The Substance Use Treatment and Recovery Team (START) study: protocol for a multi-site randomized controlled trial evaluating an intervention to improve initiation of medication and linkage to post-discharge care for hospitalized patients with opioid use disorder

Allison J Ober, Cristina Murray-Krezan, Kimberly Page, Peter D Friedmann, Karen Chan Osilla, Stephen Ryzewicz, Sergio Huerta, Mia W Mazer, Isabel Leamon, Gabrielle Messineo, Katherine E Watkins, Teryl Nuckols, Itai Danovitch, Allison J Ober, Cristina Murray-Krezan, Kimberly Page, Peter D Friedmann, Karen Chan Osilla, Stephen Ryzewicz, Sergio Huerta, Mia W Mazer, Isabel Leamon, Gabrielle Messineo, Katherine E Watkins, Teryl Nuckols, Itai Danovitch

Abstract

Background: People with opioid use disorder experience high burden of disease from medical comorbidities and are increasingly hospitalized with medical complications. Medications for opioid use disorder are an effective, life-saving treatment, but patients with an opioid use disorder admitted to the hospital seldom initiate medication for their disorder while in the hospital, nor are they linked with outpatient treatment after discharge. The inpatient stay, when patients may be more receptive to improving their health and reducing substance use, offers an opportunity to discuss opioid use disorder and facilitate medication initiation and linkage to treatment after discharge. An addiction-focus consultative team that uses evidence-based tools and resources could address barriers, such as the need for the primary medical team to focus on the primary health problem and lack of time and expertise, that prevent primary medical teams from addressing substance use.

Methods: This study is a pragmatic randomized controlled trial that will evaluate whether a consultative team, called the Substance Use Treatment and Recovery Team (START), increases initiation of any US Food and Drug Administration approved medication for opioid use disorder (buprenorphine, methadone, naltrexone) during the hospital stay and increases linkage to treatment after discharge compared to patients receiving usual care. The study is being conducted at three geographically distinct academic hospitals. Patients are randomly assigned within each hospital to receive the START intervention or usual care. Primary study outcomes are initiation of medication for opioid use disorder in the hospital and linkage to medication or other opioid use disorder treatment after discharge. Outcomes are assessed through participant interviews at baseline and 1 month after discharge and data from hospital and outpatient medical records.

Discussion: The START intervention offers a compelling model to improve care for hospitalized patients with opioid use disorder. The study could also advance translational science by identifying an effective and generalizable approach to treating not only opioid use disorder, but also other substance use disorders and behavioral health conditions.

Trial registration: Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT05086796, Registered on 10/21/2021. https://www.

Clinicaltrials: gov/ct2/results?recrs=ab&cond=&term=NCT05086796&cntry=&state=&city=&dist = .

Keywords: Addiction consult team; Collaborative care; Inpatient; Linkage to follow-up; Medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD); Opioid use disorder (OUD).

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

© 2022. The Author(s).

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
SPIRIT (Standard Protocol Items: Recommendations for Interventional Trials) flow diagram
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
START Workflow

References

    1. Centers for Disease Control National Center for Health Statistics. (2020). Wide-ranging online data for epidemiologic research (WONDER). Retrieved June 1 from . Accessed 15 Jan 2022.
    1. Holland KM, Jones C, Vivolo-Kantor AM, Idaikkadar N, Zwald M, Hoots B, et al. Trends in US emergency department visits for mental health, overdose, and violence outcomes before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. JAMA Psychiat. 2021;78(4):372–379. doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.4402.
    1. Soares WE, 3rd, Melnick ER, Nath B, D'Onofrio G, Paek H, Skains RM, et al. Emergency department visits for nonfatal opioid overdose during the COVID-19 pandemic across six US health care systems. Ann Emerg Med. 2022;79(2):158–167. doi: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2021.03.013.
    1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Vital statistics rapid release: providional overdose counts: centers for disease and prevention. 2021. .
    1. Bahorik AL, Satre DD, Kline-Simon AH, Weisner CM, Campbell CI. Alcohol, cannabis, and opioid use disorders, and disease burden in an integrated health care system. J Addict Med. 2017;11(1):3–9. doi: 10.1097/ADM.0000000000000260.
    1. Hsu DJ, McCarthy EP, Stevens JP, Mukamal KJ. Hospitalizations, costs and outcomes associated with heroin and prescription opioid overdoses in the United States 2001–12. Addiction. 2017;112(9):1558–1564. doi: 10.1111/add.13795.
    1. Singh JA, Cleveland JD. National U.S. time-trends in opioid use disorder hospitalizations and associated healthcare utilization and mortality. PLoS ONE. 2020;15(2):e0229174. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229174.
    1. Ronan MV, Herzig SJ. Hospitalizations related to opioid abuse/dependence and associated serious infections increased sharply, 2002–12. Health Aff. 2016;35(5):832–837. doi: 10.1377/hlthaff.2015.1424.
    1. Fingar KR, Owens PL. Opioid-related and stimulant-related adult inpatient stays, 2012–2018. In: Agency for healthcare research and quality, editor. Statistical Brief #271 ed. Rockville; 2021.
    1. Larochelle MR, Bernson D, Land T, Stopka TJ, Wang N, Xuan Z, et al. Medication for opioid use disorder after nonfatal opioid overdose and association with mortality: a cohort study. Ann Intern Med. 2018 doi: 10.7326/M17-3107.
    1. Volkow ND, Frieden TR, Hyde PS, Cha SS. Medication-assisted therapies—tackling the opioid-overdose epidemic. N Engl J Med. 2014;370(22):2063–2066. doi: 10.1056/NEJMp1402780.
    1. Tsui JI, Evans JL, Lum PJ, Hahn JA, Page K. Association of opioid agonist therapy with lower incidence of hepatitis C virus infection in young adult injection drug users. JAMA Intern Med. 2014;174(12):1974–1981. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.5416.
    1. Naeger S, Mutter R, Ali MM, Mark T, Hughey L. Post-discharge treatment engagement among patients with an opioid-use disorder. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2016;69:64–71. doi: 10.1016/j.jsat.2016.07.004.
    1. Reif S, Acevedo A, Garnick DW, Fullerton CA. Reducing behavioral health inpatient readmissions for people with substance use disorders: do follow-up services matter? Psychiatr Serv. 2017;68(8):810–818. doi: 10.1176/appi.ps.201600339.
    1. Rosenthal ES, Karchmer AW, Theisen-Toupal J, Castillo RA, Rowley CF. Suboptimal addiction interventions for patients hospitalized with injection drug use-associated infective endocarditis. Am J Med. 2016;129(5):481–485. doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2015.09.024.
    1. Fanucchi L, Lofwall MR. Putting parity into practice—integrating opioid-use disorder treatment into the hospital setting. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(9):811–813. doi: 10.1056/NEJMp1606157.
    1. Binswanger IA. Commentary on Hsu, et al. (2017): a systems approach to improving health services for overdose in the hospital and across the continuum of care-an unmet need. Addiction. 2017;112(9):1565–1566. doi: 10.1111/add.13866.
    1. Peterson C, Xu L, Mikosz CA, Florence C, Mack KA. US hospital discharges documenting patient opioid use disorder without opioid overdose or treatment services, 2011–2015. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2018;92:35–39. doi: 10.1016/j.jsat.2018.06.008.
    1. Nordeck CD, Welsh C, Schwartz RP, Mitchell SG, Cohen A, O'Grady KE, et al. Rehospitalization and substance use disorder (SUD) treatment entry among patients seen by a hospital SUD consultation–liaison service. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2018;186:23–28. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.12.043.
    1. Walley AY, Paasche-Orlow M, Lee EC, Forsythe S, Chetty VK, Mitchell S, et al. Acute care hospital utilization among medical inpatients discharged with a substance use disorder diagnosis. J Addict Med. 2012;6(1):50–56. doi: 10.1097/ADM.0b013e318231de51.
    1. Gupta A, Nizamuddin J, Elmofty D, Nizamuddin SL, Tung A, Minhaj M, et al. Opioid abuse or dependence increases 30-day readmission rates after major operating room procedures: a national readmissions database study. Anesthesiology. 2018;128(5):880–890. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000002136.
    1. Stewart S, Swain S. Assessment and management of alcohol dependence and withdrawal in the acute hospital: concise guidance. Clin Med. 2012;12(3):266–271. doi: 10.7861/clinmedicine.12-3-266.
    1. Pecoraro A, Horton T, Ewen E, Becher J, Wright PA, Silverman B, et al. Early data from project engage: a program to identify and transition medically hospitalized patients into addictions treatment. Addict Sci Clin Pract. 2012;7:20. doi: 10.1186/1940-0640-7-20.
    1. Pollini RA, O'Toole TP, Ford D, Bigelow G. Does this patient really want treatment? Factors associated with baseline and evolving readiness for change among hospitalized substance using adults interested in treatment. Addict Behav. 2006;31(10):1904–1918. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2006.01.003.
    1. Velez CM, Nicolaidis C, Korthuis PT, Englander H. “It’s been an experience, a life learning experience”: a qualitative study of hospitalized patients with substance use disorders. J Gen Intern Med. 2017;32(3):296–303. doi: 10.1007/s11606-016-3919-4.
    1. Englander H, Weimer M, Solotaroff R, Nicolaidis C, Chan B, Velez C, et al. Planning and designing the Improving Addiction Care Team (IMPACT) for hospitalized adults with substance use disorder. J Hosp Med. 2017;12(5):339–342. doi: 10.12788/jhm.2736.
    1. Huhn AS, Tompkins DA, Dunn KE. The relationship between treatment accessibility and preference amongst out-of-treatment individuals who engage in non-medical prescription opioid use. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2017;180:279–285. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.08.019.
    1. Bhatraju EP, Ludwig-Barron N, Takagi-Stewart J, Sandhu HK, Klein JW, Tsui JI. Successful engagement in buprenorphine treatment among hospitalized patients with opioid use disorder and trauma. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2020;215:108253. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108253.
    1. Brothers TD, Fraser J, MacAdam E, Morgan B, Francheville J, Nidumolu A, et al. Implementation and evaluation of a novel, unofficial, trainee-organized hospital addiction medicine consultation service. Substance abuse. 2021;42(4):433–437. doi: 10.1080/08897077.2020.1856291.
    1. Button D, Hartley J, Robbins J, Levander XA, Smith NJ, Englander H. Low-dose buprenorphine initiation in hospitalized adults with opioid use disorder: a retrospective cohort analysis. J Addict Med. 2022;16(2):e105–e11. doi: 10.1097/ADM.0000000000000864.
    1. Trowbridge P, Weinstein ZM, Kerensky T, Roy P, Regan D, Samet JH, et al. Addiction consultation services—linking hospitalized patients to outpatient addiction treatment. J Subst Abus Treat. 2017;79:1–5. doi: 10.1016/j.jsat.2017.05.007.
    1. Wakeman SE, Kane M, Powell E, Howard S, Shaw C, Kehoe L, et al. A hospital-wide initiative to redesign substance use disorder care: impact on pharmacotherapy initiation. Subst Abus. 2021;42(4):767–774. doi: 10.1080/08897077.2020.1846664.
    1. Kennedy AJ, Wessel CB, Levine R, Downer K, Raymond M, Osakue D, et al. Factors associated with long-term retention in buprenorphine-based addiction treatment programs: a systematic review. J Gen Intern Med. 2022;37(2):332–340. doi: 10.1007/s11606-020-06448-z.
    1. Calcaterra SL, Binswanger IA, Edelman EJ, McNair BK, Wakeman SE, O’Connor PG. The impact of access to addiction specialist on attitudes, beliefs and hospital-based opioid use disorder related care: a survey of hospitalist physicians. Subst Abus. 1–9.
    1. Wakeman SE, Pham-Kanter G, Donelan K. Attitudes, practices, and preparedness to care for patients with substance use disorder: Results from a survey of general internists. Subst Abus. 2016;37(4):635–641. doi: 10.1080/08897077.2016.1187240.
    1. Hussain M, Seitz D. Integrated models of care for medical inpatients with psychiatric disorders: a systematic review. Psychosomatics. 2014;55(4):315–325. doi: 10.1016/j.psym.2013.08.003.
    1. Institute of Medicine. Improving the quality of health care for mental and substance-use conditions: quality chasm series. Appendix B, constraints on sharing mental health and substance-use treatment information imposed by federal and state medical records privacy laws. Washington: National Academies Press; 2006.
    1. Raven MC, Carrier ER, Lee J, Billings JC, Marr M, Gourevitch MN. Substance use treatment barriers for patients with frequent hospital admissions. J Subst Abus Treat. 2010;38(1):22–30. doi: 10.1016/j.jsat.2009.05.009.
    1. Madras BK, N. J. Ahmad, J. Wen, J. Sharfstein, and the Prevention, Treatment, and Recovery Working Group of the Action Collaborative on Countering the U.S. Opioid Epidemic. Improving access to evidence-based medical treatment for opioid use disorder: strategies to address key barriers within the treatment system. NAM Perspect Discus P. 2020; 10.31478/202004b.
    1. DiClemente CC, Norcross JC. In search of how people change: applications to addictive behaviors. Am Psychol. 1992;47(9):1102–1114. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.47.9.1102.
    1. Gregoire TK, Burke AC. The relationship of legal coercion to readiness to change among adults with alcohol and other drug problems. J Subst Abus Treat. 2004;26(1):35–41. doi: 10.1016/S0740-5472(03)00155-7.
    1. Opsal A, Kristensen Ø, Clausen T. Readiness to change among involuntarily and voluntarily admitted patients with substance use disorders. Subst Abus Treat Prev Policy. 2019;14(1):47. doi: 10.1186/s13011-019-0237-y.
    1. Kopera M, Suszek H, Bonar E, Myszka M, Gmaj B, Ilgen M, et al. Evaluating explicit and implicit stigma of mental illness in mental health professionals and medical students. Community Ment Health J. 2015;51(5):628–634. doi: 10.1007/s10597-014-9796-6.
    1. Stull LG, McGrew JH, Salyers MP, Ashburn-Nardo L. Implicit and explicit stigma of mental illness: attitudes in an evidence-based practice. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2013;201(12):1072–1079. doi: 10.1097/NMD.0000000000000056.
    1. Wakeman SE, Kanter GP, Donelan K. Institutional substance use disorder intervention improves general internist preparedness, attitudes, and clinical practice. J Addict Med. 2017;11(4):308–314. doi: 10.1097/ADM.0000000000000314.
    1. Englander H, Dobbertin K, Lind BK, Nicolaidis C, Graven P, Dorfman C, et al. Inpatient addiction medicine consultation and post-hospital substance use disorder treatment engagement: a propensity-matched analysis. J Gen Intern Med. 2019;34(12):2796–2803. doi: 10.1007/s11606-019-05251-9.
    1. Marks LR, Munigala S, Warren DK, Liang SY, Schwarz ES, Durkin MJ. Addiction medicine consultations reduce readmission rates for patients with serious infections from opioid use disorder. Clin Infect Dis. 2019;68(11):1935–1937. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciy924.
    1. Barocas JA, Savinkina A, Adams J, Jawa R, Weinstein ZM, Samet JH, et al. Clinical impact, costs, and cost-effectiveness of hospital-based strategies for addressing the US opioid epidemic: a modelling study. Lancet Public Health. 2022;7(1):e56–e64. doi: 10.1016/S2468-2667(21)00248-6.
    1. Braithwaite V, Ti L, Fairbairn N, Ahamad K, McLean M, Harrison S, et al. Building a hospital-based addiction medicine consultation service in Vancouver, Canada: the path taken and lessons learned. Addiction. 2021;116(7):1892–1900. doi: 10.1111/add.15383.
    1. Calcaterra SL, Lockhart S, Callister C, Hoover K, Binswanger IA. Opioid use disorder treatment initiation and continuation: a qualitative study of patients who received addiction consultation and hospital-based providers. J Gen Intern Med. 2022;1–9. 10.1007/s11606-021-07305-3.
    1. Priest KC, McCarty D. Making the business case for an addiction medicine consult service: a qualitative analysis. BMC Health Serv Res. 2019 doi: 10.1186/s12913-019-4670-4.
    1. Priest KC, Englander H, McCarty D. “Now hospital leaders are paying attention”: a qualitative study of internal and external factors influencing addiction consult services. J Subst Abus Treat. 2020;110:59–65. doi: 10.1016/j.jsat.2019.12.003.
    1. Gryczynski J, Nordeck CD, Welsh C, Mitchell SG, O'Grady KE, Schwartz RP. Preventing hospital readmission for patients with comorbid substance use disorder : a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2021;174(7):899–909. doi: 10.7326/M20-5475.
    1. Liebschutz JM, Crooks D, Herman D, Anderson B, Tsui J, Meshesha LZ, et al. Buprenorphine treatment for hospitalized, opioid-dependent patients: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med. 2014;174(8):1369–1376. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.2556.
    1. Tran TH, Swoboda H, Perticone K, Ramsey E, Thompson H, Hill K, et al. The substance use intervention team: a hospital-based intervention and outpatient clinic to improve care for patients with substance use disorders. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2021;78(4):345–353. doi: 10.1093/ajhp/zxaa408.
    1. Thompson HM, Faig W, VanKim NA, Sharma B, Afshar M, Karnik NS. Differences in length of stay and discharge destination among patients with substance use disorders: the effect of Substance Use Intervention Team (SUIT) consultation service. PLoS ONE. 2020;15(10):e0239761. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239761.
    1. Calcaterra SL, McBeth L, Keniston AM, Burden M. The development and implementation of a hospitalist-directed addiction medicine consultation service to address a treatment gap. J Gen Intern Med. 2021 doi: 10.1007/s11606-021-06849-8.
    1. Martin M, Snyder HR, Coffa D, Steiger S, Clement JP, Ranji SR, et al. Time to ACT: launching an Addiction Care Team (ACT) in an urban safety-net health system. BMJ Open Qual. 2021;10(1):e001111. doi: 10.1136/bmjoq-2020-001111.
    1. McNeely J, Troxel AB, Kunins HV, Shelley D, Lee JD, Walley A, et al. Study protocol for a pragmatic trial of the Consult for Addiction Treatment and Care in Hospitals (CATCH) model for engaging patients in opioid use disorder treatment. Addict Sci Clin Pract. 2019 doi: 10.1186/s13722-019-0135-7.
    1. McWilliams C, Bonnie K, Robinson S, Johnson C, Puyat JH, Klimas J. Preliminary results of psychiatric inpatients referred to an addiction medicine consult service. J Addict Med. 2020;14(4):352–353. doi: 10.1097/ADM.0000000000000580.
    1. Nordeck CD, Welsh C, Schwartz RP, Mitchell SG, Cohen A, O’Grady KE, et al. Rehospitalization and substance use disorder (SUD) treatment entry among patients seen by a hospital SUD consultation-liaison service. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2018;186:23–28. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.12.043.
    1. Wakeman SE, Metlay JP, Chang Y, Herman GE, Rigotti NA. Inpatient addiction consultation for hospitalized patients increases post-discharge abstinence and reduces addiction severity. J Gen Intern Med. 2017;32(8):909–916. doi: 10.1007/s11606-017-4077-z.
    1. D’Amico MJ, Walley AY, Cheng DM, Forman LS, Regan D, Yurkovic A, et al. Which patients receive an addiction consult? A preliminary analysis of the INREACH (INpatient REadmission post-Addiction Consult Help) study. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2019;106:35–42. doi: 10.1016/j.jsat.2019.08.013.
    1. Rosen L, Manor O, Engelhard D, Zucker D. In defense of the randomized controlled trial for health promotion research. Am J Public Health. 2006;96(7):1181–1186. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.061713.
    1. Katon WJ, Lin EH, Von Korff M, Ciechanowski P, Ludman EJ, Young B, et al. Collaborative care for patients with depression and chronic illnesses. N Engl J Med. 2010;363(27):2611–2620. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1003955.
    1. Katon W, Unutzer J, Wells K, Jones L. Collaborative depression care: history, evolution and ways to enhance dissemination and sustainability. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2010;32(5):456–464. doi: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2010.04.001.
    1. Leiter RE, Yusufov M, Hasdianda MA, Fellion LA, Reust AC, Block SD, Tulsky JA, Ouchi K. Fidelity and Feasibility of a Brief Emergency Department Intervention to Empower Adults With Serious Illness to Initiate Advance Care Planning Conversations. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2018;56(6):878–885. doi: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2018.09.003.
    1. Jack BW, Chetty VK, Anthony D, Greenwald JL, Sanchez GM, Johnson AE, et al. A reengineered hospital discharge program to decrease rehospitalization: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2009;150(3):178–187. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-150-3-200902030-00007.
    1. Re-Engineered Discharge (RED) Toolkit. Content last reviewed February 2020. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville, MD. . Accessed 15 Jan 2022.
    1. Humeniuk R, Ali R, Babor TF, Farrell M, Formigoni ML, Jittiwutikarn J, et al. Validation of the Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST) Addiction. 2008;103(6):1039–1047. doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2007.02114.x.
    1. Alford DP, LaBelle CT, Kretsch N, Bergeron A, Winter M, Botticelli M, et al. Collaborative care of opioid-addicted patients in primary care using buprenorphine: five-year experience. Arch Intern Med. 2011;171(5):425–431. doi: 10.1001/archinternmed.2010.541.
    1. Katon W, Von Korff M, Lin E, Simon G, Walker E, Unutzer J, et al. Stepped collaborative care for primary care patients with persistent symptoms of depression: a randomized trial. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1999;56(12):1109–1115. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.56.12.1109.
    1. AIMS Center. Principles of Collaborative Care: Unviersity of Washington. 2021. . Accessed 28 Jan 2022.
    1. D’Onofrio G, Pantalon MV, Degutis LC, Larkin GL, O’Connor PG, Fiellin DA. Project Ed Health III: BNT training manual for opioid dependent patients in the emergency department. New Haven: Yale University School of Medicine; 2009.
    1. D'Onofrio G, O'Connor PG, Pantalon MV, Chawarski MC, Busch SH, Owens PH, et al. Emergency department-initiated buprenorphine/naloxone treatment for opioid dependence: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2015;313(16):1636–1644. doi: 10.1001/jama.2015.3474.
    1. Miller WR, Rollnick S. Motivational interviewing: helping people change. 3. New York: Guildford Press; 2013.
    1. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration . SAMHSA’s concept of trauma and guidance for a trauma-informed approach. Rockville: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; 2014.
    1. Dahlby L, Kerr T. PTSD and opioid use: implications for intervention and policy. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy. 2020;15(1):22. doi: 10.1186/s13011-020-00264-8.
    1. Ecker AH, Hundt N. Posttraumatic stress disorder in opioid agonist therapy: a review. Psychol Trauma. 2018;10(6):636–642. doi: 10.1037/tra0000312.
    1. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. TIP 59: a treatment improvement protocol: improving cultural competence. Rockville: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; 2014.
    1. California Department of Health Care Services. California bridge program tools and resources Oakland, CA: The Public Health Institute. 2021. . Accessed 21 Jan 2022.
    1. Harris PA, Taylor R, Thielke R, Payne J, Gonzalez N, Conde JG. Research electronic data capture (REDCap)–a metadata-driven methodology and workflow process for providing translational research informatics support. J Biomed Inform. 2009;42(2):377–381. doi: 10.1016/j.jbi.2008.08.010.
    1. Seaman SR, White IR, Copas AJ, Li L. Combining multiple imputation and inverse-probability weighting. Biometrics. 2012;68(1):129–137. doi: 10.1111/j.1541-0420.2011.01666.x.
    1. Lee CS, Liebschutz JM, Anderson BJ, Stein MD. Hospitalized opioid-dependent patients: exploring predictors of buprenorphine treatment entry and retention after discharge. Am J Addict. 2017;26(7):667–672. doi: 10.1111/ajad.12533.
    1. Spiegelman D, Hertzmark E. Easy SAS calculations for risk or prevalence ratios and differences. Am J Epidemiol. 2005;162(3):199–200. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwi188.
    1. Grubbs KM, Cheney AM, Fortney JC, Edlund C, Han X, Dubbert P, et al. The role of gender in moderating treatment outcome in collaborative care for anxiety. Psychiatr Serv. 2015;66(3):265–271. doi: 10.1176/appi.ps.201400049.
    1. Brooks HL, O'Brien DC, Salvalaggio G, Dong K, Hyshka E. Uptake into a bedside needle and syringe program for acute care inpatients who inject drugs. Drug Alcohol Rev. 2019;38(4):423–427. doi: 10.1111/dar.12930.
    1. Nordeck CD, Welsh C, Schwartz RP, Mitchell SG, O'Grady KE, Gryczynski J. Opioid agonist treatment initiation and linkage for hospitalized patients seen by a substance use disorder consultation service. Drug Alcohol Depend Rep. 2022;2:100031. doi: 10.1016/j.dadr.2022.100031.
    1. Trowbridge P, Weinstein ZM, Kerensky T, Roy P, Regan D, Samet JH, et al. Addiction consultation services—linking hospitalized patients to outpatient addiction treatment. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2017;79:1–5. doi: 10.1016/j.jsat.2017.05.007.
    1. Cushman PA, Liebschutz JM, Anderson BJ, Moreau MR, Stein MD. Buprenorphine initiation and linkage to outpatient buprenorphine do not reduce frequency of injection opiate use following hospitalization. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2016;68:68–73. doi: 10.1016/j.jsat.2016.06.003.
    1. The Comprehensive R Archive Network. Power analysis functions along the lines of Cohen. 1988. .
    1. NCSS 2020 Statistical Software (2020). NCSS, LLC. Kaysville, Utah, USA. Accessed 18 July 2022.
    1. R Core Team . R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna: R Foundation for Statistical Computing; 2017.
    1. Adib-Hajbaghery M, Maghaminejad F, Abbasi A. The role of continuous care in reducing readmission for patients with heart failure. J caring sci. 2013;2(4):255–267.
    1. Naylor MD, Brooten D, Campbell R, Jacobsen BS, Mezey MD, Pauly MV, et al. Comprehensive discharge planning and home follow-up of hospitalized elders—a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 1999;281(7):613–620. doi: 10.1001/jama.281.7.613.
    1. Bielaszka-DuVernay C. Redesigning acute care processes in Wisconsin. Health Aff. 2011;30(3):422–425. doi: 10.1377/hlthaff.2011.0087.
    1. French R, Aronowitz SV, Brooks Carthon JM, Schmidt HD, Compton P. Interventions for hospitalized medical and surgical patients with opioid use disorder: A systematic review. Substance abuse. 2021:1-13.
    1. Priest KC, McCarty D. The role of the hospital in the 21st century opioid overdose epidemic: the addiction medicine consult service. J Addict Med. 2019;13(2):104–112. doi: 10.1097/ADM.0000000000000496.
    1. Davenport S, Matthews K. Milliman White Paper: opioid use disorder in the United States: diagnosed prevalence by payer, age, sex, and state. Seattle: Milliman; 2018.
    1. Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality (CBHSQ). 2016 Results from the 2015 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: detailed tables. .
    1. Wu L-T, Zhu H, Swartz MS. Treatment utilization among persons with opioid use disorder in the United States. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2016;169:117–127. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.10.015.
    1. American Psychiatric Association . Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 5. DC: American Society of Addictive Medicine; 2013.
    1. American Society of Addiction Medicine (ASAM). What is the ASAM criteria?. 2018. .
    1. Boston University School of Public Health. The Brief Negotiated Interview (BNI). . Accessed 21 Jan 2022.
    1. Yale University School of Medicine. BNI for opioid use disorders. 2018. . Accessed 21 Jan 2022.
    1. Gelaye B, Tadesse MG, Williams MA, Fann JR, Vander Stoep A, Andrew Zhou XH. Assessing validity of a depression screening instrument in the absence of a gold standard. Ann Epidemiol. 2014;24(7):527–531. doi: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2014.04.009.
    1. Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams J. The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure. J Gen Intern Med. 2001;16(9):606–613. doi: 10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x.
    1. Löwe B, Decker O, Müller S, Brähler E, Schellberg D, Herzog W, et al. Validation and standardization of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder screener (GAD-7) in the general population. Med Care. 2008;46(3):266–274. doi: 10.1097/MLR.0b013e318160d093.
    1. Ruiz M, Zamorano E, García-Campayo J, Pardo A, Freire O, Rejas J. Validity of the GAD-7 scale as an outcome measure of disability in patients with generalized anxiety disorders in primary care. J Affect Disord. 2011;128(3):277–286. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2010.07.010.
    1. Spitzer R, Kroenke K, Williams JBL. A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166(10):1092–1097. doi: 10.1001/archinte.166.10.1092.
    1. Zimet GD, Powell SS, Farley GK, Werkman S, Berkoff KA. Psychometric characteristics of the multidimensional scale of perceived social support. J Pers Assess. 1990;55(3–4):610–617. doi: 10.1207/s15327752jpa5503&4_17.
    1. Krebs EE, Lorenz KA, Bair MJ, Damush TM, Wu J, Sutherland JM, et al. Development and initial validation of the PEG, a three-item scale assessing pain intensity and interference. J Gen Intern Med. 2009;24(6):733–738. doi: 10.1007/s11606-009-0981-1.
    1. Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality . National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): CAI specifications for programming (English Version) Rockville: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; 2019.
    1. Dennis ML. Global Appraisal of Individual Needs (GAIN): administration guide for the gain and related measures. Bloomington: Chestnut Health Systems; 2003.
    1. Friedmann PD, Wilson D, Knudsen HK, Ducharme LJ, Welsh WN, Frisman L, et al. Effect of an organizational linkage intervention on staff perceptions of medication-assisted treatment and referral intentions in community corrections. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2015;50:50–58. doi: 10.1016/j.jsat.2014.10.001.
    1. Grosso AL, Ketende SC, Stahlman S, Ky-Zerbo O, Ouedraogo HG, Kouanda S, et al. Development and reliability of metrics to characterize types and sources of stigma among men who have sex with men and female sex workers in Togo and Burkina Faso. BMC Infect Dis. 2019;19(1):208. doi: 10.1186/s12879-019-3693-0.
    1. Glasgow RE, Wagner EH, Schaefer J, Mahoney LD, Reid RJ, Greene SM. Development and validation of the Patient Assessment of Chronic Illness Care (PACIC) Med Care. 2005;43(5):436–444. doi: 10.1097/01.mlr.0000160375.47920.8c.
    1. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. CAHPS ECHO Survey Measures Rockville: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. 2018. .
    1. Bao YDB, Jung HY, Chan YF, Unützer J. Unpacking collaborative care for depression: examining two essential tasks for implementation. Psychiatr Serv. 2016;67:418–424. doi: 10.1176/appi.ps.201400577.
    1. Moyers TB, Manuel JK, Ernst D. Motivational Interviewing Treatment Integrity Coding Manual 4.1. 2014. Unpublished manual.

Source: PubMed

Sponsorer og samarbejdspartnere

Medicinske tilstande

Narkotikainterventioner

3
Abonner