A prospective study of cardiorespiratory fitness and risk of type 2 diabetes in women

Abstract

Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the independent and joint associations of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and BMI with the incidence of type 2 diabetes in women.

Research design and methods: An observational cohort of 6,249 women aged 20-79 years was free of baseline cardiovascular disease, cancer, and diabetes. CRF was measured using a maximal treadmill exercise test. BMI was computed from measured height and weight. The incidence of type 2 diabetes was identified primarily by 1997 American Diabetes Association criteria.

Results: During a 17-year follow-up, 143 cases of type 2 diabetes occurred. Compared with the least fit third, the multivariate (including BMI)-adjusted hazard ratio (HR) (95% CI) was 0.86 (0.59-1.25) for the middle third and 0.61 (0.38-0.96) for the upper third of CRF. For BMI, the multivariate (including CRF)-adjusted HR (95% CI) was 2.34 (1.55-3.54) for overweight individuals and 3.70 (2.12-6.44) for obese individuals, compared with normal-weight patients. In the combined analyses, overweight/obese unfit (the lowest one-third of CRF) women had significantly higher risks compared with normal-weight fit (the upper two-thirds of CRF) women.

Conclusions: Low CRF and higher BMI were independently associated with incident type 2 diabetes. The protective effect of CRF was observed in individuals who were overweight or obese, but CRF did not eliminate the increased risk in these groups. These findings underscore the critical importance of promoting regular physical activity and maintaining normal weight for diabetes prevention.

Figures

Figure 1

Age-adjusted incidence rates (per 10,000 woman-years) of type 2 diabetes by CRF levels quantified in 1-MET increments obtained during a maximal treadmill test (A) and by BMI levels quantified in 2.5 kg/m2 increments (B) in women. Number at risk (and number of cases) in <7.0, 7.0–7.9, 8.0–8.9, 9.0–9.9, and ≥10 METs were 556 (29), 631 (24), 1,575 (47), 993 (15), and 2,494 (28) and with BMI <22.5, 22.5–25, 25–27.5, 27.5–30, 30–32.5, and ≥32.5 kg/m2 were 3,749 (59), 1,328 (28), 584 (22), 291 (14), 138 (7), and 159 (13), respectively.