Virtual house calls for Parkinson disease (Connect.Parkinson): study protocol for a randomized, controlled trial

Meredith A Achey, Christopher A Beck, Denise B Beran, Cynthia M Boyd, Peter N Schmidt, Allison W Willis, Sara S Riggare, Richard B Simone, Kevin M Biglan, E Ray Dorsey, Meredith A Achey, Christopher A Beck, Denise B Beran, Cynthia M Boyd, Peter N Schmidt, Allison W Willis, Sara S Riggare, Richard B Simone, Kevin M Biglan, E Ray Dorsey

Abstract

Background: Interest in improving care for the growing number of individuals with chronic conditions is rising. However, access to care is limited by distance, disability, and distribution of doctors. Small-scale studies in Parkinson disease, a prototypical chronic condition, have suggested that delivering care using video house calls is feasible, offers similar clinical outcomes to in-person care, and reduces travel burden.

Methods/design: We are conducting a randomized comparative effectiveness study (Connect.Parkinson) comparing usual care in the community to usual care augmented by virtual house calls with a Parkinson disease specialist. Recruitment is completed centrally using online advertisements and emails and by contacting physicians, support groups, and allied health professionals. Efforts target areas with a high proportion of individuals not receiving care from neurologists. Approximately 200 individuals with Parkinson disease and their care partners will be enrolled at 20 centers throughout the United States and followed for one year. Participants receive educational materials, then are randomized in a 1:1 ratio to continue their usual care (control arm) or usual care and specialty care delivered virtually (intervention arm). Care partners are surveyed about their time and travel burden and their perceived caregiver burden. Participants are evaluated via electronic survey forms and videoconferencing with a blinded independent rater at baseline and at 12 months. All study activities are completed remotely.The primary outcomes are: (1) feasibility, as measured by the proportion of visits completed, and (2) quality of life, as measured by the 39-item Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire. Secondary outcomes include measures of clinical benefit, quality of care, time and travel burden, and caregiver burden.

Discussion: Connect.Parkinson will evaluate the feasibility and effectiveness of using technology to deliver care into the homes of individuals with Parkinson disease. The trial may serve as a model for increasing access and delivering patient-centered care at home for individuals with chronic conditions.

Trial registration: This trial was registered on clinicaltrials.gov on January 8, 2014 [NCT02038959].

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Number of typical full-time neurologist practices that would need to open to reduce the current disparity in Parkinson disease care by 50%. Estimates assume that a typical neurologist has 10% of office visits for Parkinson disease patients; that in one year, that neurologist sees patients every six months; and that each neurologist works full-time, five days per week, minus federal holidays and standard vacation.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Individuals from all over the world have accessed the Connect.Parkinson study website at.http://connect.parkinson.org
Figure 3
Figure 3
Potential Connect.Parkinson participants in underserved zip codes. Distribution of interested individuals by the proportion of underserved patients with Parkinson disease in their zip code. Data current as of May 20, 2014.

References

    1. Chronic care: making the case for ongoing care. []
    1. Wagner EH, Austin BT, Davis C, Hindmarsh M, Schaefer J, Bonomi A. Improving chronic illness care: translating evidence into action. Health Aff. 2001;20:64–78.
    1. Schaefer J, Davis C. Case management and the chronic care model: a multidisciplinary role. Lippincotts Case Manag. 2004;9:96–103.
    1. Boult C, Green AF, Boult LB, Pacala JT, Snyder C, Leff B. Successful models of comprehensive care for older adults with chronic conditions: evidence for the institute of medicine's “retooling for an aging America” report. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2009;57:2328–2337.
    1. Dentzer S. Reform chronic illness care? Yes, we can. Health Aff. 2009;28:12–13.
    1. Tinetti ME, Fried TR, Boyd CM. Designing health care for the most common chronic condition—multimorbidity. JAMA. 2012;307:2493–2494.
    1. Richardson W, Committee on Quality of Health Care in America . Crossing the quality chasm: a new health system for the 21st century. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press; 2001.
    1. National Alliance for Caregiving in collaboration with AARP: Caregiving in the US 2009. []
    1. Schulz R, Beach SR. Caregiving as a risk factor for mortality: the Caregiver Health Effects Study. JAMA. 1999;282:2215–2219.
    1. Van der Marck MA, Bloem BR, Borm GF, Overeem S, Munneke M, Guttman M. Effectiveness of multidisciplinary care for Parkinson's disease: a randomized, controlled trial. Mov Disord. 2013;28:605–611.
    1. Wade D, Gage H, Owen C, Trend P, Grossmith C, Kaye J. Multidisciplinary rehabilitation for people with Parkinson’s disease: a randomised controlled study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2003;74:158–162.
    1. Willis AW, Schootman M, Tran R, Kung N, Evanoff BA, Perlmutter JS, Racette BA. Neurologist-associated reduction in PD-related hospitalizations and health care expenditures. Neurology. 2012;79:1774–1780.
    1. Boult C, Leff B, Boyd CM, Wolff JL, Marsteller JA, Frick KD, Wegener S, Reider L, Frey K, Mroz TM, Karm L, Scharfstein DO. A matched-pair cluster-randomized trial of guided care for high-risk older patients. J Gen Intern Med. 2013;28:612–621.
    1. Rich MW, Beckham V, Wittenberg C, Leven CL, Freedland KE, Carney RM. A multidisciplinary intervention to prevent the readmission of elderly patients with congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med. 1995;333:1190–1195.
    1. Leff B, Burton JR. The future history of home care and physician house calls in the United States. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2001;56:M603–M608.
    1. Stuck AE, Egger M, Hammer A, Minder CE, Beck JC. Home visits to prevent nursing home admission and functional decline in elderly people: systematic review and meta-regression analysis. JAMA. 2002;287:1022–1028.
    1. Leff B, Burton L, Mader SL, Naughton B, Burl J, Inouye SK, Greenough WB, III, Guido S, Langston C, Frick KD, Steinwachs D, Burton JR. Hospital at home: feasibility and outcomes of a program to provide hospital-level care at home for acutely Ill older patients. Ann Intern Med. 2005;143:798–808.
    1. Landers SH. Why health care is going home. N Engl J Med. 2010;363:1690–1691.
    1. Meyer GS, Gibbons RV. House calls to the elderly–a vanishing practice among physicians. N Engl J Med. 1997;337:1815–1820.
    1. Wright Willis A, Evanoff BA, Lian M, Criswell SR, Racette BA. Geographic and ethnic variation in Parkinson disease: a population-based study of US Medicare beneficiaries. Neuroepidemiology. 2010;34:143–151.
    1. Willis AW, Schootman M, Evanoff BA, Perlmutter JS, Racette BA. Neurologist care in Parkinson disease: a utilization, outcomes, and survival study. Neurology. 2011;77:851–857.
    1. Dorsey ER, George BP, Leff B, Willis AW. The coming crisis: obtaining care for the growing burden of neurodegenerative conditions. Neurology. 2013;80:1989–1996.
    1. Federal Communications Commission: National Broadband Plan: Connecting America. [] Accessed November 13, 2014
    1. Demographics of internet users. []
    1. Norris P. Digital Divide: Civic Engagement, Information Poverty, and the Internet Worldwide. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press; 2001.
    1. Duggan M. Cell Phone Activities 2013. Washington, DC: Pew Research Center; 2013.
    1. Currell RUC, Wainwright P, Lewis R. Telemedicine versus face to face patient care: effects on professional practice and health care outcomes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000;2:CD002098.
    1. Darkins A, Ryan P, Kobb R, Foster L, Edmonson E, Wakefield B, Lancaster AE. Care Coordination/Home Telehealth: the systematic implementation of health informatics, home telehealth, and disease management to support the care of veteran patients with chronic conditions. Telemed J E Health. 2008;14:1118–1126.
    1. McLean S, Chandler D, Nurmatov U, Liu J, Pagliari C, Car J, Sheikh A. Telehealthcare for asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;10:CD007717.
    1. Shea S, Weinstock RS, Teresi JA, Palmas W, Starren J, Cimino JJ, Lai AM, Field L, Morin PC, Goland R, Izquierdo RE, Ebner S, Silver S, Petkova E, Kong J, Eimicke JP, IDEATel Consortium A randomized trial comparing telemedicine case management with usual care in older, ethnically diverse, medically underserved patients with diabetes mellitus: 5 year results of the IDEATel study. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2009;16:446–456.
    1. Verhoeven F, van Gemert-Pijnen L, Dijkstra K, Nijland N, Seydel E, Steehouder M. The contribution of teleconsultation and videoconferencing to diabetes care: a systematic literature review. J Med Internet Res. 2007;9:e37.
    1. Shulman RM, O'Gorman CS, Palmert MR. Int J Pediatr Endocrinol. 2010. The impact of telemedicine interventions involving routine transmission of blood glucose data with clinician feedback on metabolic control in youth with type 1 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
    1. Boyne JJ, Vrijhoef HJ, Crijns HJ, De Weerd G, Kragten J, Gorgels AP. Tailored telemonitoring in patients with heart failure: results of a multicentre randomized controlled trial. Eur J Heart Fail. 2012;14:791–801.
    1. Clark RA, Inglis SC, McAlister FA, Cleland JG, Stewart S. Telemonitoring or structured telephone support programmes for patients with chronic heart failure: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2007;334:942.
    1. Clarke M, Shah A, Sharma U. Systematic review of studies on telemonitoring of patients with congestive heart failure: a meta-analysis. J Telemed Telecare. 2011;17:7–14.
    1. Dansky KH, Vasey J, Bowles K. Use of telehealth by older adults to manage heart failure. Res Gerontol Nurs. 2008;1:25–32.
    1. Dansky KH, Vasey J, Bowles K. Impact of telehealth on clinical outcomes in patients with heart failure. Clin Nurs Res. 2008;17:182–199.
    1. De Lusignan S, Wells S, Johnson P, Meredith K, Leatham E. Compliance and effectiveness of 1 year's home telemonitoring: the report of a pilot study of patients with chronic heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail. 2001;3:723–730.
    1. Hebert PL, Sisk JE, Wang JJ, Tuzzio L, Casabianca JM, Chassin MR, Horowitz C, McLaughlin MA. Cost-effectiveness of nurse-led disease management for heart failure in an ethnically diverse urban community. Ann Intern Med. 2008;149:540–548.
    1. Jerant AF, Azari R, Martinez C, Nesbitt TS. A randomized trial of telenursing to reduce hospitalization for heart failure: patient-centered outcomes and nursing indicators. Home Health Care Serv Q. 2003;22:1–20.
    1. Jerant AF, Azari R, Nesbitt TS. Reducing the cost of frequent hospital admissions for congestive heart failure: a randomized trial of a home telecare intervention. Med Care. 2001;39:1234–1245.
    1. Pekmezaris R, Mitzner I, Pecinka KR, Nouryan CN, Lesser ML, Siegel M, Swiderski JW, Moise G, Younker R, Sr, Smolich K. The impact of remote patient monitoring (telehealth) upon Medicare beneficiaries with heart failure. Telemed J E Health. 2012;18:101–108.
    1. Wakefield BJ, Ward MM, Holman JE, Ray A, Scherubel M, Burns TL, Kienzle MG, Rosenthal GE. Evaluation of home telehealth following hospitalization for heart failure: a randomized trial. Telemed J E Health. 2008;14:753–761.
    1. Wootton R. Twenty years of telemedicine in chronic disease management–an evidence synthesis. J Telemed Telecare. 2012;18:211–220.
    1. Dorsey ER, Venkataraman V, Grana MJ, Bull MT, George BP, Boyd CM, Beck CA, Rajan B, Seidmann A, Biglan KM. Randomized controlled clinical trial of "virtual house calls" for Parkinson disease. JAMA Neurol. 2013;70:565–570.
    1. Fortney JC, Pyne JM, Mouden SB, Mittal D, Hudson TJ, Schroeder GW, Williams DK, Bynum CA, Mattox R, Rost KM. Practice-based versus telemedicine-based collaborative care for depression in rural federally qualified health centers: a pragmatic randomized comparative effectiveness trial. Am J Psychiatry. 2013;170:414–425.
    1. McCrossan B, Morgan G, Grant B, Sands AJ, Craig BG, Doherty NN, Agus AM, Crealey GE, Casey FA. A randomised trial of a remote home support programme for infants with major congenital heart disease. Heart. 2012;98:1523–1528.
    1. Moreno FA, Chong J, Dumbauld J, Humke M, Byreddy S. Use of standard Webcam and Internet equipment for telepsychiatry treatment of depression among underserved Hispanics. Psychiatr Serv. 2012;63:1213–1217.
    1. Leon A, Caceres C, Fernandez E, Chausa P, Martin M, Codina C, Rousaud A, Blanch J, Mallolas J, Martinez E, Blanco JL, Laguno M, Larrousse M, Milinkovic A, Zamora L, Canal N, Miró JM, Gatell JM, Gómez EJ, García F. A new multidisciplinary home care telemedicine system to monitor stable chronic human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients: a randomized study. PLoS One. 2011;6:e14515.
    1. Ferrer-Roca O, Garcia-Nogales A, Pelaez C. The impact of telemedicine on quality of life in rural areas: the Extremadura model of specialized care delivery. Telemed J E Health. 2010;16:233–243.
    1. Stahl JE, Dixon RF. Acceptability and willingness to pay for primary care videoconferencing: a randomized controlled trial. J Telemed Telecare. 2010;16:147–151.
    1. Dorsey ER, Deuel LM, Voss TS, Finnigan K, George BP, Eason S, Miller D, Reminick JI, Appler A, Polanowicz J, Viti L, Smith S, Joseph A, Biglan KM. Increasing access to specialty care: a pilot, randomized controlled trial of telemedicine for Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord. 2010;25:1652–1659.
    1. Dixon RF, Stahl JE. A randomized trial of virtual visits in a general medicine practice. J Telemed Telecare. 2009;15:115–117.
    1. Ahmed SN, Mann C, Sinclair DB, Heino A, Iskiw B, Quigley D, Ohinmaa A. Feasibility of epilepsy follow-up care through telemedicine: a pilot study on the patient's perspective. Epilepsia. 2008;49:573–585.
    1. Morgan GJ, Craig B, Grant B, Sands A, Doherty N, Casey F. Home videoconferencing for patients with severe congential heart disease following discharge. Congenit Heart Dis. 2008;3:317–324.
    1. O'Reilly R, Bishop J, Maddox K, Hutchinson L, Fisman M, Takhar J. Is telepsychiatry equivalent to face-to-face psychiatry? Results from a randomized controlled equivalence trial. Psychiatr Serv. 2007;58:836–843.
    1. De Las CC, Arredondo MT, Cabrera MF, Sulzenbacher H, Meise U. Randomized clinical trial of telepsychiatry through videoconference versus face-to-face conventional psychiatric treatment. Telemed J E Health. 2006;12:341–350.
    1. Ruskin PE, Silver-Aylaian M, Kling MA, Reed SA, Bradham DD, Hebel JR, Barrett D, Knowles F, III, Hauser P. Treatment outcomes in depression: comparison of remote treatment through telepsychiatry to in-person treatment. Am J Psychiatry. 2004;161:1471–1476.
    1. Bishop JE, O'Reilly RL, Maddox K, Hutchinson LJ. Client satisfaction in a feasibility study comparing face-to-face interviews with telepsychiatry. J Telemed Telecare. 2002;8:217–221.
    1. Van Den Eeden SK, Tanner CM, Bernstein AL, Fross RD, Leimpeter A, Bloch DA, Nelson LM. Incidence of Parkinson's disease: variation by age, gender, and race/ethnicity. Am J Epidemiol. 2003;157:1015–1022.
    1. Mitchell SL, Kiely DK, Kiel DP, Lipsitz LA. The epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and natural history of older nursing home residents with a diagnosis of Parkinson's disease. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1996;44:394–399.
    1. Dubinsky RM, Gray C, Husted D, Busenbark K, Vetere-Overfield B, Wiltfong D, Parrish D, Koller WC. Driving in Parkinson's disease. Neurology. 1991;41:517–520.
    1. Heikkila VM, Turkka J, Korpelainen J, Kallanranta T, Summala H. Decreased driving ability in people with Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1998;64:325–330.
    1. Schrag A, Hovris A, Morley D, Quinn N, Jahanshahi M. Caregiver-burden in Parkinson's disease is closely associated with psychiatric symptoms, falls, and disability. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2006;12:35–41.
    1. Larsen JP. Parkinson's disease as community health problem: study in Norwegian nursing homes: the Norwegian Study Group of Parkinson's disease in the elderly. BMJ. 1991;303:741–743.
    1. Goetz CG, Stebbins GT. Risk factors for nursing home placement in advanced Parkinson's disease. Neurology. 1993;43:2227–2229.
    1. Factor SA, Feustel PJ, Friedman JH, Comella CL, Goetz CG, Kurlan R, Parsa M, Pfeiffer R. Longitudinal outcome of Parkinson's disease patients with psychosis. Neurology. 2003;60:1756–1761.
    1. Aarsland D, Larsen JP, Tandberg E, Laake K. Predictors of nursing home placement in Parkinson's disease: a population-based, prospective study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2000;48:938–942.
    1. Noyes K, Liu H, Li Y, Holloway R, Dick AW. Economic burden associated with Parkinson's disease on elderly Medicare beneficiaries. Mov Disord. 2006;21:362–372.
    1. Cheng EM, Swarztrauber K, Siderowf AD, Eisa MS, Lee M, Vassar S, Jacob E, Vickrey BG. Association of specialist involvement and quality of care for Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord. 2007;22:515–522.
    1. Hubble JP, Pahwa R, Michalek DK, Thomas C, Koller WC. Interactive video conferencing: a means of providing interim care to Parkinson's disease patients. Mov Disord. 1993;8:380–382.
    1. Achey M, Aldred JL, Aljehani N, Bloem BR, Biglan KM, Chan P, Cubo E, Ray Dorsey E, Goetz CG, Guttman M, Hassan A, Khandhar SM, Mari Z, Spindler M, Tanner CM, Van den Haak P, Walker R, Wilkinson JR, on behalf of the International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society Telemedicine Task Force The past, present, and future of telemedicine for Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord. 2014;29:871–883.
    1. Venkataraman V, Donohue SJ, Biglan KM, Wicks P, Dorsey ER. Virtual visits for Parkinson disease: a case series. Neurol: Clin Pract. 2014;4:146–152.
    1. Constantinescu G, Theodoros D, Russell T, Ward E, Wilson S, Wootton R. Treating disordered speech and voice in Parkinson's disease online: a randomized controlled non-inferiority trial. Int J Lang Commun Disord. 2011;46:1–16.
    1. Constantinescu GA, Theodoros DG, Russell TG, Ward EC, Wilson SJ, Wootton R. Home-based speech treatment for Parkinson's disease delivered remotely: a case report. J Telemed Telecare. 2010;16:100–104.
    1. Delprato U, Greenlaw R, Cristaldi M. PARKSERVICE: Home support and walking aid for people with Parkinson's disease. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2006;121:1–6.
    1. Howell S, Tripoliti E, Pring T. Delivering the Lee Silverman Voice Treatment (LSVT) by web camera: a feasibility study. Int J Lang Commun Disord. 2009;44:287–300.
    1. Marzinzik F, Wahl M, Doletschek CM, Jugel C, Rewitzer C, Klostermann F. Evaluation of a telemedical care programme for patients with Parkinson's disease. J Telemed Telecare. 2012;18:322–327.
    1. Tindall LR, Huebner RA, Stemple JC, Kleinert HL. Videophone-delivered voice therapy: a comparative analysis of outcomes to traditional delivery for adults with Parkinson's disease. Telemed J E Health. 2008;14:1070–1077.
    1. Achey MA, Beck CA, Biglan KM, Boyd C, Dorsey ER, Schmidt P, Willis AW. Design of a randomized, controlled trial of virtual care visits for Parkinson's disease: the Connect.Parkinson's study. Mov Disord. 2014;Suppl 1:607.
    1. Harris PA, Taylor R, Thielke R, Payne J, Gonzalez N, Conde JG. Research electronic data capture (REDCap) - a metadata-driven methodology and workflow process for providing translational research informatics support. J Biomed Inform. 2009;42:377–381.
    1. Goetz CG, Tilley BC, Shaftman SR, Stebbins GT, Fahn S, Martinez-Martin P, Poewe W, Sampaio C, Stern MB, Dodel R, Dubois B, Holloway R, Jankovic J, Kulisevsky J, Lang AE, Lees A, Leurgans S, LeWitt PA, Nyenhuis D, Olanow CW, Rascol O, Schrag A, Teresi JA, Van Hilten JJ, LaPelle N, Movement Disorder Society UPDRS Revision Task Force Movement Disorder Society-sponsored revision of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS): scale presentation and clinimetric testing results. Mov Disord. 2008;23:2129–2170.
    1. Abdolahi A, Scoglio N, Killoran A, Dorsey ER, Biglan KM. Potential reliability and validity of a modified version of the unified Parkinson's disease rating scale that could be administered remotely. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2013;19:218–221.
    1. Nasreddine ZS, Phillips NA, Bédirian V, Charbonneau S, Whitehead V, Collin I, Cummings JL, Chertkow H. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MoCA: a brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2005;53:695–699.
    1. Gill DJ, Freshman A, Blender JA, Ravina B. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment as a screening tool for cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord. 2008;23:1043–1046.
    1. Peto V, Jenkinson C, Fitzpatrick R. PDQ-39: a review of the development, validation and application of a Parkinson's disease quality of life questionnaire and its associated measures. J Neurol. 1998;Suppl 1:S10–S14.
    1. Glasgow RE, Wagner EH, Schaefer J, Mahoney LD, Reid RJ, Greene SM. Development and validation of the patient assessment of chronic illness care (PACIC) Med Care. 2005;43:436–444.
    1. Stull D. The Multidimensional Caregiver Strain Index (MCSI): its measurement and structure. J Clin Geropsychol. 1996;2:175–196.
    1. Aarsland D, Kurz MW. The epidemiology of dementia associated with Parkinson disease. J Neurol Sci. 2010;289:18–22.
    1. Thompson AW, Liu H, Hays RD, Katon WJ, Rausch R, Diaz N, Jacob EL, Vassar SD, Vickrey BG. Diagnostic accuracy and agreement across three depression assessment measures for Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2011;17:40–45.
    1. Latoo J, Mistry M, Dunne FJ. Depression in Parkinson's disease: diagnosis and management. Br J Hosp Med (Lond) 2012;73:331–334.
    1. Weerkamp NJ, Tissingh G, Poels PJ, Zuidema SU, Munneke M, Koopmans RT, Bloem BR. Nonmotor symptoms in nursing home residents with Parkinson's disease: prevalence and effect on quality of life. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2013;61:1714–1721.
    1. Brink TLYJ, Lum O, Heersema P, Adey MB, Rose TL. Screening tests for geriatric depression. Clin Gerontol. 1982;1:37–44.
    1. Hurst H, Bolton J. Assessing the clinical significance of change scores recorded on subjective outcome measures. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2004;27:26–35.
    1. Herdman M, Gudex C, Lloyd A, Janssen MF, Kind P, Parkin D, Bonsel G, Badia X. Development and preliminary testing of the new five-level version of EQ-5D (EQ-5D-5 L) Qual Life Res. 2011;20:1727–1736.
    1. Mauldin PD, Guimaraes P, Albin RL, Ray Dorsey E, Bainbridge JL, Siderowf A. Optimal frequency for measuring health care resource utilization in Parkinson's disease using participant recall: The FS-TOO resource utilization substudy. Clin Ther. 2008;30:1553–1557.
    1. Topol E. The Creative Destruction of Medicine: How the Digital Revolution will Create Better Health Care. New York, NY: Basic Books; 2012.
    1. Clayton M, Christensen JHG, Hwang J. The Innovator's Prescription: a Disruptive Solution for Health. 1. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2008.
    1. Dhruva SS, Redberg RF. Variations between clinical trial participants and medicare beneficiaries in evidence used for medicare national coverage decisions. Arch Intern Med. 2008;168:136–140.
    1. Bloge SC, Mills DL, Princeton NJ, Consumer Health Sciences . A comparison of clinical trial participants to the general patient population [poster] New York, NY: Kantar Health; 2006.
    1. Pew Research Center . Internet use over time. 2014.
    1. Broadband technology fact sheet. []
    1. Fox S, Duggan M. The diagnosis difference. 2013.
    1. Smith A. Older adults and technology use. 2014.
    1. Rainie L, Zickuhr K. Video calling and video chat. 2010.
    1. Eilenberg KL, Hoover AM, Rutherford ML, Melfi CA, Segal S. From informed consent through database lock: an interactive clinical trial conducted using the internet. Drug Inf J. 2004;38:239–251.
    1. Jacobs BP, Bent S, Tice JA, Blackwell T, Cummings SR. An internet-based randomized, placebo-controlled trial of kava and valerian for anxiety and insomnia. Medicine. 2005;84:197–207.
    1. Orri M, Lipset CH, Jacobs BP, Costello AJ, Cummings SR. Web-based trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of tolterodine ER 4 mg in participants with overactive bladder: REMOTE trial. Contemp Clin Trials. 2014;38:190–197.
    1. Dobscha SK, Corson K, Solodky J, Gerrity MS. Use of videoconferencing for depression research: enrollment, retention, and patient satisfaction. Telemed J E Health. 2005;11:84–89.
    1. Goetz CG, Stebbins GT, Wolff D, DeLeeuw W, Bronte-Stewart H, Elble R, Hallett M, Nutt J, Ramig L, Sanger T, Wu AD, Kraus PH, Blasucci LM, Shamim EA, Sethi KD, Spielman J, Kubota K, Grove AS, Dishman E, Taylor CB. Testing objective measures of motor impairment in early Parkinson's disease: feasibility study of an at-home testing device. Mov Disord. 2009;24:551–556.
    1. Cubo E, Trejo Gabriel-Galán JM, Seco Martínez J, Rioja Alcubilla C, Yang C, Fernández Arconada O, Mariscal Pérez N. Comparison of office-based versus home web-based clinical assessments for Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord. 2012;27:308–311.
    1. Grana MJ, Bull MT, Venkataraman V, Dorsey ER, Biglan KM. Web-based clinical assessments for Parkinson's disease: reliable and feasible. Mov Disord. 2012;27:1466.
    1. Parkinson J. An Essay on the Shaking Palsy. London: Sherwood, Neely, and Jones; 1817.
    1. Samii A, Ryan-Dykes P, Tsukuda RA, Zink C, Franks R, Nichol WP. Telemedicine for delivery of health care in Parkinson's disease. J Telemed Telecare. 2006;12:16–18.
    1. American Telemedicine Association . Medical licensure and practice requirements. 2011.
    1. State Coverage for Telehealth Services: National Conference of State Legislatures. []
    1. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services . Medicare Benefit Policy Manual. 2013. Chapter 15 - covered medical and other health services.
    1. Pearl R. Kaiser Permanente Northern California: current experiences with internet, mobile, and video technologies. Health Aff. 2014;33:251–257.
    1. Brown EM. The Ontario telemedicine network: a case report. Telemed J E Health. 2013;19:373–376.
    1. Antonacci DJ, Bloch RM, Saeed SA, Yildirim Y, Talley J. Empirical evidence on the use and effectiveness of telepsychiatry via videoconferencing: implications for forensic and correctional psychiatry. Behav Sci Law. 2008;26:253–269.
    1. Lavrentyev V, Seay A, Rafiq A, Justis D, Merrell RC. A surgical telemedicine clinic in a correctional setting. Telemed J E Health. 2008;14:385–388.
    1. Ellis DG, Mayrose J, Jehle DV, Moscati RM, Pierluisi GJ. A telemedicine model for emergency care in a short-term correctional facility. Telemed J E Health. 2001;7:87–92.
    1. Brecht RM, Gray CL, Peterson C, Youngblood B. The University of Texas Medical Branch-Texas Department of Criminal Justice Telemedicine Project: findings from the first year of operation. Telemed J. 1996;2:25–35.
    1. Zaylor C, Nelson EL, Cook DJ. Clinical outcomes in a prison telepsychiatry clinic. J Telemed Telecare. 2001;Suppl 1:47–49.
    1. Patel MC, Young JD. Delivering HIV subspecialty care in prisons utilizing telemedicine. Dis Mon. 2014;60:196–200.
    1. Darkins A. Changing the location of care: management of patients with chronic conditions in Veterans Health Administration using care coordination/home telehealth. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2006;43:vii–xii.

Source: PubMed

Sponsorer og samarbejdspartnere

Medicinske tilstande

Narkotikainterventioner

3
Abonner