Measuring melatonin in humans

Abstract

Study objectives: To provide guidelines for collecting and analyzing urinary, salivary, and plasma melatonin, thereby assisting clinicians and researchers in determining which method of measuring melatonin is most appropriate for their particular needs and facilitating the comparison of data between laboratories.

Methods: A modified RAND process was utilized to derive recommendations for methods of measuring melatonin in humans.

Results: Consensus-based guidelines are presented for collecting and analyzing melatonin for studies that are conducted in the natural living environment, the clinical setting, and in-patient research facilities under controlled conditions.

Conclusions: The benefits and disadvantages of current methods of collecting and analyzing melatonin are summarized. Although a single method of analysis would be the most effective way to compare studies, limitations of current methods preclude this possibility. Given that the best analysis method for use under multiple conditions is not established, it is recommended to include, in any published report, one of the established low threshold measures of dim light melatonin onset to facilitate comparison between studies.

Figures

Figure 1

Illustrations of 3 melatonin sample types and their associated phase estimates. (A) 24-hour rhythm of the primary urinary melatonin metabolite 6-sulphatoxymelatonin (aMT6s) derived from urine samples collected in 2-h bins under dim light. The fitted curve reveals a significant 24-hour rhythm with maximum levels observed between 04:00 and 08:00 (**p < 0.01). (B) Salivary melatonin profile collected under dim-light conditions. The low-threshold dim-light melatonin onset (DLMO) was defined as either the first sample to exceed and remain above a threshold of 3 pg/mL or that was 2 SD above the mean of the first 3 baseline samples (2 SD). (C) Overnight plasma melatonin profile, plotted as a percentage of maximum (dashed line) and smoothed with a Lowess curve fit to the raw data (solid line). Some frequently used phase markers are shown: DLMO at 10 pg/mL, DLMO or dim-light melatonin offset (DLMOff) at 25% or 50% of maximum levels, the midpoint, and the termination of melatonin synthesis (Synoff).