Study protocol: Effects of active versus passive recharge burst spinal cord stimulation on pain experience in persistent spinal pain syndrome type 2: a multicentre randomized trial (BURST-RAP study)

Martijn R Mons, Caro Edelbroek, Xander Zuidema, Katja Bürger, Lars Elzinga, Jessica de Vries, Sander van Kuijk, Elbert A Joosten, Jan-Willem Kallewaard, Martijn R Mons, Caro Edelbroek, Xander Zuidema, Katja Bürger, Lars Elzinga, Jessica de Vries, Sander van Kuijk, Elbert A Joosten, Jan-Willem Kallewaard

Abstract

Background: Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) has shown to be an effective treatment for patients with persistent spinal pain syndrome type 2 (PSPS Type 2). The method used to deliver electrical charge in SCS is important. One such method is burst stimulation. Within burst stimulation, a recharge pattern is used to prevent buildup of charge in stimulated tissues. Two variations of burst waveforms are currently in use: one that employs active recharge and one that uses passive recharge. It has been suggested that differences exist between active and passive recharge paradigms related to both efficacy of pain relief and their underlying mechanism of action. Active recharge has been shown to activate both the medial spinal pathway, engaging cortical sensorimotor areas involved in location and intensity of pain, and lateral pathway, reaching brain areas involved with cognitive-emotional aspects of pain. Passive recharge has been suggested to act via modulation of thalamic neurons, which fire in a similar electrical pattern, and thereby modulate activity in various cortical areas including those related to motivational and emotional aspects of pain. The objective of this randomized clinical trial is to assess and compare the effect of active versus passive recharge Burst SCS on a wide spectrum of pain in PSPS Type 2 patients.

Methods: This multicentre randomized clinical trial will take place in 6 Dutch hospitals. PSPS Type 2 patients (n=94) will be randomized into a group receiving either active or passive recharge burst. Following a successful trial period, patients are permanently implanted. Patients complete the Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS) (primary outcome at 6 months), Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NRS), Patient Vigilance and Awareness Questionnaire (PVAQ), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), Quality of Life (EQ-5D), Oswestery Disability Index (ODI), Patient Global Impression of Change (PGIC) and painDETECT questionnaires (secondary outcomes) at baseline, after trial, 1, 3, 6 and 12 months following implantation.

Discussion: The BURST-RAP trial protocol will shed light on possible clinical differences and effectivity of pain relief, including emotional-motivational aspects between active and passive burst SCS in PSPS Type 2 patients.

Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov registration: NCT05421273 . Registered on 16 June 2022. Netherlands Trial Register NL9194. Registered on 23 January 2021.

Keywords: Burst SCS; Motivational-emotional aspects of pain; Neuromodulation; Pain relief; Persistent spinal pain syndrome type 2; Spinal cord stimulation.

Conflict of interest statement

JWK is part of the advisory board for Abbot Laboratories, Boston Scientific, Saluda Medical, Medtronic and Nevro Corporation. XZ is part of the advisory board of Medtronic. All other authors declare no competing interests.

© 2022. The Author(s).

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Study flow chart

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