Light therapy for non-seasonal depression

A Tuunainen, D F Kripke, T Endo, A Tuunainen, D F Kripke, T Endo

Abstract

Background: Efficacy of light therapy for non-seasonal depression has been studied without any consensus on its efficacy.

Objectives: To evaluate clinical effects of bright light therapy in comparison to the inactive placebo treatment for non-seasonal depression.

Search strategy: We searched the Depression Anxiety & Neurosis Controlled Trials register (CCDANCTR January 2003), comprising the results of searches of Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE (1966 -), EMBASE (1980 -), CINAHL (1982 -), LILACS (1982 -), National Research Register, PsycINFO/PsycLIT (1974 -), PSYNDEX (1977 -), and SIGLE (1982 - ) using the group search strategy and the following terms: #30 = phototherapy or ("light therapy" or light-therapy). We also sought trials from conference proceedings and references of included papers, and contacted the first author of each study as well as leading researchers in the field.

Selection criteria: Randomized controlled trials comparing bright light with inactive placebo treatments for non-seasonal depression.

Data collection and analysis: Data were extracted and quality assessment was made independently by two reviewers. The authors were contacted to obtain additional information.

Main results: Twenty studies (49 reports) were included in the review. Most of the studies applied bright light as adjunctive treatment to drug therapy, sleep deprivation, or both. In general, the quality of reporting was poor, and many reviews did not report adverse effects systematically. The treatment response in the bright light group was better than in the control treatment group, but did not reach statistical significance. The result was mainly based on studies of less than 8 days of treatment. The response to bright light was significantly better than to control treatment in high-quality studies (standardized mean difference (SMD) -0.90, 95% confidence interval (CI) -1.50 to -0.31), in studies applying morning light treatment (SMD -0.38, CI -0.62 to -0.14), and in sleep deprivation responders (SMD -1.02, CI -1.60 to -0.45). Hypomania was more common in the bright light group compared to the control treatment group (risk ratio 4.91, CI 1.66 to 14.46, number needed to harm 8, CI 5 to 20). Twenty studies (49 reports) were included in the review. Most of the studies applied bright light as adjunctive treatment to drug therapy, sleep deprivation, or both. Treatment

Reviewers' conclusions: For patients suffering from non-seasonal depression, bright light therapy offers modest though promising antidepressive efficacy, especially when administered during the first week of treatment, in the morning, and as an adjunctive treatment to sleep deprivation responders. Hypomania as a potential adverse effect needs to be considered. Due to limited data and heterogeneity of studies these results need to be interpreted with caution.

Conflict of interest statement

Arja Tuunainen ‐ None known.

Daniel F. Kripke ‐ No ownership interest in makers of lighting devices or light treatment. Past collaboration on grants with Apollo Lighting Systems and Synchrony Applied Health Sciences. Contribution of light boxes from Sunbox.

Takuro Endo ‐ None known.