Intrinsic functional connectivity of the central nucleus of the amygdala and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis

Adam X Gorka, Salvatore Torrisi, Alexander J Shackman, Christian Grillon, Monique Ernst, Adam X Gorka, Salvatore Torrisi, Alexander J Shackman, Christian Grillon, Monique Ernst

Abstract

The central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), two nuclei within the central extended amygdala, function as critical relays within the distributed neural networks that coordinate sensory, emotional, and cognitive responses to threat. These structures have overlapping anatomical projections to downstream targets that initiate defensive responses. Despite these commonalities, researchers have also proposed a functional dissociation between the CeA and BNST, with the CeA promoting responses to discrete stimuli and the BNST promoting responses to diffuse threat. Intrinsic functional connectivity (iFC) provides a means to investigate the functional architecture of the brain, unbiased by task demands. Using ultra-high field neuroimaging (7-Tesla fMRI), which provides increased spatial resolution, this study compared the iFC networks of the CeA and BNST in 27 healthy individuals. Both structures were coupled with areas of the medial prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, thalamus, and periaqueductal gray matter. Compared to the BNST, the bilateral CeA was more strongly coupled with the insula and regions that support sensory processing, including thalamus and fusiform gyrus. In contrast, the bilateral BNST was more strongly coupled with regions involved in cognitive and motivational processes, including the dorsal paracingulate gyrus, posterior cingulate cortex, and striatum. Collectively, these findings suggest that responses to sensory stimulation are preferentially coordinated by the CeA and cognitive and motivational responses are preferentially coordinated by the BNST.

Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00047853.

Keywords: 7-Tesla fMRI; Bed nucleus of the stria terminalis BNST; Central nucleus of the amygdala; Intrinsic functional connectivity; Resting state networks.

Published by Elsevier Inc.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Seed ROIs for intrinsic connectivity analyses. A): central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA); B): bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST).
Figure 2
Figure 2
Shared coupling. Regions showing significant iFC with both the CeA and BNST are depicted in red (p<.05 whole-brain corrected a thalamus and hippocampus. b amygdala including regions of the lateral basal nuclei. c striatum caudate putamen ventral striatum. d midbrain pag. e mpfc. f superior temporal sulcus.>

Figure 3

Distinct connections. Regions with greater…

Figure 3

Distinct connections. Regions with greater CeA iFC are depicted in red-yellow, whereas regions…

Figure 3
Distinct connections. Regions with greater CeA iFC are depicted in red-yellow, whereas regions with greater BNST iFC are depicted in blue (p<.05 whole-brain corrected cea-preferring regions include the middle insula ventral posterior thalamus postcentral and supramarginal gyri fusiform gyrus. bnst-preferring paracingulate gyrus cingulate head body of caudate nucleus bilaterally extending into striatum.>

Figure 4

Seed ROI x Hemisphere Effects…

Figure 4

Seed ROI x Hemisphere Effects within Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex. (A) Statistical image depicting…

Figure 4
Seed ROI x Hemisphere Effects within Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex. (A) Statistical image depicting results within the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) that exhibit a significant interaction between seed ROI (CeA vs. BNST) and hemisphere (left vs. right). (B) Bar graphs depicting mean iFC values from the vmPFC as a function of ROI and hemisphere. iFC values are reported in arbitrary units (A.U.). Error bars reflect 1 standard error.
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Figure 3
Figure 3
Distinct connections. Regions with greater CeA iFC are depicted in red-yellow, whereas regions with greater BNST iFC are depicted in blue (p<.05 whole-brain corrected cea-preferring regions include the middle insula ventral posterior thalamus postcentral and supramarginal gyri fusiform gyrus. bnst-preferring paracingulate gyrus cingulate head body of caudate nucleus bilaterally extending into striatum.>

Figure 4

Seed ROI x Hemisphere Effects…

Figure 4

Seed ROI x Hemisphere Effects within Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex. (A) Statistical image depicting…

Figure 4
Seed ROI x Hemisphere Effects within Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex. (A) Statistical image depicting results within the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) that exhibit a significant interaction between seed ROI (CeA vs. BNST) and hemisphere (left vs. right). (B) Bar graphs depicting mean iFC values from the vmPFC as a function of ROI and hemisphere. iFC values are reported in arbitrary units (A.U.). Error bars reflect 1 standard error.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Seed ROI x Hemisphere Effects within Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex. (A) Statistical image depicting results within the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) that exhibit a significant interaction between seed ROI (CeA vs. BNST) and hemisphere (left vs. right). (B) Bar graphs depicting mean iFC values from the vmPFC as a function of ROI and hemisphere. iFC values are reported in arbitrary units (A.U.). Error bars reflect 1 standard error.

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