Moving to Capture Children's Attention: Developing a Methodology for Measuring Visuomotor Attention

Liam J B Hill, Rachel O Coats, Faisal Mushtaq, Justin H G Williams, Lorna S Aucott, Mark Mon-Williams, Liam J B Hill, Rachel O Coats, Faisal Mushtaq, Justin H G Williams, Lorna S Aucott, Mark Mon-Williams

Abstract

Attention underpins many activities integral to a child's development. However, methodological limitations currently make large-scale assessment of children's attentional skill impractical, costly and lacking in ecological validity. Consequently we developed a measure of 'Visual Motor Attention' (VMA)-a construct defined as the ability to sustain and adapt visuomotor behaviour in response to task-relevant visual information. In a series of experiments, we evaluated the capability of our method to measure attentional processes and their contributions in guiding visuomotor behaviour. Experiment 1 established the method's core features (ability to track stimuli moving on a tablet-computer screen with a hand-held stylus) and demonstrated its sensitivity to principled manipulations in adults' attentional load. Experiment 2 standardised a format suitable for use with children and showed construct validity by capturing developmental changes in executive attention processes. Experiment 3 tested the hypothesis that children with and without coordination difficulties would show qualitatively different response patterns, finding an interaction between the cognitive and motor factors underpinning responses. Experiment 4 identified associations between VMA performance and existing standardised attention assessments and thereby confirmed convergent validity. These results establish a novel approach to measuring childhood attention that can produce meaningful functional assessments that capture how attention operates in an ecologically valid context (i.e. attention's specific contribution to visuomanual action).

Conflict of interest statement

Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Figures

Fig 1. Schematic of the Visual Motor…
Fig 1. Schematic of the Visual Motor Attention (VMA) Task.
An illustration of the on-screen stimuli and participant’s interactions with them during (A) a single-target and (B) a shape trial—two of the four experimental conditions used in Experiment 1. On-screen movement of targets is illustrated using dotted lines, with examples of the ‘Figure-8’ and ‘Boomerang’ paths presented here (1 per panel). Participant’s movement of the stylus is illustrated with a bold-dashed line and in the shape trial (Panel B) illustrates a period of time within this trial during which a valid cue is presented and the participant responds correctly to it by relocating their tracking behaviour from one target to another.
Fig 2. Bar graph depicting the significant…
Fig 2. Bar graph depicting the significant interaction between condition and false reaction (FR) category for mean reaction time in Experiment 1.
Error bars are 95% confidence intervals.
Fig 3. Bar graphs illustrating the significant…
Fig 3. Bar graphs illustrating the significant interaction between age-group and VMA task stage for tracking outcomes in Experiment 2.
Panel A: mean tracking error and Panel B: residual intra-individual variability. Error bars represent 95% confidence intervals.
Fig 4. Bar graph illustrating the significant…
Fig 4. Bar graph illustrating the significant interaction between age-group and false reaction category for mean reaction time in Experiment 2.
Error bars represent 95% confidence intervals.
Fig 5. Bar graphs illustrating the significant…
Fig 5. Bar graphs illustrating the significant interaction between group and VMA task stage for tracking outcomes in Experiment 2.
Panel A: tracking error; Panel B: intra-individual variability; Panel C: residual intra-individual variability. Error bars represent 95% confidence intervals.

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