Diagnostic accuracy of prehospital serum S100B and GFAP in patients with mild traumatic brain injury: a prospective observational multicenter cohort study - "the PreTBI I study"

Sophie-Charlott Seidenfaden, Julie Linding Kjerulff, Niels Juul, Hans Kirkegaard, Mette Fogh Møller, Anna-Marie Bloch Münster, Morten Thingemann Bøtker, Sophie-Charlott Seidenfaden, Julie Linding Kjerulff, Niels Juul, Hans Kirkegaard, Mette Fogh Møller, Anna-Marie Bloch Münster, Morten Thingemann Bøtker

Abstract

Background: The biomarker serum S100 calcium-binding protein B (S100B) is used in in-hospital triage of adults with mild traumatic brain injury to rule out intracranial lesions. The biomarker glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) is suggested as a potential diagnostic biomarker for traumatic brain injury. The aim of this study was to investigate the diagnostic accuracy of early prehospital S100B and GFAP measurements to rule out intracranial lesions in adult patients with mild traumatic brain injury.

Methods: Prehospital and in-hospital blood samples were drawn from 566 adult patients with mild traumatic brain injury (Glasgow Coma Scale Score 14-15). The index test was S100B and GFAP concentrations. The reference standard was endpoint adjudication of the traumatic intracranial lesion based on medical records. The primary outcome was prehospital sensitivity of S100B in relation to the traumatic intracranial lesion.

Results: Traumatic intracranial lesions were found in 32/566 (5.6%) patients. The sensitivity of S100B > 0.10 μg/L was 100% (95%CI: 89.1;100.0) in prehospital samples and 100% (95% CI 89.1;100.0) in in-hospital samples. The specificity was 15.4% (95%CI: 12.4;18.7) in prehospital samples and 31.5% (27.5;35.6) in in-hospital samples. GFAP was only detected in less than 2% of cases with the assay used.

Conclusion: Early prehospital and in-hospital S100B levels < 0.10 μg/L safely rules out traumatic intracranial lesions in adult patients with mild traumatic brain injury, but specificity is lower with early prehospital sampling than with in-hospital sampling. The very limited cases with values detectable with our assay do not allow conclusions to be draw regarding the diagnostic accuracy of GFAP.

Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02867137 .

Keywords: Biomarker; Diagnostic accuracy; Emergency medical service; GFAP; Prehospital triage; S100B; Traumatic brain injury.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no competing interest.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Enrolment procedure. Enrolment procedure of patients with mild TBI with listed inclusion and exclusion criteria, informed consent and blood sampling procedures by prehospital ambulance personnel and in-hospital laboratory technicians in the setting of the PreTBI I study
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Patient Inclusion. Flow diagram of patient inclusion and exclusion in the PreTBI I study

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