Depression-related difficulties disengaging from negative faces are associated with sustained attention to negative feedback during social evaluation and predict stress recovery

Alvaro Sanchez, Nuria Romero, Rudi De Raedt, Alvaro Sanchez, Nuria Romero, Rudi De Raedt

Abstract

The present study aimed to clarify: 1) the presence of depression-related attention bias related to a social stressor, 2) its association with depression-related attention biases as measured under standard conditions, and 3) their association with impaired stress recovery in depression. A sample of 39 participants reporting a broad range of depression levels completed a standard eye-tracking paradigm in which they had to engage/disengage their gaze with/from emotional faces. Participants then underwent a stress induction (i.e., giving a speech), in which their eye movements to false emotional feedback were measured, and stress reactivity and recovery were assessed. Depression level was associated with longer times to engage/disengage attention with/from negative faces under standard conditions and with sustained attention to negative feedback during the speech. These depression-related biases were associated and mediated the association between depression level and self-reported stress recovery, predicting lower recovery from stress after giving the speech.

Conflict of interest statement

Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Figures

Fig 1. Schematic of trial presentations in…
Fig 1. Schematic of trial presentations in the engagement-disengagement task.
Fig 2. Schematic of the speech task…
Fig 2. Schematic of the speech task sequence.
Fig 3. Schematic of the tasks sequence…
Fig 3. Schematic of the tasks sequence during the session.
Fig 4. Mean times to direct attention…
Fig 4. Mean times to direct attention to the face surrounded by a frame in the attentional engagement and disengagement conditions for each emotion condition comparing non-dysphoric and dysphoric participants.
* p < .05
Fig 5. Fixation duration in negative over…
Fig 5. Fixation duration in negative over positive faces for each feedback slide during the speech comparing non-dysphoric and dysphoric participants.
* in solid lines = between-group differences p < .05; * in broken lines = within-group differences p < .05; diff in sec = difference in seconds.

References

    1. Clark DA, Beck AT, Alford BA. Scientific foundations of cognitive therapy and therapy of depression. New York: John Wiley & Sons; 1999.
    1. Ingram RE. Origins of cognitive vulnerability to depression. Cognitive Ther Res. 2003;27(1):77–88.
    1. Williams JM, Watts FN, MacLeod C, Mathews A. Cognitive psychology and emotional disorders. 2nd ed Chichester, U.K.: John Wiley & Sons; 1997.
    1. Macleod C, Mathews A, Tata P. Attentional Bias in Emotional Disorders. J Abnorm Psychol. 1986;95(1):15–20.
    1. Fox E, Russo R, Bowles R, Dutton K. Do threatening stimuli draw or hold visual attention in subclinical anxiety? J Exp Psychol Gen. 2001;130(4):681–700.
    1. De Raedt R, Koster EHW. Understanding vulnerability for depression from a cognitive neuroscience perspective: A reappraisal of attentional factors and a new conceptual framework. Cogn Affect Behav Ne. 2010;10(1):50–70.
    1. Peckham AD, McHugh RK, Otto MW. A Meta-Analysis of the Magnitude of Biased Attention in Depression. Depress Anxiety. 2010;27(12):1135–42. 10.1002/da.20755
    1. Gotlib IH, Joormann J. Cognition and Depression: Current Status and Future Directions. Annu Rev Clin Psycho. 2010;6:285–312.
    1. Armstrong T, Olatunji BO. Eye tracking of attention in the affective disorders: A meta-analytic review and synthesis. Clin Psychol Rev. 2012;32(8):704–23. 10.1016/j.cpr.2012.09.004
    1. Sanchez A, Vazquez C, Marker C, LeMoult J, Joormann J. Attentional Disengagement Predicts Stress Recovery in Depression: An Eye-Tracking Study. J Abnorm Psychol. 2013;122(2):303–13. 10.1037/a0031529
    1. Gotlib IH, Hammen C. Handbook of depression. New York: Guilford Press; 2002.
    1. Kashdan TB, Roberts JE. Social anxiety, depressive symptoms, and post-event rumination: Affective consequences and social contextual influences. J Anxiety Disord. 2007;21(3):284–301. 10.1016/j.janxdis.2006.05.009
    1. Hansen CH, Hansen RD. Automatic emotion: attention and facial efference In: Niedenthal PM, Kitayama S, editors. The Heart’s Eye: Emotional Influences in Perception and Attention. New York: Academic; 1997. p. 217–43.
    1. Joormann J, D'Avanzato C. Emotion regulation in depression: Examining the role of cognitive processes. Cognition Emotion. 2010;24(6):913–39.
    1. Lowe R, Guastella AJ, Chen NTM, Menzies RG, Packman A, O'Brian S, et al. Avoidance of eye gaze by adults who stutter. J Fluency Disord. 2012;37(4):263–74. 10.1016/j.jfludis.2012.04.004
    1. Lin MY, Hofmann SG, Qian MY, Kind S, Yu HY. Attention allocation in social anxiety during a speech. Cognition Emotion. 2016;30(6):1122–36. 10.1080/02699931.2015.1050359
    1. Risko EF, Laidlaw K, Freeth M, Foulsham T, Kingstone A. Social attention with real versus reel stimuli: toward an empirical approach to concerns about ecological validity. Front Hum Neurosci. 2012;6.
    1. Rottenberg J. Cardiac vagal control in depression: A critical analysis. Biol Psychol. 2007;74(2):200–11. 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2005.08.010
    1. Gianaros PJ, Salomon K, Zhou F, Owens JF, Edmundowicz D, Kuller LH, et al. A greater reduction in high-frequency heart rate variability to a psychological stressor is associated with subclinical coronary and aortic calcification in postmenopausal women. Psychosom Med. 2005;67(4):553–60. 10.1097/01.psy.0000170335.92770.7a
    1. Berntson GG, Bigger JT, Eckberg DL, Grossman P, Kaufmann PG, Malik M, et al. Heart rate variability: Origins, methods, and interpretive caveats. Psychophysiology. 1997;34(6):623–48.
    1. Ahs F, Sollers JJ, Furmark T, Fredrikson M, Thayer JF. High-frequency heart rate variability and cortico-striatal activity in men and women with social phobia. Neuroimage. 2009;47(3):815–20. 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.05.091
    1. Kemp AH, Quintana DS, Gray MA, Felmingham KL, Brown K, Gatt JM. Impact of Depression and Antidepressant Treatment on Heart Rate Variability: A Review and Meta-Analysis. Biol Psychiat. 2010;67(11):1067–74. 10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.12.012
    1. Thayer JF, Hansen AL, Saus-Rose E, Johnsen BH. Heart Rate Variability, Prefrontal Neural Function, and Cognitive Performance: The Neurovisceral Integration Perspective on Self-regulation, Adaptation, and Health. Ann Behav Med. 2009;37(2):141–53. 10.1007/s12160-009-9101-z
    1. Clark LA, Watson D. Tripartite model of anxiety and depression—Psychometric evidence and taxonomic implications. J Abnorm Psychol. 1991;100(3):316–36.
    1. Beck AT, Steer RA, Brown GK. Manual for the Beck Depression Inventory—II. Texas: Psychological Corporation; 1996.
    1. Van der Does AJW. Handleiding bij de Nederlandse versie van de Beck Depression Inventory—second edition (BDI-II-NL). [The Dutch version of the Beck Depresion Inventory-II]. Lisse, The Netherlands: Swets & Zeitlinger; 2002.
    1. Spielberger CD. Manual for the State–Trait Anxiety Inventory (Form Y). Palo Alto, CA: Mind Garden; 1983.
    1. Watson D, Friend R. Measurement of social-evaluative anxiety. J Consult Clin Psych. 1969;33(4):448–&.
    1. Nolen-Hoeksema S, Morrow J. A prospective study of depression and posttraumatic stress symptoms after a natural disaster: the 1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1991;61(1):115–21.
    1. Garnefski N, Kraaij V. The Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire—Psychometric features and prospective relationships with depression and anxiety in adults. Eur J Psychol Assess. 2007;23(3):141–9.
    1. Cottyn J, De Clercq D, Pannier JL, Crombez G, Lenoir M. The measurement of competitive anxiety during balance beam performance in gymnasts. Journal of Sports Sciences. 2006;24:157–64. 10.1080/02640410500131571
    1. Tarvainen MP, Niskanen JP, Lipponen JA, Ranta-aho PO, Karjalainen PA. Kubios HRV—Heart rate variability analysis software. Comput Meth Prog Bio. 2014;113(1):210–20.
    1. Thayer JF, Lane RD. The role of vagal function in the risk for cardiovascular disease and mortality. Biol Psychol. 2007;74(2):224–42. 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2005.11.013
    1. Delaney JPA, Brodie DA. Effects of short-term psychological stress on the time and frequency domains of heart-rate variability. Perceptual and Motor Skills. 2000;91(2):515–24. 10.2466/pms.2000.91.2.515
    1. Thayer JF, Ahs F, Fredrikson M, Sollers JJ, Wager TD. A meta-analysis of heart rate variability and neuroimaging studies: Implications for heart rate variability as a marker of stress and health. Neurosci Biobehav R. 2012;36(2):747–56.
    1. Langner O, Dotsch R, Bijlstra G, Wigboldus DHJ, Hawk ST, van Knippenberg A. Presentation and validation of the Radboud Faces Database. Cognition Emotion. 2010;24(8):1377–88.
    1. Amir N, Klumpp H, Elias J, Bedwell JS, Yanasak N, Miller LS. Increased activation of the anterior Cingulate cortex during processing of disgust faces in individuals with social phobia. Biol Psychiat. 2005;57(9):975–81. 10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.01.044
    1. Waugh CE, Panage S, Mendes WB, Gotlib IH. Cardiovascular and affective recovery from anticipatory threat. Biol Psychol. 2010;84(2):169–75. 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2010.01.010
    1. Ellis AJ, Beevers CG, Wells TT. Attention Allocation and Incidental Recognition of Emotional Information in Dysphoria. Cognitive Ther Res. 2011;35(5):425–33.
    1. Crane HD, Steele CM. GENERATION-V DUAL-PURKINJE-IMAGE EYETRACKER. Applied Optics. 1985;24(4):527–37.
    1. Schneider W, Eschman A, Zuccolotto A. E-Prime User’s Guide. Pittsburgh: Psychology Software Tools, Inc; 2012.
    1. Macht M, Mueller J. Immediate effects of chocolate on experimentally induced mood states. Appetite. 2007;49(3):667–74. 10.1016/j.appet.2007.05.004
    1. Segal ZV, Kennedy S, Gemar M, Hood K, Pedersen R, Buis T. Cognitive reactivity to sad mood provocation and the prediction of depressive relapse. Arch Gen Psychiat. 2006;63(7):749–55. 10.1001/archpsyc.63.7.749
    1. Preacher KJ, Hayes AF. Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behav Res Methods. 2008;40(3):879–91.
    1. Hayes AF. Beyond Baron and Kenny: Statistical Mediation Analysis in the New Millennium. Commun Monogr. 2009;76(4):408–20.
    1. Beck AT, Rush AJ, Shaw AM, Emery G. Cognitive therapy for depression. New York: Guilford Press; 1979.
    1. Joiner T, Coyne JC. Advances in interpersonal approaches: the interactional nature of depression. Washington: American Psychological Association; 1999.
    1. Rice NM, Grealy MA, Javaid A, Serrano RM. Understanding the Social Interaction Difficulties of Women With Unipolar Depression. Qual Health Res. 2011;21(10):1388–99. 10.1177/1049732311406449
    1. Compton RJ. Ability to disengage attention predicts negative affect. Cognition Emotion. 2000;14(3):401–15.
    1. Ellenbogen MA, Schwartzman AE, Stewart J, Walker CD. Automatic and effortful emotional information processing regulates different aspects of the stress response. Psychoneuroendocrino. 2006;31(3):373–87.
    1. De Lissnyder E, Koster EHW, Derakshan N, De Raedt R. The association between depressive symptoms and executive control impairments in response to emotional and non-emotional information. Cognition Emotion. 2010;24(2):264–80.
    1. Light KC, Kothandapani RV, Allen MT. Enhanced cardiovascular and catecholamine responses in women with depressive symptoms. Int J Psychophysiol. 1998;28(2):157–66.
    1. Sheffield D, Krittayaphong R, Cascio WE, Light KC, Golden RN, Finkel JB, et al. Heart rate variability at rest and during mental stress in patients with coronary artery disease: Differences in patients with high and low depression scores. Int J Behav Med. 1998;5(1):31–47. 10.1207/s15327558ijbm0501_3

Source: PubMed

Sponsorer og samarbejdspartnere

Medicinske tilstande

Narkotikainterventioner

3
Abonner