New treatment options for metastatic renal cell carcinoma with prior anti-angiogenesis therapy

Kevin Zarrabi, Chunhui Fang, Shenhong Wu, Kevin Zarrabi, Chunhui Fang, Shenhong Wu

Abstract

Angiogenesis is a critical process in the progression of advanced renal cell carcinoma. Agents targeting angiogenesis have played a primary role in the treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma. However, resistance to anti-angiogenesis therapy almost always occurs, and major progress has been made in understanding its underlying molecular mechanism. Axitinib and everolimus have been used extensively in patients whom have had disease progression after prior anti-angiogenesis therapy. Recently, several new agents have been shown to improve overall survival in comparison with everolimus. This review provides an in-depth summary of drugs employable in the clinical setting, the rationale to their use, and the studies conducted leading to their approval for use and provides perspective on the paradigm shift in the treatment of renal cell carcinoma. Highlighted are the newly approved agents cabozantinib, nivolumab, and lenvatinib for advanced renal cell carcinoma patients treated with prior anti-angiogenesis therapy.

Keywords: Anti-angiogenesis; Cabozantinib; Lenvatinib; Nivolumab; Renal cell carcinoma.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Suggested approach to treatment after anti-angiogenesis therapy. Suggested algorithm for treatment options for mRCC. Sunitnib and pazopanib are recommended in the first-line setting, with the exception of selected patients who may benefit from temsirolimus or IL-2. Upon disease progression, second-line agents can be chosen at the discretion of the clinician. The algorithm provided is based on current clinical data and practice guidelines

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