The Role of Matrix Metalloproteinases in Endometriosis: A Potential Target

Junya Ke, Jiangfeng Ye, Mingqing Li, Zhiling Zhu, Junya Ke, Jiangfeng Ye, Mingqing Li, Zhiling Zhu

Abstract

Endometriosis is a condition that is influenced by hormones and involves stroma and glands being found outside the uterus; there are increases in proliferation, invasion, internal bleeding, and fibrosis. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) have been suggested to be crucial in the progression of invasion. The MMP family includes calcium-dependent zinc-containing endopeptidases, some of which not only affect the process of cell invasion but also participate in other physiological and pathological processes, such as angiogenesis and fibrosis. MMPs act as downstream-targeted molecules and their expression can be regulated by numerous factors such as estrogen, oxidative stress, cytokines, and environmental contaminants. Given their unique roles in endometriosis, MMPs may become effective biomarkers of endometriosis in the future. In the present review, we summarize the current literature on MMPs regarding their classification, function, and potential value for endometriosis, which may contribute to our knowledge of MMPs and MMP-targeted interventions.

Keywords: endometriosis; function; matrix metalloproteinases; potential value.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Multiple factors regulate MMP activities. After exposure to certain environmental contaminants (e.g., PCB104 and HCB), the expression of MMPs (MMP3, 10, 2, and 9) is markedly enhanced. IL-37 upregulates the expression of MMPs via multiple signaling pathways. IL-2 and IL-27 were found to maintain the balance of IL-10 and IFN-γ, promoting MMP2 and MMP9 expression and then inducing cell invasion and proliferation. IL-34 binds to CSF1R, which activated the JAK/STAT6 pathway in an autocrine manner. Estrogen induces MMP9 expression via the OPN. CIC3 and STIR1 improve the activity of MMP9, while miR-33b inhibits it. AQP1 promotes the expression of MMP2 and 9 via the Wnt signaling pathway. The COX2/PGE2/pAKT axis, as well as the leptin/JAK2/STAT3 axis, serves as a significant regulator in increasing MMP2 expression. Additionally, MMP2 is a target of FGA and LXA4. MMP7 is a downstream component in the EGFR-mediated signaling pathway. Iron markedly increases EMT and MMP2/9 activities in endometriosis.
Figure 2
Figure 2
The role of MMPs in the pathophysiology of endometriosis.

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