Comparison 1 Epidural versus opioids, Outcome 30 Acidosis defined by cord arterial pH
Comparison 1 Epidural versus opioids, Outcome 31 Acidosis defined by cord arterial pH
1.32. Analysis
Comparison 1 Epidural versus opioids,…
1.32. Analysis
Comparison 1 Epidural versus opioids, Outcome 32 Naloxone administration.
1.32. Analysis Comparison 1 Epidural versus opioids, Outcome 32 Naloxone administration.
1.33. Analysis
Comparison 1 Epidural versus opioids,…
1.33. Analysis
Comparison 1 Epidural versus opioids, Outcome 33 Meconium staining of liquor.
1.33. Analysis Comparison 1 Epidural versus opioids, Outcome 33 Meconium staining of liquor.
1.34. Analysis
Comparison 1 Epidural versus opioids,…
1.34. Analysis
Comparison 1 Epidural versus opioids, Outcome 34 Neonatal intensive care unit admission.
1.34. Analysis Comparison 1 Epidural versus opioids, Outcome 34 Neonatal intensive care unit admission.
1.35. Analysis
Comparison 1 Epidural versus opioids,…
1.35. Analysis
Comparison 1 Epidural versus opioids, Outcome 35 Apgar score less than 7 at…
1.35. Analysis Comparison 1 Epidural versus opioids, Outcome 35 Apgar score less than 7 at 5 minutes.
1.36. Analysis
Comparison 1 Epidural versus opioids,…
1.36. Analysis
Comparison 1 Epidural versus opioids, Outcome 36 Length of first stage of labour…
1.36. Analysis Comparison 1 Epidural versus opioids, Outcome 36 Length of first stage of labour (minutes).
1.37. Analysis
Comparison 1 Epidural versus opioids,…
1.37. Analysis
Comparison 1 Epidural versus opioids, Outcome 37 Length of second stage of labour…
1.37. Analysis Comparison 1 Epidural versus opioids, Outcome 37 Length of second stage of labour (minutes).
1.38. Analysis
Comparison 1 Epidural versus opioids,…
1.38. Analysis
Comparison 1 Epidural versus opioids, Outcome 38 Oxytocin augmentation.
1.38. Analysis Comparison 1 Epidural versus opioids, Outcome 38 Oxytocin augmentation.
1.39. Analysis
Comparison 1 Epidural versus opioids,…
1.39. Analysis
Comparison 1 Epidural versus opioids, Outcome 39 Caesarean section for fetal distress.
1.39. Analysis Comparison 1 Epidural versus opioids, Outcome 39 Caesarean section for fetal distress.
1.40. Analysis
Comparison 1 Epidural versus opioids,…
1.40. Analysis
Comparison 1 Epidural versus opioids, Outcome 40 Caesarean section for dystocia.
1.40. Analysis Comparison 1 Epidural versus opioids, Outcome 40 Caesarean section for dystocia.
1.41. Analysis
Comparison 1 Epidural versus opioids,…
1.41. Analysis
Comparison 1 Epidural versus opioids, Outcome 41 Sensitivity analysis ‐ allocation concealment: Maternal…
1.41. Analysis Comparison 1 Epidural versus opioids, Outcome 41 Sensitivity analysis ‐ allocation concealment: Maternal satisfaction with pain relief in labour ‐ proportion rating excellent or very good.
1.42. Analysis
Comparison 1 Epidural versus opioids,…
1.42. Analysis
Comparison 1 Epidural versus opioids, Outcome 42 Sensitivity analysis ‐ incomplete outcome data:…
1.42. Analysis Comparison 1 Epidural versus opioids, Outcome 42 Sensitivity analysis ‐ incomplete outcome data: Maternal satisfaction with pain relief in labour ‐ proportion rating excellent or very good.
1.43. Analysis
Comparison 1 Epidural versus opioids,…
1.43. Analysis
Comparison 1 Epidural versus opioids, Outcome 43 Sensitivity analysis ‐ allocation concealment: Need…
1.43. Analysis Comparison 1 Epidural versus opioids, Outcome 43 Sensitivity analysis ‐ allocation concealment: Need for additional means of pain relief.
1.44. Analysis
Comparison 1 Epidural versus opioids,…
1.44. Analysis
Comparison 1 Epidural versus opioids, Outcome 44 Sensitivity analysis ‐ incomplete outcome data:…
1.44. Analysis Comparison 1 Epidural versus opioids, Outcome 44 Sensitivity analysis ‐ incomplete outcome data: Need for additional means of pain relief.
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2 Epidural versus placebo/no…
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2 Epidural versus placebo/no treatment, Outcome 1 Pain score in labour.
2.1. Analysis Comparison 2 Epidural versus placebo/no treatment, Outcome 1 Pain score in labour.
2.2. Analysis
Comparison 2 Epidural versus placebo/no…
2.2. Analysis
Comparison 2 Epidural versus placebo/no treatment, Outcome 2 Woman's perception of pain relief…
2.2. Analysis Comparison 2 Epidural versus placebo/no treatment, Outcome 2 Woman's perception of pain relief during first stage of labour.
2.3. Analysis
Comparison 2 Epidural versus placebo/no…
2.3. Analysis
Comparison 2 Epidural versus placebo/no treatment, Outcome 3 Woman's perception of pain relief…
2.3. Analysis Comparison 2 Epidural versus placebo/no treatment, Outcome 3 Woman's perception of pain relief during the second stage of labour.
2.4. Analysis
Comparison 2 Epidural versus placebo/no…
2.4. Analysis
Comparison 2 Epidural versus placebo/no treatment, Outcome 4 Pain intensity.
2.4. Analysis Comparison 2 Epidural versus placebo/no treatment, Outcome 4 Pain intensity.
2.5. Analysis
Comparison 2 Epidural versus placebo/no…
2.5. Analysis
Comparison 2 Epidural versus placebo/no treatment, Outcome 5 Satisfaction with pain relief in…
2.5. Analysis Comparison 2 Epidural versus placebo/no treatment, Outcome 5 Satisfaction with pain relief in labour ‐ proportion rating excellent or very good.
2.6. Analysis
Comparison 2 Epidural versus placebo/no…
2.6. Analysis
Comparison 2 Epidural versus placebo/no treatment, Outcome 6 Perceived feeling of poor control…
2.6. Analysis Comparison 2 Epidural versus placebo/no treatment, Outcome 6 Perceived feeling of poor control in labour.
2.7. Analysis
Comparison 2 Epidural versus placebo/no…
2.7. Analysis
Comparison 2 Epidural versus placebo/no treatment, Outcome 7 Need for additional means of…
2.7. Analysis Comparison 2 Epidural versus placebo/no treatment, Outcome 7 Need for additional means of pain relief.
2.8. Analysis
Comparison 2 Epidural versus placebo/no…
2.8. Analysis
Comparison 2 Epidural versus placebo/no treatment, Outcome 8 Instrumental delivery.
2.8. Analysis Comparison 2 Epidural versus placebo/no treatment, Outcome 8 Instrumental delivery.
2.9. Analysis
Comparison 2 Epidural versus placebo/no…
2.9. Analysis
Comparison 2 Epidural versus placebo/no treatment, Outcome 9 Caesarean section.
2.9. Analysis Comparison 2 Epidural versus placebo/no treatment, Outcome 9 Caesarean section.
2.10. Analysis
Comparison 2 Epidural versus placebo/no…
2.10. Analysis
Comparison 2 Epidural versus placebo/no treatment, Outcome 10 Motor blockade.
2.10. Analysis Comparison 2 Epidural versus placebo/no treatment, Outcome 10 Motor blockade.
2.11. Analysis
Comparison 2 Epidural versus placebo/no…
2.11. Analysis
Comparison 2 Epidural versus placebo/no treatment, Outcome 11 Headache.
2.11. Analysis Comparison 2 Epidural versus placebo/no treatment, Outcome 11 Headache.
2.12. Analysis
Comparison 2 Epidural versus placebo/no…
2.12. Analysis
Comparison 2 Epidural versus placebo/no treatment, Outcome 12 Perineal trauma requiring suturing.
2.12. Analysis Comparison 2 Epidural versus placebo/no treatment, Outcome 12 Perineal trauma requiring suturing.
2.13. Analysis
Comparison 2 Epidural versus placebo/no…
2.13. Analysis
Comparison 2 Epidural versus placebo/no treatment, Outcome 13 Nausea and vomiting.
2.13. Analysis Comparison 2 Epidural versus placebo/no treatment, Outcome 13 Nausea and vomiting.
2.14. Analysis
Comparison 2 Epidural versus placebo/no…
2.14. Analysis
Comparison 2 Epidural versus placebo/no treatment, Outcome 14 Itch.
2.14. Analysis Comparison 2 Epidural versus placebo/no treatment, Outcome 14 Itch.
2.15. Analysis
Comparison 2 Epidural versus placebo/no…
2.15. Analysis
Comparison 2 Epidural versus placebo/no treatment, Outcome 15 Fever > 38 º C.
2.15. Analysis Comparison 2 Epidural versus placebo/no treatment, Outcome 15 Fever > 38 º C.
2.16. Analysis
Comparison 2 Epidural versus placebo/no…
2.16. Analysis
Comparison 2 Epidural versus placebo/no treatment, Outcome 16 Shivering.
2.16. Analysis Comparison 2 Epidural versus placebo/no treatment, Outcome 16 Shivering.
2.17. Analysis
Comparison 2 Epidural versus placebo/no…
2.17. Analysis
Comparison 2 Epidural versus placebo/no treatment, Outcome 17 Drowsiness.
2.17. Analysis Comparison 2 Epidural versus placebo/no treatment, Outcome 17 Drowsiness.
2.18. Analysis
Comparison 2 Epidural versus placebo/no…
2.18. Analysis
Comparison 2 Epidural versus placebo/no treatment, Outcome 18 Urinary retention.
2.18. Analysis Comparison 2 Epidural versus placebo/no treatment, Outcome 18 Urinary retention.
2.19. Analysis
Comparison 2 Epidural versus placebo/no…
2.19. Analysis
Comparison 2 Epidural versus placebo/no treatment, Outcome 19 Apgar score less than 7…
2.19. Analysis Comparison 2 Epidural versus placebo/no treatment, Outcome 19 Apgar score less than 7 at 5 minutes.
2.20. Analysis
Comparison 2 Epidural versus placebo/no…
2.20. Analysis
Comparison 2 Epidural versus placebo/no treatment, Outcome 20 Length of first stage of…
2.20. Analysis Comparison 2 Epidural versus placebo/no treatment, Outcome 20 Length of first stage of labour (minutes).
2.21. Analysis
Comparison 2 Epidural versus placebo/no…
2.21. Analysis
Comparison 2 Epidural versus placebo/no treatment, Outcome 21 Length of second stage of…
2.21. Analysis Comparison 2 Epidural versus placebo/no treatment, Outcome 21 Length of second stage of labour (minutes).
2.22. Analysis
Comparison 2 Epidural versus placebo/no…
2.22. Analysis
Comparison 2 Epidural versus placebo/no treatment, Outcome 22 Oxytocin augmentation.
2.22. Analysis Comparison 2 Epidural versus placebo/no treatment, Outcome 22 Oxytocin augmentation.
2.23. Analysis
Comparison 2 Epidural versus placebo/no…
2.23. Analysis
Comparison 2 Epidural versus placebo/no treatment, Outcome 23 Caesarean section for fetal distress.
2.23. Analysis Comparison 2 Epidural versus placebo/no treatment, Outcome 23 Caesarean section for fetal distress.
2.24. Analysis
Comparison 2 Epidural versus placebo/no…
2.24. Analysis
Comparison 2 Epidural versus placebo/no treatment, Outcome 24 Caesarean section for dystocia.
2.24. Analysis Comparison 2 Epidural versus placebo/no treatment, Outcome 24 Caesarean section for dystocia.
2.25. Analysis
Comparison 2 Epidural versus placebo/no…
2.25. Analysis
Comparison 2 Epidural versus placebo/no treatment, Outcome 25 Sensitivity analysis ‐ allocation concealment:…
2.25. Analysis Comparison 2 Epidural versus placebo/no treatment, Outcome 25 Sensitivity analysis ‐ allocation concealment: Need for additional means of pain relief.
2.26. Analysis
Comparison 2 Epidural versus placebo/no…
2.26. Analysis
Comparison 2 Epidural versus placebo/no treatment, Outcome 26 Sensitivity analysis ‐ incomplete outcome…
2.26. Analysis Comparison 2 Epidural versus placebo/no treatment, Outcome 26 Sensitivity analysis ‐ incomplete outcome data: Need for additional means of pain relief.
3.1. Analysis
Comparison 3 Epidural versus TENS,…
3.1. Analysis
Comparison 3 Epidural versus TENS, Outcome 1 Maternal pain score in labour.
3.1. Analysis Comparison 3 Epidural versus TENS, Outcome 1 Maternal pain score in labour.
3.2. Analysis
Comparison 3 Epidural versus TENS,…
3.2. Analysis
Comparison 3 Epidural versus TENS, Outcome 2 Instrumental delivery.
3.2. Analysis Comparison 3 Epidural versus TENS, Outcome 2 Instrumental delivery.
3.3. Analysis
Comparison 3 Epidural versus TENS,…
3.3. Analysis
Comparison 3 Epidural versus TENS, Outcome 3 Caesarean section.
3.3. Analysis Comparison 3 Epidural versus TENS, Outcome 3 Caesarean section.
3.4. Analysis
Comparison 3 Epidural versus TENS,…
3.4. Analysis
Comparison 3 Epidural versus TENS, Outcome 4 Hypotension as defined by trial authors.
3.4. Analysis Comparison 3 Epidural versus TENS, Outcome 4 Hypotension as defined by trial authors.
3.5. Analysis
Comparison 3 Epidural versus TENS,…
3.5. Analysis
Comparison 3 Epidural versus TENS, Outcome 5 Urinary retention.
3.5. Analysis Comparison 3 Epidural versus TENS, Outcome 5 Urinary retention.
3.6. Analysis
Comparison 3 Epidural versus TENS,…
3.6. Analysis
Comparison 3 Epidural versus TENS, Outcome 6 Nausea and vomiting.
3.6. Analysis Comparison 3 Epidural versus TENS, Outcome 6 Nausea and vomiting.
3.7. Analysis
Comparison 3 Epidural versus TENS,…
3.7. Analysis
Comparison 3 Epidural versus TENS, Outcome 7 Length of second stage of labour…
3.7. Analysis Comparison 3 Epidural versus TENS, Outcome 7 Length of second stage of labour (minutes).
3.8. Analysis
Comparison 3 Epidural versus TENS,…
3.8. Analysis
Comparison 3 Epidural versus TENS, Outcome 8 Oxytocin augmentation.
3.8. Analysis Comparison 3 Epidural versus TENS, Outcome 8 Oxytocin augmentation.
4.1. Analysis
Comparison 4 Epidural versus inhaled…
4.1. Analysis
Comparison 4 Epidural versus inhaled analgesia, Outcome 1 Maternal satisfaction with pain relief…
4.1. Analysis Comparison 4 Epidural versus inhaled analgesia, Outcome 1 Maternal satisfaction with pain relief in labour ‐ proportion rating excellent or very good.
4.2. Analysis
Comparison 4 Epidural versus inhaled…
4.2. Analysis
Comparison 4 Epidural versus inhaled analgesia, Outcome 2 Caesarean section.
4.2. Analysis Comparison 4 Epidural versus inhaled analgesia, Outcome 2 Caesarean section.
5.1. Analysis
Comparison 5 Epidural versus continuous…
5.1. Analysis
Comparison 5 Epidural versus continuous support, Outcome 1 Satisfaction with pain relief in…
5.1. Analysis Comparison 5 Epidural versus continuous support, Outcome 1 Satisfaction with pain relief in labour ‐ proportion rating excellent or very good.
5.2. Analysis
Comparison 5 Epidural versus continuous…
5.2. Analysis
Comparison 5 Epidural versus continuous support, Outcome 2 Need for additional means of…
5.2. Analysis Comparison 5 Epidural versus continuous support, Outcome 2 Need for additional means of pain relief.
5.3. Analysis
Comparison 5 Epidural versus continuous…
5.3. Analysis
Comparison 5 Epidural versus continuous support, Outcome 3 Instrumental delivery.
5.3. Analysis Comparison 5 Epidural versus continuous support, Outcome 3 Instrumental delivery.
5.4. Analysis
Comparison 5 Epidural versus continuous…
5.4. Analysis
Comparison 5 Epidural versus continuous support, Outcome 4 Caesarean section.
5.4. Analysis Comparison 5 Epidural versus continuous support, Outcome 4 Caesarean section.
5.5. Analysis
Comparison 5 Epidural versus continuous…
5.5. Analysis
Comparison 5 Epidural versus continuous support, Outcome 5 Long‐term backache.
5.5. Analysis Comparison 5 Epidural versus continuous support, Outcome 5 Long‐term backache.
5.6. Analysis
Comparison 5 Epidural versus continuous…
5.6. Analysis
Comparison 5 Epidural versus continuous support, Outcome 6 Headache.
5.6. Analysis Comparison 5 Epidural versus continuous support, Outcome 6 Headache.
5.7. Analysis
Comparison 5 Epidural versus continuous…
5.7. Analysis
Comparison 5 Epidural versus continuous support, Outcome 7 Nausea and vomiting.
5.7. Analysis Comparison 5 Epidural versus continuous support, Outcome 7 Nausea and vomiting.
5.8. Analysis
Comparison 5 Epidural versus continuous…
5.8. Analysis
Comparison 5 Epidural versus continuous support, Outcome 8 Cathetherisation during labour.
5.8. Analysis Comparison 5 Epidural versus continuous support, Outcome 8 Cathetherisation during labour.
5.9. Analysis
Comparison 5 Epidural versus continuous…
5.9. Analysis
Comparison 5 Epidural versus continuous support, Outcome 9 Apgar score less than 7…
5.9. Analysis Comparison 5 Epidural versus continuous support, Outcome 9 Apgar score less than 7 at 5 minutes.