Trends in Blood Pressure Control Among US Adults With Hypertension, 1999-2000 to 2017-2018

Abstract

Importance: Controlling blood pressure (BP) reduces the risk for cardiovascular disease.

Objective: To determine whether BP control among US adults with hypertension changed from 1999-2000 through 2017-2018.

Design, setting, and participants: Serial cross-sectional analysis of National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data, weighted to be representative of US adults, between 1999-2000 and 2017-2018 (10 cycles), including 18 262 US adults aged 18 years or older with hypertension defined as systolic BP level of 140 mm Hg or higher, diastolic BP level of 90 mm Hg or higher, or use of antihypertensive medication. The date of final data collection was 2018.

Exposures: Calendar year.

Main outcomes and measures: Mean BP was computed using 3 measurements. The primary outcome of BP control was defined as systolic BP level lower than 140 mm Hg and diastolic BP level lower than 90 mm Hg.

Results: Among the 51 761 participants included in this analysis, the mean (SD) age was 48 (19) years and 25 939 (50.1%) were women; 43.2% were non-Hispanic White adults; 21.6%, non-Hispanic Black adults; 5.3%, non-Hispanic Asian adults; and 26.1%, Hispanic adults. Among the 18 262 adults with hypertension, the age-adjusted estimated proportion with controlled BP increased from 31.8% (95% CI, 26.9%-36.7%) in 1999-2000 to 48.5% (95% CI, 45.5%-51.5%) in 2007-2008 (P < .001 for trend), remained stable and was 53.8% (95% CI, 48.7%-59.0%) in 2013-2014 (P = .14 for trend), and then declined to 43.7% (95% CI, 40.2%-47.2%) in 2017-2018 (P = .003 for trend). Compared with adults who were aged 18 years to 44 years, it was estimated that controlled BP was more likely among those aged 45 years to 64 years (49.7% vs 36.7%; multivariable-adjusted prevalence ratio, 1.18 [95% CI, 1.02-1.37]) and less likely among those aged 75 years or older (37.3% vs 36.7%; multivariable-adjusted prevalence ratio, 0.81 [95% CI, 0.65-0.97]). It was estimated that controlled BP was less likely among non-Hispanic Black adults vs non-Hispanic White adults (41.5% vs 48.2%, respectively; multivariable-adjusted prevalence ratio, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.81-0.96). Controlled BP was more likely among those with private insurance (48.2%), Medicare (53.4%), or government health insurance other than Medicare or Medicaid (43.2%) vs among those without health insurance (24.2%) (multivariable-adjusted prevalence ratio, 1.40 [95% CI, 1.08-1.80], 1.47 [95% CI, 1.15-1.89], and 1.36 [95% CI, 1.04-1.76], respectively). Controlled BP was more likely among those with vs those without a usual health care facility (48.4% vs 26.5%, respectively; multivariable-adjusted prevalence ratio, 1.48 [95% CI, 1.13-1.94]) and among those who had vs those who had not had a health care visit in the past year (49.1% vs 8.0%; multivariable-adjusted prevalence ratio, 5.23 [95% CI, 2.88-9.49]).

Conclusions and relevance: In a series of cross-sectional surveys weighted to be representative of the adult US population, the prevalence of controlled BP increased between 1999-2000 and 2007-2008, did not significantly change from 2007-2008 through 2013-2014, and then decreased after 2013-2014.

Conflict of interest statement

Conflict of Interest Disclosures: Dr Muntner reported receiving grant funding and consulting fees from Amgen Inc. Dr Levitan reported receiving grant funding from and serving on advisory boards for Amgen Inc; and serving as a consultant to Novartis. Dr Colantonio reported receiving grant funding from Amgen Inc. No other disclosures were reported.

Figures

Figure.. Age-Adjusted Estimated Proportion of Adults With Hypertension and Controlled Blood Pressure

NHANES indicates National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The data markers represent the age-adjusted estimated proportion (the numbers and 95% CIs appear in Table 3 and eTable 1 in the Supplement). Hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure (SBP) level of 140 mm Hg or higher, diastolic blood pressure (DBP) level of 90 mm Hg or higher, and antihypertensive medication use. Controlled blood pressure was defined as SBP level lower than 140 mm Hg and DBP level lower than 90 mm Hg. Treatment was defined by self-reported antihypertensive medication use. Among all adults with hypertension, blood pressure control from 1999-2000 through 2007-2008 yielded P < .001 for trend; from 2007-2008 through 2013-2014, P = .14 for trend; and from 2013-2014 through 2017-2018, P = .003 for trend. Among adults taking antihypertensive medication, blood pressure control from 1999-2000 through 2007-2008 yielded P < .001 for trend; from 2007-2008 through 2013-2014, P = .12 for trend; and from 2013-2014 through 2017-2018, P = .005 for trend. Age adjustment was performed using direct standardization with the standard being all adults across the entire period (1999-2018); the age categories used for standardization were 18 to 44 years (15.5%), 45 to 64 years (45.4%), 65 to 74 years (21.5%), and 75 years or older (17.7%). The line segments were generated using Joinpoint (National Cancer Institute). aAmong all adults with hypertension. bAmong adults who self-reported taking antihypertensive medication.