Asprosin: A Novel Player in Metabolic Diseases

Mingyang Yuan, Weidong Li, Yan Zhu, Boyao Yu, Jing Wu, Mingyang Yuan, Weidong Li, Yan Zhu, Boyao Yu, Jing Wu

Abstract

Asprosin, a novel glucogenic adipokine, is encoded by two exons (exon 65 and exon 66) of the gene Fibrillin 1 (FBN1) and mainly synthesized and released by white adipose tissue during fasting. Asprosin plays a complex role in the central nervous system (CNS), peripheral tissues, and organs. It is involved in appetite, glucose metabolism, insulin resistance (IR), cell apoptosis, etc. In this review, we will summarize the newly discovered roles of asprosin in metabolic diseases including diabetes, obesity, polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), and cardiovascular disease (CVD), which may contribute to future clinical diagnosis and treatment.

Keywords: CVD; PCOS; asprosin; diabetes; metabolic diseases; obesity.

Copyright © 2020 Yuan, Li, Zhu, Yu and Wu.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
The possible central and peripheral effects of asprosin. In the hypothalamus, asprosin enhances the activity of AgRP neurons through activating G proteins-cAMP-PKA pathway, leading to increased appetite. In the liver, asprosin binds to OLFR734 to enhance the production and release of glucose via CREB pathway. Of note, the orexigenic and glucogenic roles of asprosin remain controversial. In the pancreatic β-cells, asprosin binds to TLR4 to promote inflammation and apoptosis of these cells and reduce insulin secretion through stimulating TLR4/JNK-mediated pathway and inhibiting cAMP levels. In MSCs, asprosin prevents these cells from oxidative stress-induced apoptosis and death by activating ERK1/2-SOD2 pathway. In the skeletal muscle, asprosin activates PKCδ/SERCA2-mediated ER stress/inflammation pathways to promote IR.
Figure 2
Figure 2
The newly discovered roles of asprosin in metabolic diseases. In diabetes, higher levels of asprosin can be observed in patients as compared to controls, and there is a positive association between serum asprosin levels and IR. Asprosin seems to show an impaired response to glucose fluctuation in both T1DM and T2DM patients. In addition, asprosin may act as a biomarker to predict T2DM onset and a novel target in the treatment of diabetes. In obesity, likewise, there are higher levels of asprosin in adult patients in comparison with controls, and asprosin may be a therapeutic target against obesity. However, the correlation between asprosin and obese children is considered as inconclusive. In PCOS, asprosin shows an inconclusive relationship to it. In CVD, asprosin may predict the severity of ACS, and it presents a possible strategy against DCM and MI.

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