Grey matter alterations co-localize with functional abnormalities in developmental dyslexia: an ALE meta-analysis

Janosch Linkersdörfer, Jan Lonnemann, Sven Lindberg, Marcus Hasselhorn, Christian J Fiebach, Janosch Linkersdörfer, Jan Lonnemann, Sven Lindberg, Marcus Hasselhorn, Christian J Fiebach

Abstract

The neural correlates of developmental dyslexia have been investigated intensively over the last two decades and reliable evidence for a dysfunction of left-hemispheric reading systems in dyslexic readers has been found in functional neuroimaging studies. In addition, structural imaging studies using voxel-based morphometry (VBM) demonstrated grey matter reductions in dyslexics in several brain regions. To objectively assess the consistency of these findings, we performed activation likelihood estimation (ALE) meta-analysis on nine published VBM studies reporting 62 foci of grey matter reduction in dyslexic readers. We found six significant clusters of convergence in bilateral temporo-parietal and left occipito-temporal cortical regions and in the cerebellum bilaterally. To identify possible overlaps between structural and functional deviations in dyslexic readers, we conducted additional ALE meta-analyses of imaging studies reporting functional underactivations (125 foci from 24 studies) or overactivations (95 foci from 11 studies ) in dyslexics. Subsequent conjunction analyses revealed overlaps between the results of the VBM meta-analysis and the meta-analysis of functional underactivations in the fusiform and supramarginal gyri of the left hemisphere. An overlap between VBM results and the meta-analysis of functional overactivations was found in the left cerebellum. The results of our study provide evidence for consistent grey matter variations bilaterally in the dyslexic brain and substantial overlap of these structural variations with functional abnormalities in left hemispheric regions.

Conflict of interest statement

Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Figures

Figure 1. Results of the ALE meta-analysis…
Figure 1. Results of the ALE meta-analysis of VBM studies and the conjunction analyses.
Upper row–2D axial slices depicting the thresholded and binarized ALE map for the VBM meta-analysis (red) projected onto the Colin T1-template in MNI space. Images are presented in neurological convention (i.e., left = left) and MNI coordinates in the inferior-superior (Z) plane are provided with each slice. Lower row – cut-outs of the axial slices display overlaps (yellow) of the VBM meta-analysis (red) with the thresholded and binarized ALE map for the meta-analysis of functional underactivations (green) and overlaps (light blue) with the thresholded and binarized ALE map for the meta-analysis of functional overactivations (dark blue). SMG = supramarginal gyrus; STG = superior temporal gyrus; FG/ITG = fusiform gyrus/inferior temporal gyrus; Cereb = cerebellum.

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