Combined speed endurance and endurance exercise amplify the exercise-induced PGC-1α and PDK4 mRNA response in trained human muscle

Casper Skovgaard, Nina Brandt, Henriette Pilegaard, Jens Bangsbo, Casper Skovgaard, Nina Brandt, Henriette Pilegaard, Jens Bangsbo

Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate the mRNA response related to mitochondrial biogenesis, metabolism, angiogenesis, and myogenesis in trained human skeletal muscle to speed endurance exercise (S), endurance exercise (E), and speed endurance followed by endurance exercise (S + E). Seventeen trained male subjects (maximum oxygen uptake (VO2-max): 57.2 ± 3.7 (mean ± SD) mL·min(-1)·kg(-1)) performed S (6 × 30 sec all-out), E (60 min ~60% VO2-max), and S + E on a cycle ergometer on separate occasions. Muscle biopsies were obtained at rest and 1, 2, and 3 h after the speed endurance exercise (S and S + E) and at rest, 0, 1, and 2 h after exercise in E In S and S + E, muscle peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1 (PGC-1α) and pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase-4 (PDK4) mRNA were higher (P < 0.05) 2 and 3 h after speed endurance exercise than at rest. Muscle PGC-1α and PDK4 mRNA levels were higher (P < 0.05) after exercise in S + E than in S and E, and higher (P < 0.05) in S than in E after exercise. In S and S + E, muscle vascular endothelial growth factor mRNA was higher (P < 0.05) 1 (S only), 2 and 3 h after speed endurance exercise than at rest. In S + E, muscle regulatory factor-4 and muscle heme oxygenase-1 mRNA were higher (P < 0.05) 1, 2, and 3 h after speed endurance exercise than at rest. In S, muscle hexokinase II mRNA was higher (P < 0.05) 2 and 3 h after speed endurance exercise than at rest and higher (P < 0.05) than in E after exercise. These findings suggest that in trained subjects, speed endurance exercise provides a stimulus for muscle mitochondrial biogenesis, substrate regulation, and angiogenesis that is not evident with endurance exercise. These responses are reinforced when speed endurance exercise is followed by endurance exercise.

Keywords: Combined exercise; endurance exercise; mRNA; muscular response; speed endurance exercise.

© 2016 The Authors. Physiological Reports published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of the American Physiological Society and The Physiological Society.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Design of randomized speed endurance exercise (S), combined speed endurance and endurance exercise (S + E), and endurance exercise (E) in 17 trained subjects. Post exercise muscle biopsies were aligned after termination of the speed endurance exercise and termed rest, 1, 2, and 3 h for the purpose of clarity.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor‐γ coactivator‐1 (PGC‐1α) mRNA at rest and during recovery from speed endurance exercise (S), combined speed endurance and endurance exercise (S + E), and endurance exercise (E) in 17 trained subjects. Muscle biopsies were obtained at rest, 1, 2, and 3 h after speed endurance exercise in S and S + E and at rest, immediately after exercise, and 1 and 2 h after endurance exercise in E (termed rest, 1, 2, and 3 h for the purpose of clarity). PGC‐1α mRNA content is normalized to a single‐stranded DNA (ssDNA) and values are given as mean ± SE. *P < 0.05 different from rest within protocol; $P < 0.05 different to E within time point; §P < 0.05 different to S and E within time point.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase‐4 (PDK4) mRNA at rest and during recovery from speed endurance exercise (S), combined speed endurance and endurance exercise (S + E), and endurance exercise (E) in 17 trained subjects. Muscle biopsies were obtained at rest, 1, 2, and 3 h after speed endurance exercise in S and S + E and at rest, immediately after exercise, and 1 and 2 h after endurance exercise in E (termed rest, 1, 2, and 3 h for the purpose of clarity) PDK4 mRNA content is normalized to a single‐stranded DNA (ssDNA) and values are given as mean ± SE. *P < 0.05 different from rest within protocol. $P < 0.05 different to E within time point; §P < 0.05 different to S and E within time point.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) mRNA at rest and during recovery from speed endurance exercise (S), combined speed endurance and endurance exercise (S + E), and endurance exercise (E) in 17 trained subjects. Muscle biopsies were obtained at rest, 1, 2, and 3 h after speed endurance exercise in S and S + E and at rest, immediately after exercise, and 1 and 2 h after endurance exercise in E (termed rest, 1, 2, and 3 h for the purpose of clarity). VEGF mRNA content is normalized to a single‐stranded DNA (ssDNA) and values are given as mean ± SE. *P < 0.05 different from rest within protocol.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Muscle regulatory factor 4 (MRF4) mRNA at rest and during recovery from speed endurance exercise (S), combined speed endurance and endurance exercise (S + E), and endurance exercise (E) in 17 trained subjects. Muscle biopsies were obtained at rest, 1, 2, and 3 h after speed endurance exercise in S and S + E and at rest, immediately after exercise, and 1 and 2 h after endurance exercise in E (termed rest, 1, 2, and 3 h for the purpose of clarity). MRF4 mRNA content is normalized to a single‐stranded DNA (ssDNA) and values are given as mean ± SE. *P < 0.05 different from rest within protocol.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Heme oxygenase‐1 (HO‐1) mRNA at rest and during recovery from speed endurance exercise (S), combined speed endurance and endurance exercise (S + E), and endurance exercise (E) in 17 trained subjects. Muscle biopsies were obtained at rest, 1, 2, and 3 h after speed endurance exercise in S and S + E and at rest, immediately after exercise, and 1 and 2 h after endurance exercise in E (termed rest, 1, 2, and 3 h for the purpose of clarity). HO‐1 mRNA content is normalized to a single‐stranded DNA (ssDNA) and values are given as mean ± SE. *P < 0.05 different from rest within protocol.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Hexokinase II (HK II) mRNA at rest and during recovery from speed endurance exercise (S), combined speed endurance and endurance exercise (S + E), and endurance exercise (E) in 17 trained subjects. Muscle biopsies were obtained at rest, 1, 2, and 3 h after speed endurance exercise in S and S + E and at rest, immediately after exercise, and 1 and 2 h after endurance exercise in E (termed rest, 1, 2, and 3 h for the purpose of clarity). HK II mRNA content is normalized to a single‐stranded DNA (ssDNA) and values are given as mean ± SE. *P < 0.05 different from rest within protocol; $P < 0.05 different to E within time point.

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