Early Intervention with a Compression Sleeve in Mild Breast Cancer-Related Arm Lymphedema: A 12-Month Prospective Observational Study

Karin Johansson, Katarina Blom, Lena Nilsson-Wikmar, Christina Brogårdh, Karin Johansson, Katarina Blom, Lena Nilsson-Wikmar, Christina Brogårdh

Abstract

Background: In our previous randomized controlled trial (RCT), the progression/no progression of mild breast cancer-related arm lymphedema (BCRL) was examined among women randomized to a compression group (CG) with a compression sleeve (compression class (ccl) 1) or not (NCG) for 6 months. In the present prospective study, BCRL in the CG and NCG was followed for 12 months.

Methods: At the end of the RCT, 33 women with mild BCRL were eligible in the CG and 37 in the NCG. The proportional differences in no progression/progression of BCRL were defined as a >2% increase from start of RCT or exceeding 10% in the lymphedema relative volume as measured by the water displacement method. In addition, changes in the lymphedema relative volume and tissue dielectric constant ratio, which measures local tissue water, were examined. At the end of the RCT (i.e., after 6 months), a one-month break of the compression treatment was made in the CG. If the lymphedema relative volume progressed by definition, the compression treatment was resumed and continued, with follow-up of all women at 9 and 12 months.

Results: A larger proportion of women in the NCG showed progression (57%, 61%, 67%) compared to the CG (16%, 22%, 31%) at 6, 9, and 12 months (p < 0.001, 0.005, 0.012), respectively. Twelve (33%) women in the NCG did not progress at all. No changes of the lymphedema relative volume and local tissue water were found over time at any follow-ups, but were stable on a low level.

Conclusions: To avoid the progression of mild BCRL into a chronic issue in the long-term, compression sleeve ccl 1 may be applied immediately after early diagnosis of mild BCRL.

Keywords: breast cancer; clinical research; lymphedema; prevention; treatment.

Conflict of interest statement

All authors declare no competing financial or other conflict of interests.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Flowchart of randomization to compression group (CG) or no compression group (NCG) and primary outcome being the proportional difference between the groups, showing progression/no progression of mild breast cancer-related lymphedema for a 6-month intervention and at follow-ups. No progression = Lymphedema relative volume did not increase ≥2% compared to start of RCT or exceed ≥10%. LRV = lymphedema relative volume, including all women showing progress by an increase ≥2% compared to start of RCT or exceeding ≥10%. * Indicates differences between groups, calculated by Fisher–Freeman–Halton exact test or Pearson Chi square test.

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