Ethnobiology and Ethnopharmacology of Lepidium meyenii (Maca), a Plant from the Peruvian Highlands

Gustavo F Gonzales, Gustavo F Gonzales

Abstract

Lepidium meyenii (maca) is a Peruvian plant of the Brassicaceae family cultivated for more than 2000 years, which grows exclusively in the central Andes between 4000 and 4500 m altitude. Maca is used as a food supplement and also for its medicinal properties described traditionally. Since the 90s of the XX century, an increasing interest in products from maca has been observed in many parts of the world. In the last decade, exportation of maca from Peru has increased from 1,415,000 USD in 2001 to USD 6,170,000 USD in 2010. Experimental scientific evidence showed that maca has nutritional, energizer, and fertility-enhancer properties, and it acts on sexual dysfunctions, osteoporosis, benign prostatic hyperplasia, memory and learning, and protects skin against ultraviolet radiation. Clinical trials showed efficacy of maca on sexual dysfunctions as well as increasing sperm count and motility. Maca is a plant with great potential as an adaptogen and appears to be promising as a nutraceutical in the prevention of several diseases.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Dried hypocotyls of naturally dried black (upper), yellow (middle), and red (bottom) maca.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Score of health status from men and women residents of Carhuamayo, Junin at 4100 m in the Peruvian Central Andes. Upper line: population consuming extracts of maca. Bottom line: population not consuming maca; Source: [4].
Figure 3
Figure 3
Maca exported from Peru in the last 10 years. Data are in FOB values (USD).

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