Effects of Park Golf on Working Memory and Prefrontal Cortex Activation in Older Adults
11 september 2026 bijgewerkt door: Gwangju Health University
Does Park Golf Affect Working Memory?: An fNIRS-Based Randomized Controlled Trial in Community-Dwelling Older Adults
This study investigates whether a park golf program can improve working memory and prefrontal cortex activity in community-dwelling older adults.
A total of 36 older adults (aged 65-85) were randomly assigned to either a park golf group or a health education group.
The park golf group participated in a supervised park golf program (2 sessions per week for 4 weeks, 60 minutes per session), while the health education group attended lectures on healthy aging topics such as nutrition and fall prevention on the same schedule.
Before and after the intervention, participants completed cognitive and physical assessments, including the Korean Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA-K), the Timed Up and Go test, and a spatial working memory task (N-back) performed while brain activity in the prefrontal cortex was measured using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), a non-invasive, radiation-free imaging method.
The findings may help establish evidence for community-based physical activity programs, such as park golf, as a strategy to support cognitive health in older adults.
Studie Overzicht
Toestand
Actief, niet wervend
Conditie
Interventie / Behandeling
Studietype
Ingrijpend
Inschrijving (Geschat)
36
Fase
- Niet toepasbaar
Contacten en locaties
In dit gedeelte vindt u de contactgegevens van degenen die het onderzoek uitvoeren en informatie over waar dit onderzoek wordt uitgevoerd.
Studie Locaties
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Gwangju
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Gwangju, Gwangju, Zuid -Korea, 61161
- Gwangju Health University, Buk-gu Campus, Smart Care Village
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Deelname Criteria
Onderzoekers zoeken naar mensen die aan een bepaalde beschrijving voldoen, de zogenaamde geschiktheidscriteria. Enkele voorbeelden van deze criteria zijn iemands algemene gezondheidstoestand of eerdere behandelingen.
Geschiktheidscriteria
Leeftijden die in aanmerking komen voor studie
- Oudere volwassene
Accepteert gezonde vrijwilligers
Ja
Beschrijving
Inclusion Criteria:
- Community-dwelling older adults aged 65 to 85 years, living independently (excluding those residing in nursing facilities or hospitalized)
- Korean version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA-K) score of 23 or higher (normal cognitive function range)
- Able to walk independently and possess the basic functional capacity required to participate in park golf
- No experience with park golf, or no regular participation in park golf within the past 6 months
- Voluntary written informed consent to participate in the study
Exclusion Criteria:
- History of severe neurological disease (e.g., Parkinson's disease, stroke, dementia) or psychiatric disease (e.g., major depressive disorder, schizophrenia)
- Scalp disease, skull abnormality, or history of craniotomy that could affect fNIRS measurement
- Currently taking medications affecting cognitive function (e.g., anticholinergics, antipsychotics)
- Regular participation in high-intensity exercise programs 3 or more times per week
- Physician-prescribed restriction on physical activity
- Severe visual or auditory impairment that would make assessment difficult, even with correction
- Left-handedness (excluded to control for hemispheric dominance in fNIRS measurement)
Studie plan
Dit gedeelte bevat details van het studieplan, inclusief hoe de studie is opgezet en wat de studie meet.
Hoe is de studie opgezet?
Ontwerpdetails
- Primair doel: Preventie
- Toewijzing: Gerandomiseerd
- Interventioneel model: Parallelle opdracht
- Masker: Enkel
Wapens en interventies
Deelnemersgroep / Arm |
Interventie / Behandeling |
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Experimenteel: Park Golf Group (PGG)
Participants attended supervised park golf sessions twice weekly for 4 weeks (8 sessions total, 60 minutes per session), including warm-up (10 min), park golf skills training and practice (40 min), and cool-down (10 min), held at a community park.
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A structured, supervised park golf program consisting of 8 sessions over 4 weeks (2 sessions/week, 60 minutes/session).
Each session included a 10-minute warm-up, 40 minutes of park golf technique instruction and practice, and a 10-minute cool-down, conducted at an outdoor community park under the supervision of trained instructors.
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Actieve vergelijker: Health Education Group (HEG)
Participants attended health education lectures on senior health management, nutrition, fall prevention, and chronic disease management, twice weekly for 4 weeks (8 sessions total, 60 minutes per session).
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A structured health education program consisting of 8 sessions over 4 weeks (2 sessions per week, 60 minutes per session), covering topics such as senior health management, nutrition, fall prevention, and chronic disease management, conducted at a community facility.
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Wat meet het onderzoek?
Primaire uitkomstmaten
Uitkomstmaat |
Maatregel Beschrijving |
Tijdsspanne |
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Change in Prefrontal Cortex Activation (Beta-value of HbO Concentration)
Tijdsspanne: Change from baseline to 4 weeks (post-intervention)
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Change in oxygenated hemoglobin (HbO) concentration in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), measured as a beta-value derived from general linear model (GLM) analysis during the spatial N-back task, using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS).
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Change from baseline to 4 weeks (post-intervention)
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Secundaire uitkomstmaten
Uitkomstmaat |
Maatregel Beschrijving |
Tijdsspanne |
|---|---|---|
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Working Memory Performance (Spatial N-back Task)
Tijdsspanne: Change from baseline to 4 weeks (post-intervention)
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Reaction time and accuracy on the 2-back condition of a spatial N-back task, assessing spatial working memory.
Task administered using E-Prime 3.0 software with 1-back and 2-back conditions presented in alternating blocks.
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Change from baseline to 4 weeks (post-intervention)
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Dynamic Balance (Timed Up and Go Test)
Tijdsspanne: Change from baseline to 4 weeks (post-intervention)
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Time (in seconds) taken to rise from a chair, walk 3 meters, turn around, and return to sitting, assessing dynamic balance and functional mobility.
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Change from baseline to 4 weeks (post-intervention)
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Cognitive-Motor Dual-Task Performance (TUG with Naming Animals)
Tijdsspanne: Change from baseline to 4 weeks (post-intervention)
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Performance on the TUG test while simultaneously naming as many animals as possible, assessing integrated cognitive-motor function.
Measures include dual-task time, dual-task cost, number of animals named, and animals named per 10 seconds.
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Change from baseline to 4 weeks (post-intervention)
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Global Cognitive Function (Korean Montreal Cognitive Assessment)
Tijdsspanne: Change from baseline to 4 weeks (post-intervention)
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Overall cognitive function assessed using MoCA-K, covering visuospatial/executive function, naming, attention, language, abstraction, delayed recall, and orientation.
Total score range 0-30.
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Change from baseline to 4 weeks (post-intervention)
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Medewerkers en onderzoekers
Hier vindt u mensen en organisaties die betrokken zijn bij dit onderzoek.
Sponsor
Onderzoekers
- Hoofdonderzoeker: Eun-Sang Lee, PhD, Gwangju Health University
Studie record data
Deze datums volgen de voortgang van het onderzoeksdossier en de samenvatting van de ingediende resultaten bij ClinicalTrials.gov. Studieverslagen en gerapporteerde resultaten worden beoordeeld door de National Library of Medicine (NLM) om er zeker van te zijn dat ze voldoen aan specifieke kwaliteitscontrolenormen voordat ze op de openbare website worden geplaatst.
Bestudeer belangrijke data
Studie start (Werkelijk)
10 september 2026
Primaire voltooiing (Geschat)
15 oktober 2026
Studie voltooiing (Geschat)
15 oktober 2026
Studieregistratiedata
Eerst ingediend
2 september 2026
Eerst ingediend dat voldeed aan de QC-criteria
2 september 2026
Eerst geplaatst (Werkelijk)
8 september 2026
Updates van studierecords
Laatste update geplaatst (Werkelijk)
14 september 2026
Laatste update ingediend die voldeed aan QC-criteria
11 september 2026
Laatst geverifieerd
1 september 2026
Meer informatie
Termen gerelateerd aan deze studie
Trefwoorden
Andere studie-ID-nummers
- P01-202607-01-010
Plan Individuele Deelnemersgegevens (IPD)
Bent u van plan om gegevens van individuele deelnemers (IPD) te delen?
NEE
Beschrijving IPD-plan
Data will not be shared beyond this study, in accordance with the informed consent obtained from participants, which specified that collected data would be used solely for this study without secondary use or third-party disclosure.
Informatie over medicijnen en apparaten, studiedocumenten
Bestudeert een door de Amerikaanse FDA gereguleerd geneesmiddel
Nee
Bestudeert een door de Amerikaanse FDA gereguleerd apparaatproduct
Nee
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