Effects of a yoga-based stress reduction intervention on stress, psychological outcomes and cardiometabolic biomarkers in cancer caregivers: A randomized controlled trial

Lena J Lee, Robert Shamburek, Hyojin Son, Gwenyth R Wallen, Robert Cox, Sharon Flynn, Li Yang, Margaret Bevans, Leslie Wehrlen, Alyson Ross, Lena J Lee, Robert Shamburek, Hyojin Son, Gwenyth R Wallen, Robert Cox, Sharon Flynn, Li Yang, Margaret Bevans, Leslie Wehrlen, Alyson Ross

Abstract

Caregiving stress is a risk factor for cardiometabolic disease. Therefore, integrating cardiometabolic biomarkers into caregiving research provides a more comprehensive assessment of an individual's health and response to an intervention. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of a yoga-based stress reduction intervention on stress, psychological outcomes, and cardiometabolic biomarkers in cancer caregivers. This prospective randomized controlled trial enrolled family caregivers of adult patients who underwent an allogeneic HSCT at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Clinical Center. All subjects received usual care education. Participants in the intervention group received an Iyengar yoga intervention self-administered over six weeks using an audio recording file. The primary outcome was perceived stress (measured using the NIH toolbox Perceived Stress). The secondary outcomes were psychological factors (depression and anxiety measured using PROMIS® Depression and Anxiety), and cardiometabolic biomarkers measured by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. A total of 50 family caregivers (mean [SD] age, 44.9 [15.2] years; 42 [84.0%] women) were randomized, 25 to the intervention group and 25 to the control group. No group differences were noted in stress, depression, and anxiety. Significant interaction effects between group and time were found in large TRL-P (F(1,43) = 10.16, p = 0.003) and LP-IR (F(1,42) = 4.28, p = 0.045). Post-hoc analyses revealed that the levels of large TRL-P (mean difference = 1.68, CI = [0.86, 2.51], p< .001) and LP-IR (mean difference = 5.67, CI = [1.15, 10.18], p = 0.015) significantly increased over time in the control group but while remained stable in the intervention group (mean difference = -0.15, CI = [-0.96, 0.66], p = 0.718; mean difference = -0.81, CI = [-5.22, 3.61], p = 0.714, respectively). Even when perceptions of psychological distress remain unchanged, incorporating gentle yoga poses and breathing exercises may reduce the risk of cardiometabolic disease in caregivers by inhibiting the development of insulin resistance. Standard lipids of cardiometabolic risk do not appear to be robust enough to detect short-term early changes of cardiometabolic risk in caregivers. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02257853.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Copyright: This is an open access article, free of all copyright, and may be freely reproduced, distributed, transmitted, modified, built upon, or otherwise used by anyone for any lawful purpose. The work is made available under the Creative Commons CC0 public domain dedication.

Figures

Fig 1. Consolidate Standards of Reporting Trials…
Fig 1. Consolidate Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) flow diagram.
Fig 2. Mean cardiometabolic biomarkers levels over…
Fig 2. Mean cardiometabolic biomarkers levels over time for the intervention and control groups.
a. Predicted large TRL-p overtime. Post-hoc analyses showed significant differences between baseline and 6 weeks for control group only (p < 0.001). b. Predicted LP-IR over time. Post-hoc analyses showed significant differences between baseline and 6 weeks for control group only (p = 0.015).

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