Estrogen administration improves the trajectory of eating disorder pathology in oligo-amenorrheic athletes: A randomized controlled trial

Abstract

Objective: Estrogen replacement prevents worsening body dissatisfaction with weight gain in adolescents with anorexia nervosa. However, the impact of estrogen administration on eating disorder (ED) pathology in normal-weight young women with exercise-induced amenorrhea is unknown. We hypothesized that (1) normal-weight oligo-amenorrheic athletes (OA) would show greater ED pathology than eumenorrheic athletes (EA) and non-athletes (NA), and (2) 12 months of estrogen replacement would improve those symptoms.

Trial design: Randomized trial.

Methods: One hundred seventeen OA, 50 EA, and 41 NA completed the Eating Disorder Inventory-2 (EDI-2) for measures of Drive for Thinness (DT) and Body Dissatisfaction (BD) and the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire-R18 (TFEQ-R18). OA were then randomized to receive 100 mcg transdermal 17β-estradiol with cyclic progesterone (PATCH), an oral contraceptive pill (30 mcg ethinyl estradiol + 0.15 mg desogestrel) (PILL), or no estrogen (E-) for 12 months. Data are reported for the subset that completed questionnaires at 0 and 12 months between 11/2009 and 10/2016.

Results: OA showed higher EDI-2 DT and TFEQ-R18 Cognitive Restraint scores than EA and NA and higher EDI-2 BD scores than EA. Over 12 months, the E+ group (PATCH+PILL), compared to E-, showed improved trajectories for EDI-2 DT and BD scores. In 3-group comparisons, PATCH outperformed E- for decreases in EDI-2 DT and BD, and the PILL for TFEQ-R18 Uncontrolled Eating.

Conclusion: In OA, 12 months of estrogen replacement improves ED pathology trajectories, emphasizing the broad importance of normalizing estrogen levels.

Clinical trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00946192.

Keywords: Amenorrhea; Athletes; Body dissatisfaction; Drive for thinness; Eating disorders; Estrogen.

Conflict of interest statement

Conflicts of Interest

The authors have no conflicts to disclose in the context of this manuscript.

Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Figures

FIGURE 1:

CONSORT flow diagram

FIGURE 2:

A. Changes in Eating Disorder Inventory-2 (EDI-2) Drive for Thinness and Body Dissatisfaction scores in oligo-amenorrheic athletes randomized to estrogen (E+) or no estrogen (E−). B. Changes in EDI-2 Drive for Thinness and Body Dissatisfaction scores and C. Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire-R18 (TFEQ-R18) Uncontrolled Eating scores in oligo-amenorrheic athletes randomized to transdermal 17β-estradiol with cyclic progesterone (PATCH), oral ethinyl estradiol and desogestrel (PILL), or no estrogen (E−). *p < .05, **p < .01.