Effects of multidomain versus single-domain training on executive control and memory in older adults: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

Soledad Ballesteros, Jennifer A Rieker, Julia Mayas, Antonio Prieto, Pilar Toril, María Pilar Jiménez, José Manuel Reales, Soledad Ballesteros, Jennifer A Rieker, Julia Mayas, Antonio Prieto, Pilar Toril, María Pilar Jiménez, José Manuel Reales

Abstract

Background: Previous research suggests that both cognitive training and physical exercise help to maintain brain health and cognitive functions that decline with age. Some studies indicate that combined interventions may produce larger effects than each intervention alone. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of combined cognitive and physical training compared to cognitive training and physical training alone on executive control and memory functions in healthy older adults.

Objectives: The main objectives of this four-arm randomized controlled trial (RCT) are: to investigate the synergetic effects of a simultaneous, group-based multidomain training program that combines cognitive video-game training with physical exercise, in comparison to those produced by cognitive training combined with physical control activity, physical training combined with cognitive control activity, or a combination of both control activities; to investigate whether event-related potential latencies of the P2 component are shorter and N2 and P3b components assessed in a memory-based task switching task are enhanced after training; and to find out whether possible enhancements persist after a 3-month period without training.

Methods: In this randomized, single-blind, controlled trial, 144 participants will be randomly assigned to one of the four combinations of cognitive training and physical exercise. The cognitive component will be either video-game training (cognitive intervention, CI) or video games not specifically designed to train cognition (cognitive control, CC). The physical exercise component will either emphasize endurance, strength, and music-movement coordination (exercise intervention, EI) or stretching, toning, and relaxation (exercise control, EC).

Discussion: This RCT will investigate the short and long-term effects of multidomain training, compared to cognitive training and physical training alone, on executive control and memory functions in healthy older adults, in comparison with the performance of an active control group.

Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03823183. Registered on 21 January 2019.

Keywords: Aging; Cognitive training; Executive functions; Memory functions; Multidomain training; Physical exercise; Randomized controlled trial.

Conflict of interest statement

None declared.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Flow chart of the study protocol. d/wk days per week.
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Standard Protocol Items: Recommendations for Interventional Trials (SPIRIT 2013) diagram illustrating the schedule of enrolment, post allocation, and close-out for all assessments. CC cognitive control, CI cognitive intervention, EC exercise control, EI exercise intervention, ERP event-related potential, LSI Life Satisfaction Index, 6MWT 6-Minute Walk Test, PANAS Positive and Negative Affect Schedule, SPPB Short Physical Performance Battery, TMT Trail Making Test, WMS-III Wechsler Memory Scale—Third Edition

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Source: PubMed

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