All patients were divided by anesthesiologists’ impression of thermal status. There was no difference in the number of hypothermic (
Figure 4
Tympanic membrane (core) minus forehead…
Figure 4
Tympanic membrane (core) minus forehead skin-surface temperature difference during a thermoneutral control period…
Figure 4 Tympanic membrane (core) minus forehead skin-surface temperature difference during a thermoneutral control period was 0.1 ± 0.3°C. This difference did not change significantly during vasodilation associated with sweating or vasoconstriction associated with shivering. Results are presented as mean ± SD. Reprinted with permission.
Figure 5
The difference between tympanic membrane…
Figure 5
The difference between tympanic membrane (core) and forehead skin-surface temperatures (ΔT) at ambient…
Figure 5 The difference between tympanic membrane (core) and forehead skin-surface temperatures (ΔT) at ambient temperatures (Tambient) between 18 and 26°C. The data were fit to a second-order regression: ΔT = −0.58 + 0.29(Tambient) − 0.01(Tambient)2, r2 = 0.999. Each 1°C change in ambient temperature, starting near 22°C, thus altered skin temperature ≈0.16°C. Results are presented as mean ± SD. Horizontal error bars (variation in ambient temperatures) are not displayed because they were smaller than the size of the markers. Reprinted with permission.
Figure 6
Axillary and esophageal temperatures correlated…
Figure 6
Axillary and esophageal temperatures correlated well during acute malignant hyperthermia in swine, but…
Figure 6 Axillary and esophageal temperatures correlated well during acute malignant hyperthermia in swine, but forehead and neck skin temperatures did not. Rectal temperature also failed to promptly identify onset of malignant hyperthermia. Elapsed time zero indicates an end-tidal PCO2 = 70 mmHg. These data indicate that forehead and neck skin-surface temperatures will not adequately confirm other clinical signs of malignant hyperthermia. Valid core temperature monitoring sites include the distal esophagus, pulmonary artery, nasopharynx, and tympanic membrane. Except during cardiopulmonary bypass, body temperature also can be measured in the mouth, axilla, and bladder. Data presented as means ± SDs. Modified and reprinted with permission.
Figure 7
Linear regression including 913 data…
Figure 7
Linear regression including 913 data pairs from 44 subjects who participated in four…
Figure 7 Linear regression including 913 data pairs from 44 subjects who participated in four heat-balance studies. Mean-body temperature (MBT) was estimated from core (Tcore) and mean-skin (TSkin) temperature and compared to directly measured values. There was a remarkably good relationship between measured and estimated mean-body temperatures: MBTestimated = 0.94 . MBTMeasured + 2.15, r2 = 0.98. Reprinted with permission.
Figure 8
The sweating rate from the…
Figure 8
The sweating rate from the unwarmed site in a single typical male volunteer…
Figure 8 The sweating rate from the unwarmed site in a single typical male volunteer shows the threshold, gain, and maximum intensity during hyperthermia alone (0%) and at 0.8%, and 1.2% end-tidal isoflurane concentration. The thresholds were markedly increased by anesthesia; in contrast, gains and maximum sweating rates were relatively well preserved. Reprinted with permission.
Figure 9
Individual mean-skin and core temperatures…
Figure 9
Individual mean-skin and core temperatures at the vasoconstriction (squares) and shivering (circles) thresholds…
Figure 9 Individual mean-skin and core temperatures at the vasoconstriction (squares) and shivering (circles) thresholds in the eight volunteers. There was a linear relation between mean skin and core temperatures at the vasoconstriction and shivering thresholds in each volunteer (lines): r2 = 0.98 ± 0.02 for vasoconstriction, and 0.96 ± 0.04 for shivering. Relative contributions of skin and core temperatures varied from subject to subject, but on average skin temperature contributed 21 ± 8% to vasoconstriction, and 18 ± 10% to shivering. Reprinted with permission.
Figure 10
The sweating-to-vasoconstriction interthreshold range at…
Figure 10
The sweating-to-vasoconstriction interthreshold range at each time of day. Data presented as means…
Figure 10 The sweating-to-vasoconstriction interthreshold range at each time of day. Data presented as means ± SDs. Values at 3 AM differed significantly from those at other times. Reprinted with permission.
Figure 11
The major autonomic thermoregulatory response…
Figure 11
The major autonomic thermoregulatory response thresholds in volunteers given desflurane, alfentanil, dexmedetomidine, or…
Figure 11 The major autonomic thermoregulatory response thresholds in volunteers given desflurane, alfentanil, dexmedetomidine, or propofol. All the anesthetics slightly increase the sweating threshold (triggering core temperature), while markedly and synchronously decreasing the vasoconstriction and shivering thresholds. Standard deviation bars smaller than the data markers have been deleted. Reprinted with permission, , , .
Figure 12
Finger blood flow without (open…
Figure 12
Finger blood flow without (open circles) and with (filled squares) desflurane administration. Values…
Figure 12 Finger blood flow without (open circles) and with (filled squares) desflurane administration. Values were computed relative to the thresholds (finger flow = 1.0 ml/min) in each subject. Flows of exactly 1.0 ml/min are not shown because flows in each individual were averaged over 0.1 or 0.05°C increments; each data point thus includes both higher and lower flows. The horizontal standard deviation bars indicate variability in the thresholds among the volunteers; although errors bars are shown only at a flow near 1.0 ml/min, the same temperature variability applies to each data point. The slopes of the flow vs. core temperature relationships (1.0 to ≈0.15 ml/min) were determined using linear regression. These slopes defined the gain of vasoconstriction with and without desflurane anesthesia. Gain was reduced by a factor of three, from 2.4 to 0.8 ml.min-1.°C-1 (P
Figure 13
The core thermoregulatory threshold in…
Figure 13
The core thermoregulatory threshold in 23 healthy children and infants undergoing abdominal surgery…
Figure 13 The core thermoregulatory threshold in 23 healthy children and infants undergoing abdominal surgery with halothane anesthesia. Differences among the groups are not statistically significant. Results are presented as means ± SDs. Reprinted with permission.
Figure 14
The vasoconstriction threshold during light…
Figure 14
The vasoconstriction threshold during light sevoflrurane anesthesia was significantly less in elderly (35.8…
Figure 14 The vasoconstriction threshold during light sevoflrurane anesthesia was significantly less in elderly (35.8 ± 0.3°C, n = 10) than in younger patients (35.0 ± 0.5°C, n = 10) (P < 0.01). Open circles indicate the vasoconstriction threshold in each patient; filled squares the show the mean and standard deviations in each group. Reprinted with permission.
Figure 15
Spinal anesthesia increased the sweating…
Figure 15
Spinal anesthesia increased the sweating threshold but reduced the thresholds for vasoconstriction and…
Figure 15 Spinal anesthesia increased the sweating threshold but reduced the thresholds for vasoconstriction and shivering. Consequently, the interthreshold range increased substantially. The vasoconstriction-to-shivering range, however, remained normal during spinal anesthesia. Results are presented as means ± SDs. Reprinted with permission.
Figure 16
The number of dermatomes blocked…
Figure 16
The number of dermatomes blocked (sacral segments = 5; lumbar segments = 5;…
Figure 16 The number of dermatomes blocked (sacral segments = 5; lumbar segments = 5; thoracic segments = 12) versus reduction in the shivering threshold (difference between the control shivering threshold and spinal shivering threshold). The shivering threshold was reduced more by extensive spinal blocks than by less extensive ones (Δ threshold = 0.74 − 0.06(dermatomes blocked); r2 = 0.58, P < 0.006). The curved lines indicate the 95% confidence intervals for the slope. Reprinted with permission.
Figure 17
Systemic oxygen consumption without (circles)…
Figure 17
Systemic oxygen consumption without (circles) and with (squares) epidural anesthesia. The horizontal standard…
Figure 17 Systemic oxygen consumption without (circles) and with (squares) epidural anesthesia. The horizontal standard deviation bars indicate variability in the thresholds among the volunteers; although errors bars are shown only once in each series, the same temperature variability applies to each data point. The slopes of the oxygen consumption versus core temperature relationships (solid lines) were determined using linear regression. These slopes defined the gain of shivering with and without epidural anesthesia. Gain was reduced 3.7-fold, from −412 ml·min-1·°C−1 (r2 = 0.99) to −112 ml·min-1·°C-1 (r2 = 0.96). Reprinted with permission.
Figure 18 Fifteen patients aged
Figure 19
Changes in tympanic membrane temperatures…
Figure 19
Changes in tympanic membrane temperatures and thermal comfort (mm on a visual analog…
Figure 19 Changes in tympanic membrane temperatures and thermal comfort (mm on a visual analog scale) following epidural lidocaine injections in 6 volunteers in a cool operating room environment. Epidural injections were given after a 15-min control period. Shivering (not shown) started when tympanic temperature decreased about 0.5°C and continued until core temperature returned to within 0.5°C of control. Thermal comfort increased following epidural injections in each volunteer; maximal comfort occurred at the lowest core temperature. Results presented as means ± SDs. Reprinted with permission.
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Relationship between perfusion index and central temperature before and after induction of anesthesia in laparoscopic gastrointestinal surgery: A prospective cohort study. Hara K, Kaneko S, Ishioka T, Tobinaga S, Urabe S, Nakao A, Hamada K, Nagaoka K, Taniguchi M, Yamaguchi M, Takeshita H, Tanaka J, Kuroda H, Matsuura E, Ishimatsu Y, Honda S, Sawai T. Hara K, et al. Medicine (Baltimore). 2023 Mar 3;102(9):e33169. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000033169. Medicine (Baltimore). 2023. PMID: 36862881 Free PMC article.
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Measurement of exhaled breath temperature in patients under general anesthesia: A feasibility study. Guo L, Shi J, Liu D, Wang Y, Tong H, Feng Y, Yu P, Lv Y, Li E, Wang C. Guo L, et al. Biomed Rep. 2023 Jan 20;18(3):18. doi: 10.3892/br.2023.1600. eCollection 2023 Mar. Biomed Rep. 2023. PMID: 36776785 Free PMC article.
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Publication types
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
MeSH terms
Body Temperature Regulation / drug effects
Body Temperature Regulation / physiology*
Monitoring, Intraoperative / methods*
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Show all 10 grants
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