Transplantation of high-risk donor livers after resuscitation and viability assessment using a combined protocol of oxygenated hypothermic, rewarming and normothermic machine perfusion: study protocol for a prospective, single-arm study (DHOPE-COR-NMP trial)

Yvonne de Vries, Tim A Berendsen, Masato Fujiyoshi, Aad P van den Berg, Hans Blokzijl, Marieke T de Boer, Frans van der Heide, Ruben H J de Kleine, Otto B van Leeuwen, Alix P M Matton, Maureen J M Werner, Ton Lisman, Vincent E de Meijer, Robert Porte, Yvonne de Vries, Tim A Berendsen, Masato Fujiyoshi, Aad P van den Berg, Hans Blokzijl, Marieke T de Boer, Frans van der Heide, Ruben H J de Kleine, Otto B van Leeuwen, Alix P M Matton, Maureen J M Werner, Ton Lisman, Vincent E de Meijer, Robert Porte

Abstract

Introduction: Extended criteria donor (ECD) livers are increasingly accepted for transplantation in an attempt to reduce the gap between the number of patients on the waiting list and the available number of donor livers. ECD livers; however, carry an increased risk of developing primary non-function (PNF), early allograft dysfunction (EAD) or post-transplant cholangiopathy. Ischaemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) plays an important role in the development of these complications. Machine perfusion reduces IRI and allows for reconditioning and subsequent evaluation of liver grafts. Single or dual hypothermic oxygenated machine perfusion (DHOPE) (4°C-12°C) decreases IRI by resuscitation of mitochondria. Controlled oxygenated rewarming (COR) may further reduce IRI by preventing sudden temperature shifts. Subsequent normothermic machine perfusion (NMP) (37°C) allows for ex situ viability assessment to facilitate the selection of ECD livers with a low risk of PNF, EAD or post-transplant cholangiopathy.

Methods and analysis: This prospective, single-arm study is designed to resuscitate and evaluate initially nationwide declined ECD livers. End-ischaemic DHOPE will be performed for the initial mitochondrial and graft resuscitation, followed by COR of the donor liver to a normothermic temperature. Subsequently, NMP will be continued to assess viability of the liver. Transplantation into eligible recipients will proceed if all predetermined viability criteria are met within the first 150 min of NMP. To facilitate machine perfusion at different temperatures, a perfusion solution containing a haemoglobin-based oxygen carrier will be used. With this protocol, we aim to transplant extra livers. The primary endpoint is graft survival at 3 months after transplantation.

Ethics and dissemination: This protocol was approved by the medical ethical committee of Groningen, METc2016.281 in August 2016 and registered in the Dutch Trial registration number TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NTR5972, NCT02584283.

Keywords: extended criteria donor liver; haemoglobin-based oxygen carrier; liver transplantation; machine perfusion; viability testing.

Conflict of interest statement

Competing interests: None declared.

© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2019. Re-use permitted under CC BY. Published by BMJ.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Timeline of a regular liver transplantation versus the described protocol. The coloured bar depicts the machine perfusion protocol. The light blue bar represents 1 hour of DHOPE, the light orange bar represents 1 hour of COR and the pink bar represents NMP. If the liver is deemed transplantable within 150 min of NMP, NMP will continue (indicated in pink). Note that SCS and transport are approximate. Cold ischaemia time (CIT) is defined as the time from the start of cold in situ flush in the donor until reperfusion in the recipient. In the proposed protocol, CIT is defined as the time from the start of cold flush in situ until the start of machine perfusion. DHOPE, dual hypothermic oxygenated machine perfusion; NMP, normothermic machine perfusion; SCS, static cold storage.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Liver Assist pressure and temperature settings during DHOPE, COR and NMP. COR, controlled oxygenated rewarming; DHOPE, dual hypothermic oxygenated perfusion; HA, hepatic artery; NMP, normothermic machine perfusion; PV, portal vein.

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