Patient and healthcare provider barriers to hypertension awareness, treatment and follow up: a systematic review and meta-analysis of qualitative and quantitative studies

Rasha Khatib, Jon-David Schwalm, Salim Yusuf, R Brian Haynes, Martin McKee, Maheer Khan, Robby Nieuwlaat, Rasha Khatib, Jon-David Schwalm, Salim Yusuf, R Brian Haynes, Martin McKee, Maheer Khan, Robby Nieuwlaat

Abstract

Background: Although the importance of detecting, treating, and controlling hypertension has been recognized for decades, the majority of patients with hypertension remain uncontrolled. The path from evidence to practice contains many potential barriers, but their role has not been reviewed systematically. This review aimed to synthesize and identify important barriers to hypertension control as reported by patients and healthcare providers.

Methods: Electronic databases MEDLINE, EMBASE and Global Health were searched systematically up to February 2013. Two reviewers independently selected eligible studies. Two reviewers categorized barriers based on a theoretical framework of behavior change. The theoretical framework suggests that a change in behavior requires a strong commitment to change [intention], the necessary skills and abilities to adopt the behavior [capability], and an absence of health system and support constraints.

Findings: Twenty-five qualitative studies and 44 quantitative studies met the inclusion criteria. In qualitative studies, health system barriers were most commonly discussed in studies of patients and health care providers. Quantitative studies identified disagreement with clinical recommendations as the most common barrier among health care providers. Quantitative studies of patients yielded different results: lack of knowledge was the most common barrier to hypertension awareness. Stress, anxiety and depression were most commonly reported as barriers that hindered or delayed adoption of a healthier lifestyle. In terms of hypertension treatment adherence, patients mostly reported forgetting to take their medication. Finally, priority setting barriers were most commonly reported by patients in terms of following up with their health care providers.

Conclusions: This review identified a wide range of barriers facing patients and health care providers pursuing hypertension control, indicating the need for targeted multi-faceted interventions. More methodologically rigorous studies that encompass the range of barriers and that include low- and middle-income countries are required in order to inform policies to improve hypertension control.

Conflict of interest statement

Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Figures

Figure 1. Barriers to hypertension management, modified…
Figure 1. Barriers to hypertension management, modified from Michie et al (2004) and Fishbein et al (2000).
Figure 2. Flow diagram of included studies.
Figure 2. Flow diagram of included studies.
Figure 3. Pooled prevalence (%) and 95%…
Figure 3. Pooled prevalence (%) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of provider level barriers to hypertension management organized by Michie et al framework (n = 13).
Figure 4. Pooled prevalence (%) and 95%CI…
Figure 4. Pooled prevalence (%) and 95%CI of patient level barriers to hypertension management organized by Michie et al framework (n = 32).
Figure 5. Pooled effect of barriers on…
Figure 5. Pooled effect of barriers on hypertension treatment adherence/persistence (n = 5).

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