detaljer om studieplanen, herunder hvordan undersøgelsen er designet, og hvad undersøgelsen måler.

Hvordan er undersøgelsen tilrettelagt?

Design detaljer

  • Primært formål: Forebyggelse
  • Tildeling: Randomiseret
  • Interventionel model: Parallel tildeling
  • Maskning: Enkelt

Våben og indgreb

Deltagergruppe / Arm
Intervention / Behandling
Eksperimentel: Park Golf Group (PGG)
Participants attended supervised park golf sessions twice weekly for 4 weeks (8 sessions total, 60 minutes per session), including warm-up (10 min), park golf skills training and practice (40 min), and cool-down (10 min), held at a community park.
Adfærdsmæssigt: Park Golf Program
A structured, supervised park golf program consisting of 8 sessions over 4 weeks (2 sessions/week, 60 minutes/session). Each session included a 10-minute warm-up, 40 minutes of park golf technique instruction and practice, and a 10-minute cool-down, conducted at an outdoor community park under the supervision of trained instructors.
Aktiv komparator: Health Education Group (HEG)
Participants attended health education lectures on senior health management, nutrition, fall prevention, and chronic disease management, twice weekly for 4 weeks (8 sessions total, 60 minutes per session).
Adfærdsmæssigt: Health Education Program
A structured health education program consisting of 8 sessions over 4 weeks (2 sessions per week, 60 minutes per session), covering topics such as senior health management, nutrition, fall prevention, and chronic disease management, conducted at a community facility.

Hvad måler undersøgelsen?

Primære resultatmål

Resultatmål
Foranstaltningsbeskrivelse
Tidsramme
Change in Prefrontal Cortex Activation (Beta-value of HbO Concentration)
Tidsramme: Change from baseline to 4 weeks (post-intervention)
Change in oxygenated hemoglobin (HbO) concentration in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), measured as a beta-value derived from general linear model (GLM) analysis during the spatial N-back task, using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS).
Change from baseline to 4 weeks (post-intervention)

Sekundære resultatmål

Resultatmål
Foranstaltningsbeskrivelse
Tidsramme
Working Memory Performance (Spatial N-back Task)
Tidsramme: Change from baseline to 4 weeks (post-intervention)
Reaction time and accuracy on the 2-back condition of a spatial N-back task, assessing spatial working memory. Task administered using E-Prime 3.0 software with 1-back and 2-back conditions presented in alternating blocks.
Change from baseline to 4 weeks (post-intervention)
Dynamic Balance (Timed Up and Go Test)
Tidsramme: Change from baseline to 4 weeks (post-intervention)
Time (in seconds) taken to rise from a chair, walk 3 meters, turn around, and return to sitting, assessing dynamic balance and functional mobility.
Change from baseline to 4 weeks (post-intervention)
Cognitive-Motor Dual-Task Performance (TUG with Naming Animals)
Tidsramme: Change from baseline to 4 weeks (post-intervention)
Performance on the TUG test while simultaneously naming as many animals as possible, assessing integrated cognitive-motor function. Measures include dual-task time, dual-task cost, number of animals named, and animals named per 10 seconds.
Change from baseline to 4 weeks (post-intervention)
Global Cognitive Function (Korean Montreal Cognitive Assessment)
Tidsramme: Change from baseline to 4 weeks (post-intervention)
Overall cognitive function assessed using MoCA-K, covering visuospatial/executive function, naming, attention, language, abstraction, delayed recall, and orientation. Total score range 0-30.
Change from baseline to 4 weeks (post-intervention)

Samarbejdspartnere og efterforskere

Det er her, du vil finde personer og organisationer, der er involveret i denne undersøgelse.

Sponsor

Gwangju Health University

Efterforskere

  • Ledende efterforsker: Eun-Sang Lee, PhD, Gwangju Health University

Datoer for undersøgelser

Disse datoer sporer fremskridtene for indsendelser af undersøgelsesrekord og resumeresultater til ClinicalTrials.gov. Studieregistreringer og rapporterede resultater gennemgås af National Library of Medicine (NLM) for at sikre, at de opfylder specifikke kvalitetskontrolstandarder, før de offentliggøres på den offentlige hjemmeside.

Studer store datoer

Studiestart (Faktiske)

10. september 2026

Primær færdiggørelse (Anslået)

15. oktober 2026

Studieafslutning (Anslået)

15. oktober 2026

Datoer for studieregistrering

Først indsendt

2. september 2026

Først indsendt, der opfyldte QC-kriterier

2. september 2026

Først opslået (Faktiske)

8. september 2026

Opdateringer af undersøgelsesjournaler

Sidste opdatering sendt (Faktiske)

14. september 2026

Sidste opdatering indsendt, der opfyldte kvalitetskontrolkriterier

11. september 2026

Sidst verificeret

1. september 2026

Mere information

Begreber relateret til denne undersøgelse

Nøgleord

Andre undersøgelses-id-numre

  • P01-202607-01-010

Plan for individuelle deltagerdata (IPD)

Planlægger du at dele individuelle deltagerdata (IPD)?

INGEN

IPD-planbeskrivelse

Data will not be shared beyond this study, in accordance with the informed consent obtained from participants, which specified that collected data would be used solely for this study without secondary use or third-party disclosure.

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