The rising challenge of non-AIDS-defining cancers in HIV-infected patients

John F Deeken, Angelique Tjen-A-Looi, Michelle A Rudek, Catherine Okuliar, Mary Young, Richard F Little, Bruce J Dezube, John F Deeken, Angelique Tjen-A-Looi, Michelle A Rudek, Catherine Okuliar, Mary Young, Richard F Little, Bruce J Dezube

Abstract

Since the advent of HAART, patients with HIV infection have seen a significant improvement in their morbidity, mortality, and life expectancy. The incidence of AIDS-defining illnesses, including AIDS-defining malignancies, has been on the decline. However, deaths due to non-AIDS-defining illnesses have been on the rise. These so-called non-AIDS-defining cancers (NADCs) include cancers of the lung, liver, kidney, anus, head and neck, and skin, as well as Hodgkin's lymphoma. It is poorly understood why this higher rate of NADCs is occurring. The key challenge facing oncologists is how to administer chemotherapy effectively and safely to patients on antiretroviral therapy. The challenge to clinicians caring for HIV-infected patients is to develop and implement effective means to screen, treat, and prevent NADCs in the future. This review presents data on the epidemiology and etiology of NADCs, as well as ongoing research into this evolving aspect of the HIV epidemic.

References

    1. Palella FJ, Jr, Delaney KM, Moorman AC, et al. Declining morbidity and mortality among patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection. HIV Outpatient Study Investigators. N Engl J Med. 1998;338:853–60.
    1. Shiels MS, Pfeiffer RM, Gail MH, et al. Cancer burden in the HIV-infected population in the United States. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2011;103:753–62.
    1. Palella FJ, Jr, Baker RK, Moorman AC, et al. Mortality in the highly active antiretroviral therapy era: changing causes of death and disease in the HIV outpatient study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2006;43:27–34.
    1. Sackoff JE, Hanna DB, Pfeiffer MR, Torian LV. Causes of death among persons with AIDS in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy: New York City. Ann Intern Med. 2006;145:397–406.
    1. Herida M, Mary-Krause M, Kaphan R, et al. Incidence of non-AIDS-defining cancers before and during the highly active antiretroviral therapy era in a cohort of human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. J Clin Oncol. 2003;21:3447–53.
    1. Clifford GM, Polesel J, Rickenbach M, et al. for the Swiss HIV Cohort. Cancer risk in the Swiss HIV Cohort Study: associations with immunodeficiency, smoking, and highly active antiretroviral therapy. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2005;97:425–32.
    1. Patel P, Hanson DL, Sullivan PS, et al. Incidence of types of cancer among HIV-infected persons compared with the general population in the United States, 1992–2003. Ann Intern Med. 2008;148:728–36.
    1. Powles T, Robinson D, Stebbing J, et al. Highly active antiretroviral therapy and the incidence of non-AIDS defining cancers in people with HIV infection. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27:884–90.
    1. Bedimo R, Chen RY, Accortt NA, et al. Trends in AIDS-defining and non-AIDS-defining malignancies among HIV-infected patients: 1989–2002. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;39:1380–4.
    1. Burgi A, Brodine S, Wegner S, et al. Incidence and risk factors for the occurrence of non-AIDS-defining cancers among human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals. Cancer. 2005;104:1505–11.
    1. Biggar RJ, Kirby KA, Atkinson J, McNeel TS, Engels E for the AIDS Cancer Match Study Group. Cancer risk in elderly persons with HIV/AIDS. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2004;36:861–8.
    1. Engels EA, Pfeiffer RM, Goedert JJ, et al. Trends in cancer among people with AIDS in the United States 1980–2002. AIDS. 2006;20:1645–54.
    1. Hessol NA, Pipkin S, et al. The impact of highly active antiretroviral therapy on non-AIDS defining cancers among adults with AIDS. Am J Epidemiol. 2007;165:1143–53.
    1. Engels EA, Biggar RJ, Hall HI, et al. Cancer risk in people infected with human immunodeficiency virus in the United States. Int J Cancer. 2008;123:187–94.
    1. Grulich AE, van Leeuwen MT, Falster MO, Vajdic CM. Incidence of cancers in people with HIV/AIDS compared with immunosuppressed transplant recipients: a meta-analysis. Lancet. 2007;370:59–67.
    1. Bini EJ, Green B, Poles MA. Screening colonoscopy for the detection of neoplastic lesions in asymptomatic HIV-infected subjects. Gut. 2009;58:1129–34.
    1. Shiels MS, Goedert JJ, Moore RD, Platz EA, Engels EA. Reduced risk of prostate cancer in U.S. men with AIDS. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2010;19:2910–5.
    1. Levine AM, Seaberg EC, Hessol NA, et al. HIV as a risk factor for lung cancer in women: data from the Women's Interagency HIV Study. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28:1514–9.
    1. Pantanowitz L, Dezube BJ. Breast cancer in women with HIV/AIDS. JAMA. 2001;285:3090.
    1. Goedert JJ, Schairer C, McNeel TS, Hessol NA, Rabkin CS, Engels EA HIV/AIDS Cancer Match Study. Risk of breast, ovary, and uterine corpus cancers among 85,268 women with AIDS. Br J Cancer. 2006;95:642–8.
    1. Aberg JA. The changing face of HIV care: common things really are common. Ann Intern Med. 2006;145:463–5.
    1. Singh B, Balwally AN, Shaha AR, Rosenfeld RM, Har-El G, Lucente FE. Upper aerodigestive tract squamous cell carcinoma. The human immunodeficiency virus connection. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1996;122:639–43.
    1. Oehler-Jänne C, Huguet F, Provencher S, et al. HIV-specific differences in outcome of squamous cell carcinoma of the anal canal: a multicentric cohort study of HIV-infected patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26:2550–7.
    1. Spina M, Sandri S, Serraino D, et al. Therapy of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in patients with HIV infection. GICAT. Cooperative Group on AIDS and Tumors. Ann Oncol. 1999;10(Suppl 5):S87–90.
    1. Vyzula R, Remick SC. Lung cancer in patients with HIV-infection. Lung Cancer. 1996;15:325–39.
    1. Brock MV, Hooker CM, Engels EA, et al. Delayed diagnosis and elevated mortality in an urban population with HIV and lung cancer: implications for patient care. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2006;43:47–55.
    1. D'Jaen GA, Pantanowitz L, Bower M, et al. Human immunodeficiency virus-associated primary lung cancer in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy: a multi-institutional collaboration. Clin Lung Cancer. 2010;11:396–404.
    1. Chapman C, Aboulafia DM, Dezube BJ, Pantanowitz L. Human immunodeficiency virus-associated adenocarcinoma of the colon: clinicopathologic findings and outcome. Clin Colorectal Cancer. 2009;8:215–9.
    1. Yegüez JF, Martinez SA, Sands DR, Sands LR, Hellinger MD. Colorectal malignancies in HIV-infected patients. Am Surg. 2003;69:981–7.
    1. Puoti M, Bruno R, Soriano V, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma in HIV-infected patients: epidemiological features, clinical presentation and outcome. AIDS. 2004;18:2285–93.
    1. García-Samaniego J, Rodríguez M, Berenguer J, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma in HIV-infected patients with chronic hepatitis C. Am J Gastroenterol. 2001;96:179–83.
    1. Nguyen P, Vin-Christian K, Ming ME, Berger T. Aggressive squamous cell carcinomas in persons infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. Arch Dermatol. 2002;138:758–63.
    1. The Data Collection on Adverse Events of Anti-HIV Drugs (D:A:D) Study Group AIDS. HIV-induced immunodeficiency and mortality from AIDS-defining and non-AIDS-defining malignancies. 2008;22:2143–53.
    1. Bruyand M, Thiébaut R, Lawson-Ayayi S, et al. Groupe d'Epidémiologie Clinique du SIDA en Aquitaine (GECSA) Role of uncontrolled HIV RNA level and immunodeficiency in the occurrence of malignancy in HIV-infected patients during the combination antiretroviral therapy era: Agence Nationale de Recherche sur le Sida (ANRS) CO3 Aquitaine Cohort. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;49:1109–16.
    1. Wright S, Lu X, Peterlin BM. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 tat directs transcription through attenuation sites within the mouse c-myc gene. J Mol Biol. 1994;243:568–73.
    1. Guo HG, Pati S, Sadowska M, Charurat M, Reitz M. Tumorigenesis by human herpesvirus 8 vGPCR is accelerated by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Tat. J Virol. 2004;78:9336–42.
    1. Amini S, Khalili K, Sawaya BE. Effect of HIV-1 Vpr on cell cycle regulators. DNA Cell Biol. 2004;23:249–60.
    1. Li CJ, Wang C, Friedman DJ, Pardee AB. Reciprocal modulations between p53 and Tat of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1995;92:5461–4.
    1. Harrod R, Nacsa J, Van Lint C, et al. Human immunodeficiency virus type-1 Tat/co-activator acetyltransferase interactions inhibit p53Lys-320 acetylation and p53-responsive transcription. J Biol Chem. 2003;278:12310–8.
    1. Bedi GC, Westra WH, Farzadegan H, Pitha PM, Sidransky D. Microsatellite instability in primary neoplasms from HIV + patients. Nat Med. 1995;1:65–8.
    1. Wistuba II, Behrens C, Milchgrub S, et al. Comparison of molecular changes in lung cancers in HIV-infected and HIV-indeterminate subjects. JAMA. 1998;279:1554–9.
    1. Vogel J, Cepeda M, Enk A, Ngo L, Jay G. The hiv tat gene is a promoter of epidermal skin tumors. Int J Oncol. 1995;7:727–33.
    1. Altavilla G, Caputo A, Lanfredi M, Piola C, Barbanti-Brodano G, Corallini A. Enhancement of chemical hepatocarcinogenesis by the HIV-1 tat gene. Am J Pathol. 2000;157:1081–9.
    1. Altavilla G, Caputo A, Trabanelli C, et al. Prevalence of liver tumours in HIV-1 tat-transgenic mice treated with urethane. Eur J Cancer. 2004;40:275–83.
    1. Albini A, Soldi R, Giunciuglio D, et al. The angiogenesis induced by HIV-1 tat protein is mediated by the Flk-1/KDR receptor on vascular endothelial cells. Nat Med. 1996;2:1371–5.
    1. Corallini A, Sampaolesi R, Possati L, et al. Inhibition of HIV-1 Tat activity correlates with down-regulation of bcl-2 and results in reduction of angiogenesis and oncogenicity. Virology. 2002;299:1–7.
    1. Corallini A, Campioni D, Rossi C, et al. Promotion of tumour metastases and induction of angiogenesis by native HIV-1 Tat protein from BK virus/tat transgenic mice. AIDS. 1996;10:701–10.
    1. Vallet-Pichard A, Pol S. Hepatitis viruses and HIV co-infection: pathogenesis and treatment. J Hepatol. 2004;41:156–66.
    1. Chaturvedi AK, Madeline MM, Biggar RJ, Engels EA. Risk of human papillomavirus-associated cancers among persons with AIDS. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2009;101:1120–30.
    1. Tanaka PY, Pessoa VP, Pracchia LF, Buccheri V, Chamone DA, Calore EE. Hodgkin's lymphoma among patients infected with HIV in post-HAART era. Clin Lymphoma Myeloma. 2007;7:364–8.
    1. Giordano TP, Kramer JR, Souchek J, Richardson P, El-Serag HB. Cirrhosis and HCC in HIV-infected veterans with and without the hepatitis C virus: a cohort study, 1992–2001. Arch Intern Med. 2004;164:2349–54.
    1. Rosenthal E, Poiree M, Pradier C, et al. Mortality due to hepatitis C-related liver disease in HIV-infected patients in France (Mortavic 2001 Study) AIDS. 2003;17:1803–9.
    1. McGinnis KA, Fultz SL, Skanderson M, Conigliaro J, Bryant K, Justice AC. Hepatocellular carcinoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: the roles of HIV, hepatitis C infection and alcohol abuse. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24:5005–9.
    1. Murillas J, Del Rio M, Riera M, et al. Increased incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in HIV-infected patients. Eur J Intern Med. 2005;16:113–5.
    1. Thomas DL, Astemborski J, Rai RM, et al. The natural history of hepatitis C virus infection: host, viral, and environmental factors. JAMA. 2000;284:450–6.
    1. Smukler AJ, Ratner L. Hepatitis viruses and hepatocellular carcinoma in HIV-infected patients. Curr Opin Oncol. 2002;14:538–42.
    1. Palefsky J. Human papillomavirus-related disease in people with HIV. Curr Opin HIV AIDS. 2009;4:52–6.
    1. Gillison M, D'Souza G, Westra W, et al. Distinct risk factor profiles for human papillomavirus type 16 positive and HPV-16 negative head and neck cancers. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2008;100:407–20.
    1. Cameron JE, Mercante D, O'Brien M, et al. The impact of highly active antiretroviral therapy and immunodeficiency on human papillomavirus infection of the oral cavity of human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive adults. Sex Transm Dis. 2005;32:703–9.
    1. Engels EA, Pfeiffer RM, Goedert JJ, et al. for the HIV/AIDS Cancer Match Study. Trends in cancer risk among people with AIDS in the United States 1980–2002. AIDS. 2006;20:1645–54.
    1. Spano JP, Costagliola D, Katlama C, Mounier N, Oksenhendler E, Khayat D. AIDS-related malignancies: state of the art and therapeutic challenges. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26:4834–42.
    1. Thompson LD, Fisher SI, Chu WS, Nelson A, Abbondanzo SL. HIV-associated Hodgkin lymphoma: a clinicopathologic and immunophenotypic study of 45 cases. Am J Clin Pathol. 2004;121:727–38.
    1. Munz C, Moormann A. Immune escape by Epstein Barr virus associated malignancies. Semin Cancer Biol. 2008;18:381–7.
    1. WHO Tobacco Atlas. Available at: Accessed 23 May 2011.
    1. Engels EA, Brock MV, Chen J, Hooker CM, Gillison M, Moore RD. Elevated incidence of lung cancer among HIV-infected individuals. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24:1383–8.
    1. Kirk GD, Merlo C, O’Driscoll P, et al. HIV infection is associated with an increased risk for lung cancer, independent of smoking. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;45:103–10.
    1. Oluwole SF, Ali AO, Shafaee Z, DePaz HA. Breast cancer in women with HIV/AIDS: report of five cases with a review of the literature. J Surg Oncol. 2005;89:23–7.
    1. Gewurz BE, Dezube BJ, Pantanowitz L. HIV and the breast. AIDS Read. 2005;15:392–402.
    1. Bower M, Collins S, Cottrill C, et al. AIDS Malignancy Subcommittee. British HIV Association guidelines for HIV-associated malignancies 2008. HIV Med. 2008;9:336–88.
    1. Cole P, Morrison AS. Basic issues in population screening for cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1980;64:1263–72.
    1. European AIDS Clinical Society. Guidelines, version 6, October 2011. Available at: . Accessed 27 July 2012.
    1. Preston-Martin S, Kirstein LM, Pogoda JM, et al. Use of mammographic screening by HIV-infected women in the Women's Interagency HIV Study (WIHS) Prev Med. 2002;34:386–92.
    1. Reinhold JP, Moon M, Tenner CT, Poles MA, Bini EJ. Colorectal cancer screening in HIV-infected patients 50 years of age and older: missed opportunities for prevention. Am J Gastroenterol. 2005;100:1805–12.
    1. Chiao EY, Giordano TP, Palefsky JM, Tyring S, El Serag H. Screening HIV-infected individuals for anal cancer precursor lesions: a systematic review. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;43:223–33.
    1. Goldie SJ, Kuntz KM, Weinstein MC, Freedberg KA, Welton ML, Palefsky JM. The clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of screening for anal squamous intraepithelial lesions in homosexual and bisexual HIV-infected men. JAMA. 1999;281:1822–9.
    1. Aberle DR, Adams AM, Berg CD, et al. National Lung Screening Trial Research Team. Reduced lung-cancer mortality with low-dose computed tomographic screening. N Engl J Med. 2011;365:395–409.
    1. Powles T, Imami N, Nelson M, Gazzard BG, Bower M. Effects of combination chemotherapy and highly active antiretroviral therapy on immune parameters in HIV-1 associated lymphoma. AIDS. 2002;16:531–6.
    1. Spina M, Gabarre J, Rossi G, et al. Stanford V regimen and concomitant HAART in 59 patients with Hodgkin disease and HIV infection. Blood. 2002;100:1984–8.
    1. Simonelli C, Zanussi S, Cinelli R, et al. Impact of concomitant antiblastic chemotherapy and highly active antiretroviral therapy on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) viremia and genotyping in HIV-infected patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Clin Infect Dis. 2003;37:820–7.
    1. Antoniou T, Tseng AL. Interactions between antiretrovirals and antineoplastic drug therapy. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2005;44:111–45.
    1. Deeken JF, Pantanowitz L, Dezube BJ. Targeted therapies to treat non-AIDS-defining cancers in patients with HIV on HAART therapy: treatment considerations and research outlook. Curr Opin Oncol. 2009;21:445–54.
    1. Persad GC, Little RF, Grady C. Including persons with HIV infection in cancer clinical trials. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26:1027–32.
    1. Deeken JF, Rudek MA, Aboulafia DM, et al. AIDS malignancy consortium (AMC) study 061: A phase I/PK study of sunitinib (S) with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in HIV+ patients with solid tumors. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29 (suppl; abstr 2591)
    1. Blazy A, Hennequin C, Gornet JM, et al. Anal carcinomas in HIV-infected patients: high-dose chemoradiotherapy is feasible in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Dis Colon Rectum. 2005;48:1176–81.
    1. Kachnic LA, Tsai HK, Coen JJ, et al. Dose-painted intensity-modulated radiation therapy for anal cancer: a multi-institutional report of acute toxicity and response to therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2010 [Epub ahead of print]
    1. Hartmann P, Rehwald U, Salzberger B, et al. BEACOPP therapeutic regimen for patients with Hodgkin's disease and HIV infection. Ann Oncol. 2003;14:1562–9.
    1. Powles T, Thirwell C, Newsom-Davis T, et al. Does HIV adversely influence the outcome in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer in the era of HAART? Br J Cancer. 2003;89:457–9.
    1. Hauerstock D, Ennis RD, Grossbard M, Evans A. Efficacy and toxicity of chemoradiation in the treatment of HIV-associated anal cancer. Clin Colorectal Cancer. 2010;9:238–42.
    1. Chantix package insert. New York: Pfizer. Available at: . Accessed 26 July 2012.
    1. Wilkin T, Lee JY, Lensing SY, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of the quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccine in HIV-1-infected men. J Infect Dis. 2010;202:1246–53.
    1. Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices Recommended Adult Immunization Schedule: United States, 2012. Ann Intern Med. 2012;156:211–7.

Source: PubMed

Sponsorer og samarbejdspartnere

Medicinske tilstande

Narkotikainterventioner

3
Abonner