Urinary extracellular vesicles as source of biomarkers in kidney diseases

Ana Gámez-Valero, Sara Inés Lozano-Ramos, Ioana Bancu, Ricardo Lauzurica-Valdemoros, Francesc E Borràs, Ana Gámez-Valero, Sara Inés Lozano-Ramos, Ioana Bancu, Ricardo Lauzurica-Valdemoros, Francesc E Borràs

Abstract

Most cells physiologically release vesicles as way of intercellular communication. The so-called Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) include exosomes, ectosomes, and apoptotic bodies, which basically differ in their composition and subcellular origin. Specifically, EVs found in urine reflect the state of the urinary system, from podocytes to renal-tubular cells, thus making them an excellent source of samples for the study of kidney physiology and pathology. Several groups have focused on defining biomarkers of kidney-related disorders, from graft rejection to metabolic syndromes. So far, the lack of a standard protocol for EVs isolation precludes the possibility of a proper comparison among the different biomarkers proposed in the literature, stressing the need for validation of these biomarkers not only in larger cohorts of patients but also considering the different methods for EVs isolation. In this review, we aim to gather the current knowledge about EVs-related biomarkers in kidney diseases, with a special emphasis in the methods used to date for EVs enrichment, and discussing the need for more specific protocols of EV isolation in clinical practice.

Keywords: biomarker; isolation; kidney disease; therapy; urinary extracellular vesicles.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Schematic representation of potential urinary EVs biomarkers from the urinary tract. Potential biomarkers identified in urinary EVs from different regions of the nephron, renal tubule, and the bladder. Mentioned molecules are hypothetically related to a specific region of the renal system. Podocyte: LGALS1: lectin galactoside-binding soluble 1; HSPG2 heparan sulfate proteoglycan 2. Distal convoluted tubule: SLC2A3: solute carrier family 2; NCC: Na-Cl co-transporter; Proximal convoluted tubule: AQP-1: Aquaporin-1; CA4: carbonic anhydrase 4; CLCNS: chloride channels; SLCA3: solute carrier family 3; MME: membrane metallo-endopeptidas; Loop of Henle: UM: uromodulin; bDKRB1: bradykinin receptor B1; CALCR: calcitonin receptor; SLC2A1: solute carrier family 2; NKCC: Na+/K+/2Cl−co-transporter; Collecting tube: AQP2: aquaporin-2; ATP6V1B1: TPase, H transporting, lysosomal 56/58 kD, V1 subunit B; SLC12A1: Sodium potassium chloride co-transporter 2; Bladder: LASS2: ceramide synthase 2; GALNT1 polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 1.

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