The Effects of Passive Simulated Jogging on Parameters of Explosive Handgrip in Nondiabetics and Type 2 Diabetics: A Single Arm Study

Jose A Adams, Jose R Lopez, Veronica Banderas, Marvin A Sackner, Jose A Adams, Jose R Lopez, Veronica Banderas, Marvin A Sackner

Abstract

Aims: Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is associated with sarcopenia and decreased muscle strength. Explosive and isometric voluntary handgrip strengths (EHGS and HGS) are frequently utilized methods to ascertain health status and a marker of overall muscle strength. We have previously shown that a portable, motorized device, which produces effortless, rapid stepping in place (passive simulated jogging device (JD)), improves glucose homeostasis. This study quantitatively evaluated the effects of JD in modifying parameters of the modified EHGS curve in T2D and nondiabetic (ND) subjects.

Methods: Twenty-one adult participants (11 ND and 10 T2D) (mean age: 41.3 ± 13.5 yr) performed a modified explosive handgrip strength (EHGS) test on study day 1 followed by daily use of JD (90 min per day) for 7 days. The EHGS was repeated after 3 and 7 days' use of JD (JD3 and JD7) and 3 days after completion of JD (Carryover). EHGS curves were analyzed for the following: maximal peak force value (MAX); rate of force development at 25%,75%, and 90% of maximum force; and maximum force (RFD25%, RFD75%, RFD90%, and RFDmax); time to 90%, 75%, and 25% of maximal force (t 90, t 75, t 25) and time to maximal force (t max); and the integrated area under the curve for force vs. time until task failure (iAUCTF); and fatigue resistance times at 50% and 25% of maximal force (FR50 and FR25) and fatigue resistance time to task failure (FRTF).

Results: At baseline, T2D had lower MAX compared to ND. There were no differences at baseline for force development time or fatigue resistance time between T2D and ND. In both T2D and ND, 7 days of JD increased FR25 and FRTF and iAUCTF compared to baseline.

Conclusion: JD for at least 7 days prior to EHGS increased time to task failure (fatigue resistance) and iAUCTF of the force-time curve. JD is a reasonable intervention to decrease sedentary behavior and improve muscle fatigue resistance under various clinical and nonclinical scenarios. This trial is registered with NCT03550105 (08-06-2018).

Conflict of interest statement

JAA performs research for Sackner Wellness Products LLC and is a US copatent holder for Gentle Jogger, the Passive Simulated Jogging Device. JRL is a research scientist consultant to Sackner Wellness Products LLC. VB is a part-time study coordinator and employee of Sackner Wellness Products LLC. MAS is the president of Sackner Wellness Products LLC and is a US copatent holder for Gentle Jogger Passive Simulated Jogging Device (deceased).

Copyright © 2022 Jose A. Adams et al.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Study protocol. Participants were asked to fast for 8 hr prior to the initial baseline modified explosive handgrip strength (EHGS) test. On the day of enrollment, participants were familiarized with the modified EHGS test by carrying out two practice sessions. During the visit, participants were instructed on the use of the jogging device (JD). Participants were asked to use JD a minimum of 3 times for 30 min per day for 7 days (JD1-7). On the evening of day 7, participants were asked to stop the use of JD and fast for 8 hrs. On day 10 (3 days after discontinuation of JD), a repeat EHGS was performed (Carryover). On each visit day, participants carried out a practice modified EHGS test, followed 1 hr later by duplicate EHGS test measurements.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Maximum force (MAX) and integrated area under the force vs. time curve until task failure (iAUCTF) in type 2 diabetics (T2D) and nondiabetics (ND) at baseline (BL) after 3 and 7 days of jogging device (JD3 and JD7) and 3 days after discontinuation of JD (Carryover). (a) Maximum force (MAX) at baseline in type 2 diabetics (T2D) and nondiabetics (ND). (b) Integrated area under the force vs. time curve until task failure (iAUCTF) for all participants (T2D and ND). (c) iAUCTF for T2D individual participants. (d) iAUCTF for ND individual participants. Group means with 95% confidence intervals; ∗∗p < 0.01.

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