Elective high frequency oscillatory ventilation versus conventional ventilation for acute pulmonary dysfunction in preterm infants

Filip Cools, Martin Offringa, Lisa M Askie, Filip Cools, Martin Offringa, Lisa M Askie

Abstract

Background: Respiratory failure due to lung immaturity is a major cause of mortality in preterm infants. Although the use of intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV) in neonates with respiratory failure saves lives, its use is associated with lung injury and chronic lung disease. A newer form of ventilation called high frequency oscillatory ventilation has been shown in experimental studies to result in less lung injury.

Objectives: The objective of this review was to determine the effect of the elective use of high frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV) as compared to conventional ventilation (CV) on the incidence of chronic lung disease (CLD), mortality and other complications associated with prematurity and assisted ventilation in preterm infants who were mechanically ventilated for respiratory distress syndrome (RDS).

Search methods: Searches were made of the Oxford Database of Perinatal Trials, MEDLINE, EMBASE, previous reviews including cross references, abstracts, conference and symposia proceedings; and from expert informants and handsearching of journals by The Cochrane Collaboration, mainly in the English language. The search was updated in January 2009 and again in November 2014.

Selection criteria: Randomised controlled trials comparing HFOV and CV in preterm or low birth weight infants with pulmonary dysfunction, mainly due to RDS, who required assisted ventilation. Randomisation and commencement of treatment needed to be as soon as possible after the start of CV and usually in the first 12 hours of life.

Data collection and analysis: The methodological quality of each trial was independently reviewed by the review authors. The standard effect measures were relative risk (RR) and risk difference (RD). From 1/RD the number needed to benefit (NNTB) to produce one outcome was calculated. For all measures of effect, 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used. For interpretation of subgroup analyses, a P value for subgroup differences as well as the I(2) statistic for between-subgroup heterogeneity were calculated. Meta-analysis was performed using both a fixed-effect and a random-effects model. Where heterogeneity was over 50%, the random-effects model RR was also reported.

Main results: Nineteen eligible studies involving 4096 infants were included. Meta-analysis comparing HFOV with CV revealed no evidence of effect on mortality at 28 to 30 days of age or at approximately term equivalent age. These results were consistent across studies and in subgroup analyses. The risk of CLD in survivors at term equivalent gestational age was significantly reduced with the use of HFOV but this effect was inconsistent across studies, even after the meta-analysis was restricted to studies that applied a high lung volume strategy with HFOV. Subgroup analysis by HFOV strategy showed a similar effect in trials with a more strict lung volume recruitment strategy, targeting a very low fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2), and trials with a less strict lung volume recruitment strategy and with a somewhat higher or unspecified target FiO2. Subgroup analyses by age at randomisation, routine surfactant use or not, type of high frequency ventilator (oscillator versus flow interrupter), inspiratory to expiratory (I:E) ratio of high frequency ventilator (1:1 versus 1:2) and CV strategy (lung protective or not) could not sufficiently explain the heterogeneity. Pulmonary air leaks, defined as gross air leaks or pulmonary interstitial emphysema, occurred more frequently in the HFOV group, whereas the risk of severe retinopathy of prematurity was significantly reduced.Although in some studies an increased risk of severe grade intracranial haemorrhage and periventricular leukomalacia was found, the overall meta-analysis revealed no significant differences in effect between HFOV and CV. The short-term neurological morbidity with HFOV was only found in the subgroup of two trials not using a high volume strategy with HFOV. Most trials did not find a significant difference in long-term neurodevelopmental outcome, although one recent trial showed a significant reduction in the risk of cerebral palsy and poor mental development.

Authors' conclusions: There is evidence that the use of elective HFOV compared with CV results in a small reduction in the risk of CLD, but the evidence is weakened by the inconsistency of this effect across trials. Probably many factors, both related to the intervention itself as well as to the individual patient, interact in complex ways. In addition, the benefit could be counteracted by an increased risk of acute air leak. Adverse effects on short-term neurological outcomes have been observed in some studies but these effects are not significant overall. Most trials reporting long-term outcome have not identified any difference.

Conflict of interest statement

None

Figures

1
1
Risk of bias graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies.
2
2
Risk of bias summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.
1.1. Analysis
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1 HFOV versus CV (all trials), Outcome 1 Death by 28 to 30 days.
1.2. Analysis
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1 HFOV versus CV (all trials), Outcome 2 Mechanical ventilation at 28 to 30 days in survivors.
1.3. Analysis
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1 HFOV versus CV (all trials), Outcome 3 Oxygen at 28 to 30 days in survivors.
1.4. Analysis
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1 HFOV versus CV (all trials), Outcome 4 CLD at 28 to 30 days (O2 + x‐ray) in survivors.
1.5. Analysis
1.5. Analysis
Comparison 1 HFOV versus CV (all trials), Outcome 5 Death or CLD at 28 to 30 days.
1.6. Analysis
1.6. Analysis
Comparison 1 HFOV versus CV (all trials), Outcome 6 Death by 36 to 37 weeks or discharge.
1.7. Analysis
1.7. Analysis
Comparison 1 HFOV versus CV (all trials), Outcome 7 CLD at 36 to 37 weeks PMA or discharge in survivors.
1.8. Analysis
1.8. Analysis
Comparison 1 HFOV versus CV (all trials), Outcome 8 Death or CLD at 36 to 37 weeks PMA or discharge.
1.9. Analysis
1.9. Analysis
Comparison 1 HFOV versus CV (all trials), Outcome 9 Any pulmonary air leak.
1.10. Analysis
1.10. Analysis
Comparison 1 HFOV versus CV (all trials), Outcome 10 Gross pulmonary air leak.
1.11. Analysis
1.11. Analysis
Comparison 1 HFOV versus CV (all trials), Outcome 11 Intraventricular haemorrhage ‐ all grades.
1.12. Analysis
1.12. Analysis
Comparison 1 HFOV versus CV (all trials), Outcome 12 Intraventricular haemorrhage ‐ grades 3 or 4.
1.13. Analysis
1.13. Analysis
Comparison 1 HFOV versus CV (all trials), Outcome 13 Periventricular leukomalacia.
1.14. Analysis
1.14. Analysis
Comparison 1 HFOV versus CV (all trials), Outcome 14 Retinopathy of prematurity (stage 2 or greater) in survivors.
2.1. Analysis
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2 HFOV versus CV subgrouped by volume strategy on HFOV, Outcome 1 Death by 36 to 37 weeks or discharge.
2.2. Analysis
2.2. Analysis
Comparison 2 HFOV versus CV subgrouped by volume strategy on HFOV, Outcome 2 CLD at 36 to 37 weeks PMA or discharge in survivors.
2.3. Analysis
2.3. Analysis
Comparison 2 HFOV versus CV subgrouped by volume strategy on HFOV, Outcome 3 Death or CLD at 36 to 37 weeks PMA or discharge.
2.4. Analysis
2.4. Analysis
Comparison 2 HFOV versus CV subgrouped by volume strategy on HFOV, Outcome 4 Gross pulmonary air leak.
2.5. Analysis
2.5. Analysis
Comparison 2 HFOV versus CV subgrouped by volume strategy on HFOV, Outcome 5 Intraventricular haemorrhage ‐ grades 3 or 4.
2.6. Analysis
2.6. Analysis
Comparison 2 HFOV versus CV subgrouped by volume strategy on HFOV, Outcome 6 Periventricular leukomalacia.
3.1. Analysis
3.1. Analysis
Comparison 3 HFOV versus CV subgrouped by use of surfactant, Outcome 1 Death by 36 to 37 weeks or discharge.
3.2. Analysis
3.2. Analysis
Comparison 3 HFOV versus CV subgrouped by use of surfactant, Outcome 2 CLD at 36 to 37 weeks PMA or discharge in survivors.
3.3. Analysis
3.3. Analysis
Comparison 3 HFOV versus CV subgrouped by use of surfactant, Outcome 3 Death or CLD at 36 to 37 weeks PMA or discharge.
3.4. Analysis
3.4. Analysis
Comparison 3 HFOV versus CV subgrouped by use of surfactant, Outcome 4 Gross pulmonary air leak.
3.5. Analysis
3.5. Analysis
Comparison 3 HFOV versus CV subgrouped by use of surfactant, Outcome 5 Intraventricular haemorrhage ‐ grades 3 or 4.
3.6. Analysis
3.6. Analysis
Comparison 3 HFOV versus CV subgrouped by use of surfactant, Outcome 6 Periventricular leukomalacia.
4.1. Analysis
4.1. Analysis
Comparison 4 HFOV versus CV subgrouped by type of HFO ventilator, Outcome 1 Death by 36 to 37 weeks or discharge.
4.2. Analysis
4.2. Analysis
Comparison 4 HFOV versus CV subgrouped by type of HFO ventilator, Outcome 2 CLD at 36 to 37 weeks PMA or discharge in survivors.
4.3. Analysis
4.3. Analysis
Comparison 4 HFOV versus CV subgrouped by type of HFO ventilator, Outcome 3 Death or CLD at 36 to 37 weeks PMA or discharge.
4.4. Analysis
4.4. Analysis
Comparison 4 HFOV versus CV subgrouped by type of HFO ventilator, Outcome 4 Gross pulmonary air leak.
4.5. Analysis
4.5. Analysis
Comparison 4 HFOV versus CV subgrouped by type of HFO ventilator, Outcome 5 Intraventricular haemorrhage ‐ grades 3 or 4.
4.6. Analysis
4.6. Analysis
Comparison 4 HFOV versus CV subgrouped by type of HFO ventilator, Outcome 6 Periventricular leukomalacia.
5.1. Analysis
5.1. Analysis
Comparison 5 HFOV versus CV subgrouped by lung protective (LPS) CV strategy, Outcome 1 Death by 36 to 37 weeks or discharge.
5.2. Analysis
5.2. Analysis
Comparison 5 HFOV versus CV subgrouped by lung protective (LPS) CV strategy, Outcome 2 CLD at 36 to 37 weeks PMA or discharge in survivors.
5.3. Analysis
5.3. Analysis
Comparison 5 HFOV versus CV subgrouped by lung protective (LPS) CV strategy, Outcome 3 Death or CLD at 36 to 37 weeks PMA or discharge.
5.4. Analysis
5.4. Analysis
Comparison 5 HFOV versus CV subgrouped by lung protective (LPS) CV strategy, Outcome 4 Gross pulmonary air leak.
5.5. Analysis
5.5. Analysis
Comparison 5 HFOV versus CV subgrouped by lung protective (LPS) CV strategy, Outcome 5 Intraventricular haemorrhage ‐ grades 3 or 4.
5.6. Analysis
5.6. Analysis
Comparison 5 HFOV versus CV subgrouped by lung protective (LPS) CV strategy, Outcome 6 Periventricular leukomalacia.
6.1. Analysis
6.1. Analysis
Comparison 6 HFOV versus CV subgrouped by age at randomisation, Outcome 1 Death by 36 to 37 weeks or discharge.
6.2. Analysis
6.2. Analysis
Comparison 6 HFOV versus CV subgrouped by age at randomisation, Outcome 2 CLD at 36 to 37 weeks PMA or discharge in survivors.
6.3. Analysis
6.3. Analysis
Comparison 6 HFOV versus CV subgrouped by age at randomisation, Outcome 3 Death or CLD at 36 to 37 weeks PMA or discharge.
6.4. Analysis
6.4. Analysis
Comparison 6 HFOV versus CV subgrouped by age at randomisation, Outcome 4 Gross pulmonary air leak.
6.5. Analysis
6.5. Analysis
Comparison 6 HFOV versus CV subgrouped by age at randomisation, Outcome 5 Intraventricular haemorrhage ‐ grades 3 or 4.
6.6. Analysis
6.6. Analysis
Comparison 6 HFOV versus CV subgrouped by age at randomisation, Outcome 6 Periventricular leukomalacia.
7.1. Analysis
7.1. Analysis
Comparison 7 HFOV versus CV subgrouped by I:E ratio on HFOV, Outcome 1 Death by 36 to 37 weeks or discharge.
7.2. Analysis
7.2. Analysis
Comparison 7 HFOV versus CV subgrouped by I:E ratio on HFOV, Outcome 2 CLD at 36 to 37 weeks PMA or discharge in survivors.
7.3. Analysis
7.3. Analysis
Comparison 7 HFOV versus CV subgrouped by I:E ratio on HFOV, Outcome 3 Death or CLD at 36 to 37 weeks PMA or discharge.
7.4. Analysis
7.4. Analysis
Comparison 7 HFOV versus CV subgrouped by I:E ratio on HFOV, Outcome 4 Gross pulmonary air leak.
7.5. Analysis
7.5. Analysis
Comparison 7 HFOV versus CV subgrouped by I:E ratio on HFOV, Outcome 5 Intraventricular haemorrhage ‐ grades 3 or 4.
7.6. Analysis
7.6. Analysis
Comparison 7 HFOV versus CV subgrouped by I:E ratio on HFOV, Outcome 6 Periventricular leukomalacia.

References

References to studies included in this review Clark 1992 {published and unpublished data}

    1. Clark RH, Gerstmann DL, Null DM, deLemos RA. Prospective randomized comparison of high‐frequency oscillatory and conventional ventilation in respiratory distress syndrome. Pediatrics 1992;89(1):5‐12. [PUBMED: 1728021]
Courtney 2002 {published data only}
    1. Courtney SE, Durand DJ, Asselin JM, Hudak ML, Aschner JL, Shoemaker CT, Neonatal Ventilation Study Group. High‐frequency oscillatory ventilation versus conventional mechanical ventilation for very‐low‐birth‐weight Infants. New England Journal of Medicine 2002;347(9):643‐52. [PUBMED: 12200551]
    1. Durand DJ, Asselin JM, Hudak ML, Aschner JL, McArtor RD, Cleary JP, et al. Early high frequency oscillatory ventilation versus synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation in very low birth weight infants: a pilot study of two ventilation protocols. Journal of Perinatology 2001;21(4):221‐9. [PUBMED: 11533838]
Craft 2003 {published data only}
    1. Craft SP, Bhandari V, Finer NN. The sy‐fi study: a randomized prospective trial of synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation versus a high‐frequency flow interrupter in infants less than 1000 g. Journal of Perinatology 2003;23(1):14‐9. [PUBMED: 12556921]
Dani 2006 {published data only}
    1. Dani C, Bertini G, Pezzati M, Filippi L, Pratesi S, Caviglioli C, et al. Effects of pressure support ventilation plus volume guarantee vs. high‐frequency oscillatory ventilation on lung inflammation in preterm infants. Pediatric Pulmonology 2006;41(3):242‐9. [PUBMED: 16397875]
Durand 2001 {published data only}
    1. Durand DJ, Asselin JM, Hudak ML, Aschner JL, McArtor RD, Cleary JP, et al. Early high‐frequency oscillatory ventilation versus synchronized mandatory ventilation in very low birth weight infants: a pilot study of two ventilation protocols. Journal of Perinatology 2001;21(4):221‐9. [PUBMED: 11533838]
Gerstmann 1996 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Gerstmann DR, Minton SD, Stoddard RA. Results of the Provo multicenter surfactant high frequency oscillatory ventilation controlled trial. Pediatric Research 1995;37:333A.
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    1. Gerstmann DR, Minton SD, Stoddard RA, Meredith KS, Monarco F, Bertrand JM, et al. The Provo multicenter early high‐frequency oscillatory ventilation trial: improved pulmonary and clinical outcome in respiratory distress syndrome. Pediatrics 1996;98(6 Pt 1):1044‐57. [PUBMED: 8951252]
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HIFI 1989 {published data only}
    1. Abbasi S, Bhutani VK, Spitzer AR, Fox WW. Pulmonary mechanics in preterm neonates with respiratory failure treated with high‐frequency compared with conventional mechanical ventilation. Pediatrics 1991;87(4):487‐93. [PUBMED: 2011425]
    1. Gerhardt T, Reifenberg L, Goldberg RN, Bancalari E. Pulmonary function in preterm infants whose lungs were ventilated conventionally or by high‐frequency oscillation. Journal of Pediatrics 1989;115(1):121‐6. [PUBMED: 2738780]
    1. The HIFI study group. High frequency oscillatory ventilation compared with conventional mechanical ventilation in the treatment of respiratory failure in preterm infants. New England Journal of Medicine 1989;320(2):88‐93. [PUBMED: 2643039]
    1. The HIFI study group. High frequency oscillatory ventilation compared with conventional mechanical ventilation in the treatment of respiratory failure in preterm infants: assessment of pulmonary function at 9 months of corrected age. Journal of Pediatrics 1990a;116(6):933‐41. [PUBMED: 2112188]
    1. The HIFI study group. High frequency oscillatory ventilation compared with conventional mechanical ventilation in the treatment of respiratory failure in preterm infants: neurodevelopmental status at 16 to 24 months of postterm age. Journal of Pediatrics 1990b;117(6):939‐46. [PUBMED: 1701005]
Johnson 2002 {published data only}
    1. Greenough A, Peacock J, Zivanovic S, Alcazar‐Paris M, Lo J, Marlow N, et al. United Kingdom Oscillation Study: long‐term outcomes of a randomised trial of two modes of neonatal ventilation. Health Technology Assessment 2014;18(41):1‐95. [PUBMED: 24972254]
    1. Johnson AH, Peacock JL, Greenough A, Marlow N, Limb ES, Marston L, et al. United Kingdom Oscillation Study Group. High‐frequency oscillatory ventilation for the prevention of chronic lung disease of prematurity. New England Journal of Medicine 2002;347(9):633‐42. [PUBMED: 12200550]
    1. Osborn DA, Evans N. Randomized trial of high‐frequency oscillatory ventilation versus conventional ventilation: effects on systemic blood flow in very preterm infants. Journal of Pediatrics 2003;143(2):192‐8. [PUBMED: 12970631]
    1. Thomas MR, Rafferty GF, Limb ES, Peacock JL, Clavert SA, Marlow N, et al. Pulmonary function at follow‐up of very preterm infants from the United Kingdom oscillation study. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2004;169(7):868‐72. [PUBMED: 14693671]
    1. Zivanovic S, Peacock J, Alcazar‐Paris M, Lo JW, Lunt A, United Kingdom Oscillation Study Group. Late outcomes of a randomized trial of high‐frequency oscillation in neonates. New England Journal of Medicine 2014;370(12):1121‐30. [PUBMED: 24645944]
Lista 2008 {published data only}
    1. Lista G, Castoldi F, Bianci S, Battaglioli M, Cavigioli F, Bosoni MA. Volume guarantee versus high‐frequency ventilation: lung inflammation in preterm infants. Archives of Disease in Childhood. Fetal and Neonatal Edition 2008;93(4):F252‐6. [PUBMED: 17405870]
Moriette 2001 {published data only}
    1. Moriette G, Paris‐Llado J, Walti H, Escande B, Magny JF, Cambonie G, et al. Prospective randomized multicenter comparison of high‐frequency oscillatory ventilation and conventional ventilation in preterm infants of less than 30 weeks with respiratory distress syndrome. Pediatrics 2001;107(2):363‐72. [PUBMED: 11158471]
    1. Moriette G, Walti H, Salanave B, Chagnot D, Magny JF, Cambonie G, et al. Prospective randomized multicenter comparison of high‐frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV) and conventional ventilation (CV) in preterm infants < 30 weeks gestational age (GA) with RDS. Pediatric Research 1999;45:212A.
    1. Truffert P, Paris‐Llado J, Escande B, Magny JF, Cambonie G, Saliba E, et al. Neuromotor outcome at 2 years of very preterm infants who were treated with high‐frequency oscillatory ventilation or conventional ventilation for neonatal respiratory distress syndrome. Pediatrics 2007;119(4):e860‐5. [PUBMED: 17339385]
Ogawa 1993 {published data only}
    1. Ogawa Y, Miyasaka K, Kawano T, Imura S, Inukai K, Okuyama K, et al. A multicentre randomised trial of high frequency oscillatory ventilation as compared with conventional mechanical ventilation in preterm infants with respiratory failure. Early Human Development 1993;32:1‐10.
Plavka 1999 {published data only}
    1. Plavka R, Kopecky P, Sebron V, Svihovec P, Zlatohlavkova B, Janus V. A prospective randomized comparison of conventional mechanical ventilation and early high frequency oscillatory ventilation in extremely premature newborns with respiratory distress syndrome. Intensive Care Medicine 1999;25(1):68‐75. [PUBMED: 10051081]
Rettwitz‐Volk 1998 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Rettwitz‐Volk W, Veldman A, Roth B, Vierzig A, Kachel W, Varnholt V, et al. A prospective, randomized, multicentre trial of high‐frequency oscillatory ventilation compared with conventional ventilation in preterm infants with respiratory distress syndrome receiving surfactant treatment. Journal of Pediatrics 1998;132(2):249‐54. [PUBMED: 9506636]
Salvo 2012 {published data only}
    1. Salvo V, Zimmermann LJ, Gavilanes AW, Barberi I, Ricotti A, Abella R, et al. First intention high‐frequency oscillatory and conventional mechanical ventilation in premature infants without antenatal glucocorticoid prophylaxis. Pediatric Critical Care Medicine 2012;13(1):72‐9. [PUBMED: 21499177]
Schreiber 2003 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Mestan KK, Marks JD, Hecox K, Huo D, Schreiber MD. Neurodevelopmental outcomes of premature infants treated with inhaled nitric oxide. New England Journal of Medicine 2005;353(1):23‐32. [PUBMED: 16000353]
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Sun 2014 {published data only}
    1. Sun H, Cheng R, Kang W, Xiong H, Zhou C, Zhang Y, et al. High‐frequency oscillatory ventilation versus synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation plus pressure support in preterm infants with severe respiratory distress syndrome. Respiratory Care 2014;59(2):159‐69. [PUBMED: 23764865]
Thome 1998 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Thome U, Kossel H, Lipowsky G, Porz F, Furste H, Genzel‐Boroviczeny O, et al. HFOV Study Group. [Hochfrequenzoszillationsbeatmung (HFOV) im Vergleich mit hochfrequenter intermittierender positiver Druckbeatmung (IPPV) als Ersttherapie bei Fruhgeborenen (FG) mit Atemnotsyndrom. Eine propektive randomisierte multizentrische Studie]. Proceedings of the German‐Austrian Society for Neonatology and Pediatric Critical Care, Munster. October 1997.
    1. Thome U, Kossel H, Lipowsky G, Porz F, Furste H, Genzel‐Boroviczeny O, et al. HFOV Study Group. High frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV) compared with high rate intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV) as first line therapy for premature infants with respiratory insufficiency. A prospective randomized multicenter trial. Pediatric Research 1998;43:300A.
    1. Thome U, Kossel H, Lipowsky G, Porz F, Furste HO, Genzel‐Boroviczeny O, et al. Randomized comparison of high‐frequency ventilation with high‐rate intermittent positive pressure ventilation in preterm infants with respiratory failure. Journal of Pediatrics 1999;135(1):39‐46. [PUBMED: 10393602]
Van Reempts 2003 {published data only}
    1. Reempts P, Borstlap C, Laroche S, Auwer JC. Early use of high frequency ventilation in the premature neonate. Eurpean Journal of Pediatrics 2003;162(4):219‐26. [PUBMED: 12647193]
    1. Reempts P, Borstlap K, Laroche S. Randomised controlled trial comparing high frequency ventilation versus conventional ventilation in preterm infants. Pediatric Research 2000;47:379A.
Vento 2005 {published data only}
    1. Vento G, Matassa PG, Ameglio F, Capoluongo E, Zecca E, Martelli M, et al. HFOV improves lung mechanics and late pulmonary outcome in extremely low gestational age infants (<30 wks) with respiratory distress syndrome. Pediatric Research 2002;51:393A.
    1. Vento G, Matassa PG, Ameglio F, Capoluongo E, Zecca E, Tortorolo L, et al. HFOV in premature neonates: effects on pulmonary mechanics and epithelial lining fluid cytokines. A randomized controlled trial. Intensive Care Medicine 2005;31(3):463‐70. [PUBMED: 15717206]
References to studies excluded from this review Cambonie 2003 {published data only}
    1. Cambonie G, Guillaumont S, Luc F, Vergnes C, Milesi C, Voisin M. Haemodynamic features during high‐frequency oscillatory ventilation in preterms. Acta Paediatrica 2003;92(9):1068‐73. [PUBMED: 14599072]
Froese 1987 {published data only}
    1. Froese AB, Butler PO, Fletcher WA, Byford LJ. High‐frequency oscillatory ventilation in premature infants with respiratory failure: a preliminary report. Anesthesia and Analgesia 1987;66(9):814‐24. [PUBMED: 3304021]
HiFO 1993 {published data only}
    1. HiFO study group. Randomised study of high‐frequency oscillatory ventilation in infants with severe respiratory distress syndrome. Journal of Pediatrics 1993;122(4):609‐19. [PUBMED: 8463913]
Iscan 2014 {published data only}
    1. Iscan B, Duman N, Kumral A, Ozkan H. Crossover trial comparing high‐frequency oscillatory ventilation versus volume guarantee plus high‐frequency oscillatory ventilation: a preliminary report. Archives Diseases of Childhood 2014;99(Suppl 2):A497‐8. [DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2014-307384.1380]
Lombet 1996 {published data only}
    1. Lombet J, Claris O, Debauche C, Putet G, Rigo J, Verellen G, et al. High frequency oscillation (HFO) versus conventional mechanical ventilation (CMV) for respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). Pediatric Research 1996;40:540. [DOI: 10.1203/00006450-199609000-00172]
Nazarchuk 2010 {published data only}
    1. Nazarchuk O, Bertsun K, Dmytriiev D, Palamarchuk Y, Katilov O. Early high‐frequency oscillatory ventilation versus synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation in very low birth weight infants with omphalocoele. Early Human Development 2010;86:S67‐8.
Pardou 1993 {published data only}
    1. Pardou A, Vermeylen D, Muller MF, Detemmerman D. High‐frequency ventilation and conventional mechanical ventilation in newborn babies with respiratory distress syndrome: a prospective, randomized trial. Critical Care Medicine 1993;19(7):406‐10. [PUBMED: 8270721]
Prashanth 2012 {published data only}
    1. Prashanth GP, Malik GK, Singh SN. Elective high‐frequency oscillatory ventilation in preterm neonates: a preliminary investigation in a developing country. Paediatrics and International Child Health 2012;32(2):102‐6. [PUBMED: 22595219]
Ramanathan 1995 {published data only}
    1. Ramanathan R, Ruiz I, Tantivit P, Cayabyab R, deLemos R. High frequency oscillatory ventilation compared to conventional mechanical ventilation in preterm infants with respiratory distress syndrome. Pediatric Research 1995;37:347A.
Singh 2012 {published data only}
    1. Singh SN, Malik GK, Prashanth GP, Singh A, Kumar M. High frequency oscillatory ventilation versus synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation in preterm neonates with hyaline membrane disease: a randomized controlled trial. Indian Pediatrics 2012;49(5):405‐8. [PUBMED: 22700666]
References to studies awaiting assessment Elazeez 2010 {published data only}
    1. Shabaan, AEA, Elsallab SM, Bassiouny MR, Abd‐Elhady HE. Randomized trial of high frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV) versus conventional ventilation (CV): effect on cerebral hemodynamics in preterm infants. Pediatric Academic Societies Annual Meeting; 2010 May 1‐4; Vancouver, Canada. 2010:E‐PAS20103748.547.
Sarafidis 2011 {published data only}
    1. Sarafidis K, Stathopoulou T, Agakidou E, Taparkou A, Soubasi V, Diamanti E, et al. Comparable effect of conventional ventilation versus early high‐frequency oscillation on serum CC16 and IL‐6 levels in preterm neonates. Journal of Perinatology 2011;31(2):104‐11. [PUBMED: 20671716]
References to ongoing studies Texas Infant Star {unpublished data only}
    1. Talbert AL. Texas Infant Star. Randomization to 3 modes of ventilation: conventional, high frequency oscillation, and combination (HFOV + 2 ‐ 5 bpm CV). Contact: Dr Anthony L Talbert, Texas Tech University School of Medicine, Odessa, Texas, USA Phone +1 915 335 5270.
Additional references Bancalari 1992
    1. Bancalari E, Sinclair JC. Mechanical ventilation. In: Sinclair JC, Bracken MB editor(s). Effective Care of the Newborn Infant. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992:200‐20.
Bhuta 2003
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Bollen 2003
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Bryan 1991
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Clark 2000
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Cools 2010
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De Jaegere 2006
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de Lemos 1987
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DeJaegere 2006
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Source: PubMed

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