Nicotinamide and WLDS Act Together to Prevent Neurodegeneration in Glaucoma
Pete A Williams, Jeffrey M Harder, Nicole E Foxworth, Brynn H Cardozo, Kelly E Cochran, Simon W M John, Pete A Williams, Jeffrey M Harder, Nicole E Foxworth, Brynn H Cardozo, Kelly E Cochran, Simon W M John
Abstract
Glaucoma is a complex neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive visual dysfunction leading to vision loss. Retinal ganglion cells are the primary affected neuronal population, with a critical insult damaging their axons in the optic nerve head. This insult is typically secondary to harmfully high levels of intraocular pressure (IOP). We have previously determined that early mitochondrial abnormalities within retinal ganglion cells lead to neuronal dysfunction, with age-related declines in NAD (NAD+ and NADH) rendering retinal ganglion cell mitochondria vulnerable to IOP-dependent stresses. The Wallerian degeneration slow allele, WldS , decreases the vulnerability of retinal ganglion cells in eyes with elevated IOP, but the exact mechanism(s) of protection from glaucoma are not determined. Here, we demonstrate that WldS increases retinal NAD levels. Coupled with nicotinamide administration (an NAD precursor), it robustly protects from glaucomatous neurodegeneration in a mouse model of glaucoma (94% of eyes having no glaucoma, more than WldS or nicotinamide alone). Importantly, nicotinamide and WldS protect somal, synaptic, and axonal compartments, prevent loss of anterograde axoplasmic transport, and protect from visual dysfunction as assessed by pattern electroretinogram. Boosting NAD production generally benefits major compartments of retinal ganglion cells, and may be of value in other complex, age-related, axonopathies where multiple neuronal compartments are ultimately affected.
Keywords: NAD+; WldS; axon degeneration; glaucoma; retinal ganglion cell.
Figures
References
- Adalbert R., Gillingwater T. H., Haley J. E., Bridge K., Beirowski B., Berek L., et al. . (2005). A rat model of slow Wallerian degeneration (WldS) with improved preservation of neuromuscular synapses. Eur. J. Neurosci. 21, 271–277. 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2004.03833.x
- Antenor-Dorsey J. A., O'Malley K. L. (2012). WldS but not Nmnat1 protects dopaminergic neurites from MPP+ neurotoxicity. Mol. Neurodegener. 7:5. 10.1186/1750-1326-7-5
- Avery M. A., Rooney T. M., Pandya J. D., Wishart T. M., Gillingwater T. H., Geddes J. W., et al. . (2012). WldS prevents axon degeneration through increased mitochondrial flux and enhanced mitochondrial Ca2+ buffering. Curr. Biol. 22, 596–600. 10.1016/j.cub.2012.02.043
- Balschun D., Wolfer D. P., Bertocchini F., Barone V., Conti A., Zuschratter W., et al. . (1999). Deletion of the ryanodine receptor type 3 (RyR3) impairs forms of synaptic plasticity and spatial learning. EMBO J. 18, 5264–5273. 10.1093/emboj/18.19.5264
- Beirowski B., Babetto E., Coleman M. P., Martin K. R. (2008). The WldS gene delays axonal but not somatic degeneration in a rat glaucoma model. Eur. J. Neurosci. 28, 1166–1179. 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2008.06426.x
- Beirowski B., Babetto E., Gilley J., Mazzola F., Conforti L., Janeckova L., et al. . (2009). Non-nuclear Wld(S) determines its neuroprotective efficacy for axons and synapses in vivo. J. Neurosci. 29, 653–668. 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3814-08.2009
- Bosco A., Steele M. R., Vetter M. L. (2011). Early microglia activation in a mouse model of chronic glaucoma. J. Comp. Neurol. 519, 599–620. 10.1002/cne.22516
- Chang B., Smith R. S., Hawes N. L., Anderson M. G., Zabaleta A., Savinova O., et al. . (1999). Interacting loci cause severe iris atrophy and glaucoma in DBA/2J mice. Nat. Genet. 21, 405–409. 10.1038/7741
- Chen Y., Fu A. K., Ip N. Y. (2012). Eph receptors at synapses: implications in neurodegenerative diseases. Cell. Signal. 24, 606–611. 10.1016/j.cellsig.2011.11.016
- Chou T. H., Bohorquez J., Toft-Nielsen J., Ozdamar O., Porciatti V. (2014). Robust mouse pattern electroretinograms derived simultaneously from each eye using a common snout electrode. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 55, 2469–2475. 10.1167/iovs.14-13943
- Coleman M. P., Freeman M. R. (2010). Wallerian degeneration, wlds, and Nmnat. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 33, 245–267. 10.1146/annurev-neuro-060909-153248
- Collins M. O., Husi H., Yu L., Brandon J. M., Anderson C. N., Blackstock W. P., et al. . (2006). Molecular characterization and comparison of the components and multiprotein complexes in the postsynaptic proteome. J. Neurochem. 97 (Suppl. 1), 16–23. 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2005.03507.x
- Deckwerth T. L., Johnson E. M. (1994). Neurites can remain viable after destruction of the neuronal soma by programmed cell death (apoptosis). Dev. Biol. 165, 63–72. 10.1006/dbio.1994.1234
- Del Prete D., Checler F., Chami M. (2014). Ryanodine receptors: physiological function and deregulation in Alzheimer disease. Mol. Neurodegener. 9:21. 10.1186/1750-1326-9-21
- Doster S. K., Lozano A. M., Aguayo A. J., Willard M. B. (1991). Expression of the growth-associated protein GAP-43 in adult rat retinal ganglion cells following axon injury. Neuron 6, 635–647. 10.1016/0896-6273(91)90066-9
- Geiger J., Zou A. P., Campbell W. B., Li P. L. (2000). Inhibition of cADP-ribose formation produces vasodilation in bovine coronary arteries. Hypertension 35, 397–402. 10.1161/01.HYP.35.1.397
- Gibson B. A., Kraus W. L. (2012). New insights into the molecular and cellular functions of poly(ADP-ribose) and PARPs. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 13, 411–424. 10.1038/nrm3376
- Gillingwater T. H., Ingham C. A., Parry K. E., Wright A. K., Haley J. E., Wishart T. M., et al. . (2006). Delayed synaptic degeneration in the CNS of WldS mice after cortical lesion. Brain 129, 1546–1556. 10.1093/brain/awl101
- Good P. F., Alapat D., Hsu A., Chu C., Perl D., Wen X., et al. . (2004). A role for semaphorin 3A signaling in the degeneration of hippocampal neurons during Alzheimer's disease. J. Neurochem. 91, 716–736. 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2004.02766.x
- Gutiérrez-Franco A., Costa C., Eixarch H., Castillo M., Medina-Rodríguez E. M., Bribián A., et al. . (2016). Differential expression of sema3A and sema7A in a murine model of multiple sclerosis: implications for a therapeutic design. Clin. Immunol. 163, 22–33. 10.1016/j.clim.2015.12.005
- Hoopfer E. D., McLaughlin T., Watts R. J., Schuldiner O., O'Leary D. D., Luo L. (2006). WldS protection distinguishes axon degeneration following injury from naturally occurring developmental pruning. Neuron 50, 883–895. 10.1016/j.neuron.2006.05.013
- Howell G. R., Libby R. T., Jakobs T. C., Smith R. S., Phalan F. C., Barter J. W., et al. . (2007). Axons of retinal ganglion cells are insulted in the optic nerve early in DBA/2J glaucoma. J. Cell Biol. 179, 1523–1537. 10.1083/jcb.200706181
- Howell G. R., Macalinao D. G., Sousa G. L., Walden M., Soto I., Kneeland S. C., et al. . (2011). Molecular clustering identifies complement and endothelin induction as early events in a mouse model of glaucoma. J. Clin. Invest. 121, 1429–1444. 10.1172/JCI44646
- John S. W., Hagaman J. R., MacTaggart T. E., Peng L., Smithes O. (1997). Intraocular pressure in inbred mouse strains. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 38, 249–253.
- John S. W., Smith R. S., Savinova O. V., Hawes N. L., Chang B., Turnbull D., et al. . (1998). Essential iris atrophy, pigment dispersion, and glaucoma in DBA/2J mice. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 39, 951–962.
- Kitay B. M., McCormack R., Wang Y., Tsoulfas P., Zhai R. G. (2013). Mislocalization of neuronal mitochondria reveals regulation of Wallerian degeneration and NMNAT/WLD(S)-mediated axon protection independent of axonal mitochondria. Hum. Mol. Genet. 22, 1601–1614. 10.1093/hmg/ddt009
- Libby R. T., Anderson M. G., Pang I. H., Robinson Z. H., Savinova O. V., Cosma I. M., et al. . (2005a). Inherited glaucoma in DBA/2J mice: pertinent disease features for studying the neurodegeneration. Vis. Neurosci. 22, 637–648. 10.1017/S0952523805225130
- Libby R. T., Li Y., Savinova O. V., Barter J., Smith R. S., Nickells R. W., et al. . (2005b). Susceptibility to neurodegeneration in a glaucoma is modified by Bax gene dosage. PLoS Genet. 1:e4. 10.1371/journal.pgen.0010004
- Lunn E. R., Perry V. H., Brown M. C., Rosen H., Gordon S. (1989). Absence of Wallerian degeneration does not hinder regeneration in peripheral nerve. Eur. J. Neurosci. 1, 27–33. 10.1111/j.1460-9568.1989.tb00771.x
- Mack T. G., Reiner M., Beirowski B., Mi W., Emanuelli M., Wagner D., et al. . (2001). Wallerian degeneration of injured axons and synapses is delayed by a Ube4b/Nmnat chimeric gene. Nat. Neurosci. 4, 1199–1206. 10.1038/nn770
- Neupert W. (1997). Protein import into mitochondria. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 66, 863–917. 10.1146/annurev.biochem.66.1.863
- Nickells R. W., Howell G. R., Soto I., John S. W. (2012). Under pressure: cellular and molecular responses during glaucoma, a common neurodegeneration with axonopathy. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 35, 153–179. 10.1146/annurev.neuro.051508.135728
- O'Donnell K. C., Lulla A., Stahl M. C., Wheat N. D., Bronstein J. M., Sagasti A. (2014). Axon degeneration and PGC-1α-mediated protection in a zebrafish model of α-synuclein toxicity. Dis. Model. Mech. 7, 571–582. 10.1242/dmm.013185
- O'Donnell K. C., Vargas M. E., Sagasti A. (2013). Wlds and PGC-1α regulate mitochondrial transport and oxidation state after axonal injury. J. Neurosci. 33, 14778–14790. 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1331-13.2013
- Pasterkamp R. J., Giger R. J. (2009). Semaphorin function in neural plasticity and disease. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 19, 263–274. 10.1016/j.conb.2009.06.001
- Porciatti V. (2015). Electrophysiological assessment of retinal ganglion cell function. Exp. Eye Res. 141, 164–170. 10.1016/j.exer.2015.05.008
- Quigley H. A., Broman A. T. (2006). The number of people with glaucoma worldwide in 2010 and 2020. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 90, 262–267. 10.1136/bjo.2005.081224
- Ribeiro F. M., Vieira L. B., Pires R. G., Olmo R. P., Ferguson S. S. (2017). Metabotropic glutamate receptors and neurodegenerative diseases. Pharmacol. Res. 115, 179–191. 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.11.013
- Samuel M. A., Voinescu P. E., Lilley B. N., de Cabo R., Foretz M., Viollet B., et al. . (2014). LKB1 and AMPK regulate synaptic remodeling in old age. Nat. Neurosci. 17, 1190–1197. 10.1038/nn.3772
- Sasaki Y., Vohra B. P., Baloh R. H., Milbrandt J. (2009). Transgenic mice expressing the Nmnat1 protein manifest robust delay in axonal degeneration in vivo. J. Neurosci. 29, 6526–6534. 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1429-09.2009
- Savinova O. V., Sugiyama F., Martin J. E., Tomarev S. I., Paigen B. J., Smith R. S., et al. . (2001). Intraocular pressure in genetically distinct mice: an update and strain survey. BMC Genet. 2:12. 10.1186/1471-2156-2-12
- Sethi J. K., Empson R. M., Galione A. (1996). Nicotinamide inhibits cyclic ADP-ribose-mediated calcium signalling in sea urchin eggs. Biochem J. 319(Pt 2), 613–617. 10.1042/bj3190613
- Shirvan A., Kimron M., Holdengreber V., Ziv I., Ben-Shaul Y., Melamed S., et al. . (2002). Anti-semaphorin 3A antibodies rescue retinal ganglion cells from cell death following optic nerve axotomy. J. Biol. Chem. 277, 49799–49807. 10.1074/jbc.M204793200
- Smith E. S., Jonason A., Reilly C., Veeraraghavan J., Fisher T., Doherty M., et al. . (2015). SEMA4D compromises blood-brain barrier, activates microglia, and inhibits remyelination in neurodegenerative disease. Neurobiol. Dis. 73, 254–268. 10.1016/j.nbd.2014.10.008
- Smith R., John S., Nishina P., Sundberg J. (2002). Systematic Evaluation of the Mouse Eye. Anatomy, Pathology and Biomethods. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
- Wang J., Zhai Q., Chen Y., Lin E., Gu W., McBurney M. W., et al. . (2005). A local mechanism mediates NAD-dependent protection of axon degeneration. J. Cell Biol. 170, 349–355. 10.1083/jcb.200504028
- Whitmore A. V., Libby R. T., John S. W. (2005). Glaucoma: thinking in new ways-a rôle for autonomous axonal self-destruction and other compartmentalised processes? Prog. Retin. Eye Res. 24, 639–662. 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2005.04.004
- Williams P. A., Harder J. M., Foxworth N. E., Cochran K. E., Philip V. M., Porciatti V., et al. . (2017). Vitamin B3 modulates mitochondrial vulnerability and prevents glaucoma in aged mice. Science 355, 756–760. 10.1126/science.aal0092
- Williams P. A., Howell G. R., Barbay J. M., Braine C. E., Sousa G. L., John S. W., et al. . (2013). Retinal ganglion cell dendritic atrophy in DBA/2J glaucoma. PLoS ONE 8:e72282. 10.1371/journal.pone.0072282
- Williams P. A., Piechota M., von Ruhland C., Taylor E., Morgan J. E., Votruba M. (2012). Opa1 is essential for retinal ganglion cell synaptic architecture and connectivity. Brain 135, 493–505. 10.1093/brain/awr330
- Williams P. A., Tribble J. R., Pepper K. W., Cross S. D., Morgan B. P., Morgan J. E., et al. . (2016). Inhibition of the classical pathway of the complement cascade prevents early dendritic and synaptic degeneration in glaucoma. Mol. Neurodegener. 11, 26. 10.1186/s13024-016-0091-6
- Wu J., Zhang F., Yan M., Wu D., Yu Q., Zhang Y., et al. . (2011). WldS enhances insulin transcription and secretion via a SIRT1-dependent pathway and improves glucose homeostasis. Diabetes 60, 3197–3207. 10.2337/db11-0232
- Zhai R. G., Cao Y., Hiesinger P. R., Zhou Y., Mehta S. Q., Schulze K. L., et al. . (2006). Drosophila NMNAT maintains neural integrity independent of its NAD synthesis activity. PLoS Biol. 4:e416. 10.1371/journal.pbio.0040416
- Zhai R. G., Zhang F., Hiesinger P. R., Cao Y., Haueter C. M., Bellen H. J. (2008). NAD synthase NMNAT acts as a chaperone to protect against neurodegeneration. Nature 452, 887–891. 10.1038/nature06721
Source: PubMed