Global Epidemiologic Characteristics of Sexually Transmitted Infections Among Individuals Using Preexposure Prophylaxis for the Prevention of HIV Infection: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Jason J Ong, Rachel C Baggaley, Teodora E Wi, Joseph D Tucker, Hongyun Fu, M Kumi Smith, Sabrina Rafael, Vanessa Anglade, Jane Falconer, Richard Ofori-Asenso, Fern Terris-Prestholt, Ioannis Hodges-Mameletzis, Philippe Mayaud, Jason J Ong, Rachel C Baggaley, Teodora E Wi, Joseph D Tucker, Hongyun Fu, M Kumi Smith, Sabrina Rafael, Vanessa Anglade, Jane Falconer, Richard Ofori-Asenso, Fern Terris-Prestholt, Ioannis Hodges-Mameletzis, Philippe Mayaud

Abstract

Importance: Despite a global increase in sexually transmitted infections (STIs), there is limited focus and investment in STI management within HIV programs, in which risks for STIs are likely to be elevated.

Objective: To estimate the prevalence of STIs at initiation of HIV preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP; emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate) and the incidence of STIs during PrEP use.

Data sources: Nine databases were searched up to November 20, 2018, without language restrictions. The implementers of PrEP were also approached for additional unpublished data.

Study selection: Studies reporting STI prevalence and/or incidence among PrEP users were included.

Data extraction and synthesis: Data were extracted independently by at least 2 reviewers. The methodological quality of studies was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute critical assessment tool for prevalence and incidence studies. Random-effects meta-analysis was performed.

Main outcomes and measures: Pooled STI prevalence (ie, within 3 months of PrEP initiation) and STI incidence (ie, during PrEP use, after 3 months).

Results: Of the 3325 articles identified, 88 were included (71 published and 17 unpublished). Data came from 26 countries; 62 studies (70%) were from high-income countries, and 58 studies (66%) were from programs only for men who have sex with men. In studies reporting a composite outcome of chlamydia, gonorrhea, and early syphilis, the pooled prevalence was 23.9% (95% CI, 18.6%-29.6%) before starting PrEP. The prevalence of the STI pathogen by anatomical site showed that prevalence was highest in the anorectum (chlamydia, 8.5% [95% CI, 6.3%-11.0%]; gonorrhea, 9.3% [95% CI, 4.7%-15.2%]) compared with genital sites (chlamydia, 4.0% [95% CI, 2.0%-6.6%]; gonorrhea, 2.1% [95% CI, 0.9%-3.7%]) and oropharyngeal sites (chlamydia, 2.4% [95% CI, 0.9%-4.5%]; gonorrhea, 4.9% [95% CI, 1.9%-9.1%]). The pooled incidence of studies reporting the composite outcome of chlamydia, gonorrhea, and early syphilis was 72.2 per 100 person-years (95% CI, 60.5-86.2 per 100 person-years).

Conclusions and relevance: Given the high burden of STIs among individuals initiating PrEP as well as persistent users of PrEP, this study highlights the need for active integration of HIV and STI services for an at-risk and underserved population.

Conflict of interest statement

Conflict of Interest Disclosures: Dr Ong reported receiving a research grant from the World Health Organization during the conduct of the study. Dr Baggaley reported receiving grants from Unitaid during the conduct of the study and grants from Unitaid outside the submitted work. Ms Rafael reported receiving personal fees from the London School of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene during the conduct of the study. No other disclosures were reported.

Figures

Figure 1.. PRISMA Flowchart
Figure 1.. PRISMA Flowchart
PrEP indicates preexposure prophylaxis.
Figure 2.. Countries That Provided Data for…
Figure 2.. Countries That Provided Data for the Systematic Review

References

    1. Cohen MS, Chen YQ, McCauley M, et al. ; HPTN 052 Study Team . Prevention of HIV-1 infection with early antiretroviral therapy. N Engl J Med. 2011;365(6):-. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1105243
    1. Grant RM, Lama JR, Anderson PL, et al. ; iPrEx Study Team . Preexposure chemoprophylaxis for HIV prevention in men who have sex with men. N Engl J Med. 2010;363(27):2587-2599. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1011205
    1. McCormack S, Dunn DT, Desai M, et al. . Pre-exposure prophylaxis to prevent the acquisition of HIV-1 infection (PROUD): effectiveness results from the pilot phase of a pragmatic open-label randomised trial. Lancet. 2016;387(10013):53-60. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00056-2
    1. Molina JM, Capitant C, Spire B, et al. ; ANRS IPERGAY Study Group . On-demand preexposure prophylaxis in men at high risk for HIV-1 infection. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(23):2237-2246. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1506273
    1. World Health Organization WHO expands recommendation on oral pre-exposure prophylaxis of HIV infection (PrEP): policy brief. . Published November 2015. Accessed April 1, 2019.
    1. Hodges-Mameletzis I, Dalal S, Msimanga-Radebe B, Rodolph M, Baggaley R. Going global: the adoption of the World Health Organization’s enabling recommendation on oral pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV. Sex Health. 2018;15(6):489-500. doi:10.1071/SH18125
    1. Rowley J, Vander Hoorn S, Korenromp E, et al. . Chlamydia, gonorrhoea, trichomoniasis and syphilis: global prevalence and incidence estimates, 2016. Bull World Health Organ. 2019;97(8):548-562P. doi:10.2471/BLT.18.228486
    1. World Health Organization Sexual health and its linkages to reproductive health: an operational approach. . Published 2017. Accessed May 2, 2019.
    1. Global Advocacy for HIV Prevention PrEPWatch. . Accessed April 10, 2019.
    1. Kojima N, Davey DJ, Klausner JD. Pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV infection and new sexually transmitted infections among men who have sex with men. AIDS. 2016;30(14):2251-2252. doi:10.1097/QAD.0000000000001185
    1. Traeger MW, Schroeder SE, Wright EJ, et al. . Effects of pre-exposure prophylaxis for the prevention of human immunodeficiency virus infection on sexual risk behavior in men who have sex with men: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis. 2018;67(5):676-686. doi:10.1093/cid/ciy182
    1. Werner RN, Gaskins M, Nast A, Dressler C. Incidence of sexually transmitted infections in men who have sex with men and who are at substantial risk of HIV infection—a meta-analysis of data from trials and observational studies of HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis. PLoS One. 2018;13(12):e0208107. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0208107
    1. PRISMA Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses. . Accessed April 5, 2019.
    1. Higgins JPT, Green S, eds. Cochrane Training. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1. . The Cochrane Collaboration. Updated March 2011. Accessed April 5, 2019.
    1. Barendregt JJ, Doi SA, Lee YY, Norman RE, Vos T. Meta-analysis of prevalence. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2013;67(11):974-978. doi:10.1136/jech-2013-203104
    1. The World Bank World Bank country and lending groups. . Accessed May 2, 2019.
    1. Egger M, Davey Smith G, Schneider M, Minder C. Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. BMJ. 1997;315(7109):629-634. doi:10.1136/bmj.315.7109.629
    1. Joanna Briggs Institute. Critical appraisal tools. . Accessed April 2, 2019.
    1. Abrams-Downey A, Ventuneac A, Duah B, et al. . Risk factors associated with sexually transmitted infections among pre-exposure prophylaxis users in an urban multi-clinic healthcare system. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2017;4(suppl_1):S668-S669. doi:10.1093/ofid/ofx163.1785
    1. Aloysius I, Savage A, Zdravkov J, et al. . InterPrEP: internet-based pre-exposure prophylaxis with generic tenofovir DF/emtricitabine in London: an analysis of outcomes in 641 patients. J Virus Erad. 2017;3(4):218-222.
    1. Anthony K, Asbel L, Thompson F, Madera RT. Integrating PrEP for HIV in a categorical STD clinic within a high risk urban setting. Sex Transm Dis. 2016;43(10)(suppl 2):S132.
    1. Vuylsteke B, Reyniers T, Baetselier ID, et al. Daily or event-driven PrEP? interim results of “Be-PrEP-Ared,” a PrEP demonstration project among men who have sex with men in Belgium. Paper presented at: 22nd International AIDS Conference; July 23-27, 2018; Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
    1. Baeten JM, Donnell D, Ndase P, et al. ; Partners PrEP Study Team . Antiretroviral prophylaxis for HIV prevention in heterosexual men and women. N Engl J Med. 2012;367(5):399-410. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1108524
    1. Chaix ML, Charreau I, Pintado C, et al. ; ANRS IPERGAY Study Group . Effect of on-demand oral pre-exposure prophylaxis with tenofovir/emtricitabine on herpes simplex virus-1/2 incidence among men who have sex with men: a substudy of the ANRS IPERGAY trial. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2018;5(11):ofy295. doi:10.1093/ofid/ofy295
    1. Beymer MR, DeVost MA, Weiss RE, et al. . Does HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis use lead to a higher incidence of sexually transmitted infections? a case-crossover study of men who have sex with men in Los Angeles, California. Sex Transm Infect. 2018;94(6):457-462. doi:10.1136/sextrans-2017-053377
    1. Bhatia R, Modali L, Lowther M, et al. . Outcomes of preexposure prophylaxis referrals from public STI clinics and implications for the preexposure prophylaxis continuum. Sex Transm Dis. 2018;45(1):50-55. doi:10.1097/OLQ.0000000000000690
    1. Blaylock JM, Hakre S, Decker CF, et al. . HIV PrEP in the military: experience at a tertiary care military medical center. Mil Med. 2018;183(3/4)(suppl 1):445-449. doi:10.1093/milmed/usx143
    1. Bradshaw H. Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) with tenofovir and emtricitabine in clinical practice and the issues involved. HIV Med. 2018;19(suppl 2):S57.
    1. Bristow C, Moore DJ, Dube M, et al. . Sexually transmitted infections and adherence to PrEPns. Top Antivir Med. 2018;26(suppl 1):469-470.
    1. Celum C, Morrow RA, Donnell D, et al. . Daily oral tenofovir and emtricitabine-tenofovir preexposure prophylaxis reduces herpes simplex virus type 2 acquisition among heterosexual HIV-1–uninfected men and women: a subgroup analysis of a randomized trial [published correction appears in Ann Intern Med. 2016;165(11):832]. Ann Intern Med. 2014;161(1):11-19. doi:10.7326/L16-0549
    1. Chau D, Goings S. STI rates among PrEP users within a sexual health clinic in Austin, TX. Sex Transm Dis. 2018;45(suppl 2):S111.
    1. Cohen SE, Vittinghoff E, Bacon O, et al. . High interest in preexposure prophylaxis among men who have sex with men at risk for HIV infection: baseline data from the US PrEP demonstration project. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2015;68(4):439-448. doi:10.1097/QAI.0000000000000479
    1. Cohen SE, Vittinghoff E, Philip SS, Elion R, Kolber MA, Liu AY. Repeat rectal gonorrhea and chlamydia infections in a cohort of participants on PrEP. Sex Transm Dis. 2016;43(10)(suppl 2):S177.
    1. Coyer L, van Bilsen W, Bil J, et al. . Pre-exposure prophylaxis among men who have sex with men in the Amsterdam Cohort Studies: use, eligibility, and intention to use. PLoS One. 2018;13(10):e0205663. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0205663
    1. De Baetselier I, Smet H, Wouters K, et al. . High level of macrolide resistance of Mycoplasma genitalium found among MSM at high risk for HIV in a Belgian PrEP demonstration project. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2018;34(suppl 1):291.
    1. Delany-Moretlwe S, Chersich M, Harvey S, et al. . Empowerment clubs did not increase PrEP continuation among adolescent girls and young women in South Africa and Tanzania—results from the EMPOWER randomised trial. J Int AIDS Soc. 2018;21(suppl 6):169.
    1. Elliott T, Hawkins L, Proserpio M, Dosekun O. Experience of a PrEP service in a central London sexual health clinic. HIV Med. 2018;19(suppl 2):S49.
    1. Freeborn K, Portillo C, Boyer CB, Santos GM. Misclassification of sexual health risks in a self-identified low risk cohort of men who have sex with men (MSM) enrolled in a community based PrEP program [published online May 25, 2019]. AIDS Care. doi:10.1080/09540121.2019.1620167
    1. Golub SA, Pena S, Fikslin RA, Goldberg M, Radix A. Partners, not condom use, drive STI rates among PrEP users in community health center. Top Antivir Med. 2018;26(suppl 1):468.
    1. Grant RM, Anderson PL, McMahan V, et al. ; iPrEx Study Team . Uptake of pre-exposure prophylaxis, sexual practices, and HIV incidence in men and transgender women who have sex with men: a cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2014;14(9):820-829. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(14)70847-3
    1. Grinsztejn B, Hoagland B, Moreira RI, et al. ; PrEP Brasil Study Team . Retention, engagement, and adherence to pre-exposure prophylaxis for men who have sex with men and transgender women in PrEP Brasil: 48 week results of a demonstration study. Lancet HIV. 2018;5(3):e136-e145. doi:10.1016/S2352-3018(18)30008-0
    1. Wu HJ, Strong C, Ku SWW, et al. Syphilis acquisition and dosing schedule for pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) users in Taiwan PrEP demonstration project. Paper presented at: 22nd International AIDS Conference July 23-27, 2018; Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
    1. Hevey MA, Walsh JL, Petroll AE. PrEP continuation, HIV and STI testing rates, and delivery of preventive care in a clinic-based cohort. AIDS Educ Prev. 2018;30(5):393-405. doi:10.1521/aeap.2018.30.5.393
    1. Hojilla JC. Optimizing the Delivery of HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP): An Evaluation of Risk Compensation, Disengagement, and the PrEP Cascade. San Francisco: School of Nursing, University of California; 2017.
    1. Hoornenborg E, Coyer L, van Laarhoven A, et al. ; Amsterdam PrEP Project Team in the HIV Transmission Elimination Amsterdam Initiative . Change in sexual risk behaviour after 6 months of pre-exposure prophylaxis use: results from the Amsterdam pre-exposure prophylaxis demonstration project. AIDS. 2018;32(11):1527-1532. doi:10.1097/QAD.0000000000001874
    1. Hosek SG, Landovitz RJ, Kapogiannis B, et al. . Safety and feasibility of antiretroviral preexposure prophylaxis for adolescent men who have sex with men aged 15 to 17 years in the United States. JAMA Pediatr. 2017;171(11):1063-1071. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2017.2007
    1. Hosek SG, Rudy B, Landovitz R, et al. ; Adolescent Trials Network (ATN) for HIVAIDS Interventions . An HIV preexposure prophylaxis demonstration project and safety study for young MSM. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2017;74(1):21-29. doi:10.1097/QAI.0000000000001179
    1. Irungu E, Heffron R, Ngure K, Baeten J, Mugo N. Unmet need for PrEP among HBV-infected/HIV-uninfected partners in HIV serodiscordant partnerships. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2016;32(suppl 1):365.
    1. John SA, Parsons JT, Rendina HJ, Grov C. Club drug users had higher odds of reporting a bacterial STI compared with non-club drug users: results from a cross-sectional analysis of gay and bisexual men on HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis. [published online August 20, 2018]. Sex Transm Infect. doi:10.1136/sextrans-2018-053591
    1. Kenneth M, Kevin M, Kenneth L, et al. HIV infection and PrEP use are independently associated with increasing diagnoses of bacterial sexually transmitted infections (BSTI) in men accessing care at a Boston community health center (CHC): 2005-2015. . Accessed March 14, 2019.
    1. Kipyego J, Kaguirie E, Ballidawa JB, et al. . Prevalence and correlates of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among HIV-1 sero-discordant couples in Western, Kenya. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2016;32(suppl 1):278.
    1. Knapper C, Birley H, Couzens Z, Parker I, Jones A. Comorbidity, polypharmacy and renal impairment: the experience of managing a PrEP cohort in an integrated sexual health service setting. HIV Med. 2018;19(suppl 2):S47.
    1. Cotte L, Veyer D, Charreau I, et al. Anal, oral and genital distribution of HPV in PrEP-users MSM: results at baseline of the ANRS IPERGAY HPV Sub-Study. Paper presented at: 22nd International AIDS Conference; July 23-27, 2018; Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
    1. Lal L, Audsley J, Murphy DA, et al. ; VicPrEP Study Team . Medication adherence, condom use and sexually transmitted infections in Australian preexposure prophylaxis users. AIDS. 2017;31(12):1709-1714. doi:10.1097/QAD.0000000000001519
    1. Lalley-Chareczko L, Clark D, Conyngham C, et al. . Delivery of TDF/FTC for pre-exposure prophylaxis to prevent HIV-1 acquisition in young adult men who have sex with men and transgender women of color using a urine adherence assay. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2018;79(2):173-178. doi:10.1097/QAI.0000000000001772
    1. Liu AY, Cohen SE, Vittinghoff E, et al. . Preexposure prophylaxis for HIV infection integrated with municipal- and community-based sexual health services. JAMA Intern Med. 2016;176(1):75-84. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2015.4683
    1. La Fata L, Cotte L, Godinot M, et al. . High rate of asymptomatic bacterial sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in men who have sex with men on pre exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). Open Forum Infect Dis. 2017;4(suppl_1):S669. doi:10.1093/ofid/ofx163.1786
    1. Marcus JL, Glidden DV, Mayer KH, et al. . No evidence of sexual risk compensation in the iPrEx trial of daily oral HIV preexposure prophylaxis. PLoS One. 2013;8(12):e81997. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0081997
    1. Marcus JL, Glidden DV, McMahan V, et al. . Daily oral emtricitabine/tenofovir preexposure prophylaxis and herpes simplex virus type 2 among men who have sex with men. PLoS One. 2014;9(3):e91513. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0091513
    1. Marcus JL, Hurley LB, Hare CB, et al. . Preexposure prophylaxis for HIV prevention in a large integrated health care system: adherence, renal safety, and discontinuation. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2016;73(5):540-546. doi:10.1097/QAI.0000000000001129
    1. Mayer KH, Maloney KM, Levine K, et al. . Sociodemographic and clinical factors associated with increasing bacterial sexually transmitted infection diagnoses in men who have sex with men accessing care at a Boston community health center (2005-2015). Open Forum Infect Dis. 2017;4(4):ofx214. doi:10.1093/ofid/ofx214
    1. McCormack S, Dunn D. Pragmatic open-label randomised trial of preexposure prophylaxis: the PROUD Study. Top Antivir Med. 2015;23(E-1):9-10.
    1. Molina JM, Charreau I, Chidiac C, et al. ; ANRS IPERGAY Study Group . Post-exposure prophylaxis with doxycycline to prevent sexually transmitted infections in men who have sex with men: an open-label randomised substudy of the ANRS IPERGAY trial. Lancet Infect Dis. 2018;18(3):308-317. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(17)30725-9
    1. Molina JM, Charreau I, Spire B, et al. ; ANRS IPERGAY Study Group . Efficacy, safety, and effect on sexual behaviour of on-demand pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV in men who have sex with men: an observational cohort study. Lancet HIV. 2017;4(9):e402-e410. doi:10.1016/S2352-3018(17)30089-9
    1. Nguyen VK, Greenwald ZR, Trottier H, et al. . Incidence of sexually transmitted infections before and after preexposure prophylaxis for HIV. AIDS. 2018;32(4):523-530. doi:10.1097/QAD.0000000000001718
    1. Nguyen VK, Trottier H, Tossa HG, et al. . Increased rate of C trachomatis infection after being prescribed PrEP. J Int AIDS Soc. 2016;19(8)(suppl 7):27-28.
    1. Noret M, Balavoine S, Pintado C, et al. . Daily or on-demand oral tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/emtricitabine for HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis: experience from a hospital-based clinic in France. AIDS. 2018;32(15):2161-2169. doi:10.1097/QAD.0000000000001939
    1. Phanuphak N, Sungsing T, Jantarapakde J, et al. . Princess PrEP program: the first key population-led model to deliver pre-exposure prophylaxis to key populations by key populations in Thailand. Sex Health. 2018;15(6):542-555. doi:10.1071/SH18065
    1. Hechter R, Chen LH, Yu K Healthcare utilization and STI incidence in young men on pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) compared to young men who are not on PrEP: the PrEPARE Study. Paper presented at: 22nd International AIDS Conference; July 23-27, 2018; Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
    1. Reyniers T, Nöstlinger C, Laga M, et al. . Choosing between daily and event-driven pre-exposure prophylaxis: results of a Belgian PrEP demonstration project. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2018;79(2):186-194. doi:10.1097/QAI.0000000000001791
    1. Solomon MM, Mayer KH, Glidden DV, et al. ; iPrEx Study Team . Syphilis predicts HIV incidence among men and transgender women who have sex with men in a preexposure prophylaxis trial. Clin Infect Dis. 2014;59(7):1020-1026. doi:10.1093/cid/ciu450
    1. Tabidze I, Rusie L, Hendry C, Baker KK. Primary and secondary syphilis and pre exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), Chicago, IL, 2014-2016. Sex Transm Dis. 2018;45(suppl 2):S74.
    1. Tiberio PJ, Williams K, Barakat LA, Edelman EJ, Virata M, Ogbuagu O. Prepared: implementation of a pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) program in a hospital-based HIV clinic. J Gen Intern Med. 2016;31(2)(suppl 1):S904-S905.
    1. Tiraboschi J, Brodnicki E, Brady M, et al. . Acute hepatitis C in the PROUD pilot study. HIV Med. 2014;15(suppl 3):S16.
    1. Traeger M, Asselin J, Price B, et al. . Changes, patterns and predictors of sexually transmitted infections in gay and bisexual men using PrEP: interim analysis from the PrEPX demonstration study. J Int AIDS Soc. 2018;21(suppl 6):80.
    1. Volk JE, Marcus JL, Phengrasamy T, et al. . No new HIV infections with increasing use of HIV preexposure prophylaxis in a clinical practice setting. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;61(10):1601-1603. doi:10.1093/cid/civ778
    1. Zablotska I, Vaccher S, Gianacas C, et al. . STI rates among gay men taking daily antiretrovirals for pre-exposure prophylaxis of HIV: the NSW demonstration project prelude. Sex Transm Infect. 2015;91(suppl 2):A78. doi:10.1136/sextrans-2015-052270.209
    1. Cotte L, Cua E, Reynes J, et al. ; Dat’AIDS Study Group . Hepatitis C virus incidence in HIV-infected and in preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP)-using men having sex with men. Liver Int. 2018;38(10):1736-1740. doi:10.1111/liv.13922
    1. Hoornenborg E, Coyer L, Achterbergh R, et al. . High incidence of hepatitis C virus (re-)infections among PrEP users in the Netherlands: implications for prevention, monitoring and treatment. J Viral Hepat. 2018;25:192. doi:10.1111/jvh.03_12935
    1. Celum C, Delany-Moretlwe S, Hosek S, et al. Risk behavior, perception, and reasons for PrEP among young African women in HPTN 082. Paper presented at: 2019 Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections; March 4-7, 2019; Seattle, WA.
    1. Hoornenborg E, Achterbergh RC, van der Loeff MFS, et al. ; Amsterdam PrEP Project Team in the HIV Transmission Elimination AMsterdam Initiative . Men who have sex with men more often chose daily than event-driven use of pre-exposure prophylaxis: baseline analysis of a demonstration study in Amsterdam. J Int AIDS Soc. 2018;21(3):e25105. doi:10.1002/jia2.25105
    1. Montaño MA, Dombrowski JC, Dasgupta S, et al. . Changes in sexual behavior and STI diagnoses among MSM initiating PrEP in a clinic setting. AIDS Behav. 2019;23(2):548-555. doi:10.1007/s10461-018-2252-9
    1. Page K, Akolo O, Redd R, et al. . Baseline sexually transmitted infections (STI) and patient retention among patients enrolling in PrEP in the Baltimore City Health Department sexual health clinic. Sex Transm Dis. 2018;45(suppl 2):S64.
    1. Parsons J, Rendina HJ, Whitfield T, Grov C. Changes in rectal STI incidence and behavioral HIV risk before, during, and after PrEP in a national sample of gay and bisexual men in the United States. J Int AIDS Soc. 2018;21(suppl 6):14.
    1. Antonucci S, Desai M, Dolling D, et al. The UK PROUD PrEP Pilot Study: a baseline analysis. Paper presented at: 20th International AIDS Conference; July 20-25, 2014; Melbourne, Australia.
    1. Volk JE, Marcus JL, Phengrasamy T, Hare CB. Incident hepatitis C virus infections among users of HIV preexposure prophylaxis in a clinical practice setting. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;60(11):1728-1729. doi:10.1093/cid/civ129
    1. Jenness SM, Weiss KM, Goodreau SM, et al. . Incidence of gonorrhea and chlamydia following human immunodeficiency virus preexposure prophylaxis among men who have sex with men: a modeling study. Clin Infect Dis. 2017;65(5):712-718. doi:10.1093/cid/cix439
    1. Chow EPF, Callander D, Fairley CK, et al. ; ACCESS Collaboration . Increased syphilis testing of men who have sex with men: greater detection of asymptomatic early syphilis and relative reduction in secondary syphilis. Clin Infect Dis. 2017;65(3):389-395. doi:10.1093/cid/cix326
    1. Unitaid Market and technology landscape: HIV rapid diagnostic tests for self-testing, 4th edition. . Published July 2018. Accessed April 2, 2019.
    1. Patton ME, Kidd S, Llata E, et al. . Extragenital gonorrhea and chlamydia testing and infection among men who have sex with men—STD Surveillance Network, United States, 2010-2012. Clin Infect Dis. 2014;58(11):1564-1570. doi:10.1093/cid/ciu184
    1. Sultan B, White JA, Fish R, et al. . The “3 in 1” Study: pooling self-taken pharyngeal, urethral, and rectal samples into a single sample for analysis for detection of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis in men who have sex with men. J Clin Microbiol. 2016;54(3):650-656. doi:10.1128/JCM.02460-15

Source: PubMed

Sponsorer og samarbejdspartnere

Medicinske tilstande

Narkotikainterventioner

3
Abonner