Evidence of Workplace Interventions-A Systematic Review of Systematic Reviews

Claudia Pieper, Sarah Schröer, Anna-Lisa Eilerts, Claudia Pieper, Sarah Schröer, Anna-Lisa Eilerts

Abstract

Work environment factors are highly correlated with employees' health and well-being. Our aim was to sum up current evidence of health promotion interventions in the workplace, focusing on interventions for the prevention of musculoskeletal disorders, psychological and behavioral disorders as well as interventions for older employees and economic evaluations. We conducted a comprehensive literature search including systematic reviews published from April 2012 to October 2017 in electronic databases and search engines, websites of relevant organizations and institutions. It consisted of simple and specific terms and word combinations related to workplace health promotion based on the search strategy of a previous review. After full-text screening, 74 references met the eligibility criteria. Using the same search strategy, there was a higher proportion of relevant high-quality studies as compared with the earlier review. The heterogeneity of health promotion interventions regarding intervention components, settings and study populations still limits the comparability of studies. Future studies should also address the societal and insurer perspective, including costs to the worker such as lost income and lost time at work of family members due to caregiving activities. To this end, more high-quality evidence is needed.

Keywords: absenteeism; evidence; health care costs; health promotion; occupational; workplace.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Flow chart of reviews included.

References

    1. Quick J.C., Henderson D.F. Occupational stress: Preventing suffering, enhancing wellbeing. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2016;13:459. doi: 10.3390/ijerph13050459.
    1. Bhui K.S., Dinos S., Stansfeld S.A., White P.D. A synthesis of the evidence for managing stress at work: A review of the reviews reporting on anxiety, depression, and absenteeism. J. Environ. Public Health. 2012:1–21. doi: 10.1155/2012/515874.
    1. Goodman G., Kovach L., Fisher A., Elsesser E., Bobinski D., Hansen J. Effective interventions for cumulative trauma disorders of the upper extremity in computer users: Practice models based on systematic review. Work. 2012;42:153–172. doi: 10.3233/WOR-2012-1341.
    1. Regehr C., Glancy D., Pitts A., LeBlanc V.R. Interventions to reduce the consequences of stress in physicians: A review and meta-analysis. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 2014;202:353–359. doi: 10.1097/NMD.0000000000000130.
    1. Aslam I., Davis S.A., Feldman S.R., Martin W.E. A review of patient lifting interventions to reduce health care worker injuries. Workplace Health Saf. 2015;63:267–275. doi: 10.1177/2165079915580038.
    1. Naghieh A., Montgomery P., Bonell C.P., Thompson M., Aber J.L. Organisational interventions for improving wellbeing and reducing work-related stress in teachers. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2015;4 doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD010306.pub2.
    1. Ruotsalainen J.H., Verbeek J.H., Mariné A., Serra C. Preventing occupational stress in healthcare workers. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2015 doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002892.pub5.
    1. Tew G.A., Posso M.C., Arundel C.E., McDaid C.M. Systematic review: Height-adjustable workstations to reduce sedentary behaviour in office-based workers. Occup. Med. 2015;65:357–366. doi: 10.1093/occmed/kqv044.
    1. Moreira-Silva I., Teixeira P.M., Santos R., Abreu S., Moreira C., Mota J. The effects of workplace physical activity programs on musculoskeletal pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Workplace Health Saf. 2016;64:210–222. doi: 10.1177/2165079916629688.
    1. Freiberg A., Euler U., Girbig M., Nienhaus A., Freitag S., Seidler A. Does the use of small aids during patient handling activities lead to a decreased occurrence of musculoskeletal complaints and diseases? A systematic review. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health. 2016;89:547–559. doi: 10.1007/s00420-015-1094-2.
    1. Freiberg A., Girbig M., Euler U., Scharfe J., Nienhaus A., Freitag S., Seidler A. Influence of the Kinaesthetics care conception during patient handling on the development of musculoskeletal complaints and diseases: A scoping review. J. Occup. Med. Toxicol. 2016;11:24. doi: 10.1186/s12995-016-0113-x.
    1. Burton A., Burgess C., Dean S., Koutsopoulou G.Z., Hugh-Jones S. How effective are mindfulness-based interventions for reducing stress among healthcare professionals? A systematic review and meta-analyse. Stress Health. 2017;33:3–13. doi: 10.1002/smi.2673.
    1. Ryan C., Bergin M., Chalder T., Wells J.S. Web-based interventions for the management of stress in the workplace: Focus, form, and efficacy. J. Occup. Health. 2017;59:215–236. doi: 10.1539/joh.16-0227-RA.
    1. Costa G. Shift work and health: Current problems and preventive actions. Saf. Health Work. 2010;1:112–123. doi: 10.5491/SHAW.2010.1.2.112.
    1. Theorell T., Hammarström A., Aronsson G., Träskman Bendz L.T., Grape T., Hogstedt C., Marteinsdottir I., Skoog I., Hall C. A systematic review including meta-analysis of work environment and depressive symptoms. BMC Public Health. 2015;15:738–752. doi: 10.1186/s12889-015-1954-4.
    1. Bryson A., Forth J., Stokes L. Does Worker Wellbeing Affect Workplace Performance? Department of Business Innovation and Skills; London, UK: 2014.
    1. Bundesanstalt für Arbeitsschutz und Arbeitsmedizin (BAuA) Volkswirtschaftliche Kosten durch Arbeitsunfähigkeit 2016. Bundesanstalt für Arbeitsschutz und Arbeitsmedizin (BAuA); Dortmund, Germany: 2018.
    1. Pieper C., Schröer S., Haupt J., Kramer I. Wirksamkeit und Nutzen betrieblicher Prävention iga.Report 28. AOK-Bundesverband, BKK-Dachverband, e.V. Deutsche Gesetzliche Unfallversicherung, Verband der Ersatzkassen, e.V. Initiative Gesundheit und Arbeit; Berlin, Germany: 2015. Wirksamkeit und Nutzen betrieblicher Gesundheitsförderung und Prävention. Zusammenstellung der wissenschaftlichen Evidenz 2006 bis 2012.
    1. Schröer S., Haupt J., Pieper C. Evidence-based lifestyle interventions in the workplace—An overview. Occup. Med. 2014;64:8–12. doi: 10.1093/occmed/kqt136.
    1. Grobe T.G., Steinmann S., Gerr J., editors. Gesundheitsreport 2017. Schwerpunkt. Determinanten der psychischen und somatischen Gesundheit. 2017. Barmer; Berlin, Germany: 2017.
    1. Marschall J., Hildebrand S., Zich K., Tisch T., Sörensen J., Nolting H.-D., Burgart E., Woköck T., editors. DAK-Gesundheitsreport 2018. DAK Forschung; Hamburg, Germany: 2018.
    1. Statistisches Bundesamt Bevölkerung, Erwerbstätige, Erwerbslose, Erwerbspersonen, Nichterwerbspersonen. Deutschland, Jahre, Altersgruppen, 1991–2018. [(accessed on 29 August 2019)]; Available online: .
    1. Grobe T., Steinmann S., Gerr J., editors. Gesundheitsreport 2018: Arbeitsunfähigkeiten. Techniker Krankenkasse; Hamburg, Germany: 2018.
    1. Furlan A.D., Gnam W.H., Carnide N., Irvin E., Amick B.C., DeRango K., McMaster R., Cullen K., Slack T., Brouwer S., et al. Systematic review of intervention practices for depression in the workplace. J. Occup. Rehabil. 2012;22:312–321. doi: 10.1007/s10926-011-9340-2.
    1. Shea B.J., Reeves B.C., Wells G., Thuku M., Hamel C., Moran J., Moher D., Tugwell P., Welch V., Kristjansson E., et al. AMSTAR 2: A critical appraisal tool for systematic reviews that include randomised or non-randomised studies of healthcare interventions, or both. BMJ. 2017;358:j4008. doi: 10.1136/bmj.j4008.
    1. Maricuţoiu L.P., Sava F.A., Butta O. The effectiveness of controlled interventions on employees’ burnout: A meta-analysis. J. Occup. Organ. Psychol. 2016;89:1–27. doi: 10.1111/joop.12099.
    1. Vanhove A.J., Herian M.N., Perez A.L.U., Harms P.D., Lester P.B. Can resilience be developed at work? A meta-analytic review of resilience-building programme effectiveness. J. Occup. Organ. Psychol. 2016;89:278–307. doi: 10.1111/joop.12123.
    1. Lau R.W.M., Mak W.H. Effectiveness of workplace interventions for depression in Asia: A meta-analysis. Sage Open. 2017;7:2158244017710293. doi: 10.1177/2158244017710293.
    1. Stewart W., Terry L. Reducing burnout in nurses and care workers in secure settings. Nurs. Stand. 2014;28:37–45. doi: 10.7748/ns2014.04.28.34.37.e8111.
    1. Nowrouzi B., Lightfoot N., Larivière M., Carter L., Rukholm E., Schinke R., Belanger-Gardner D. Occupational stress management and burnout interventions in nursing and their implications for healthy work environments: A literature review. Workplace Health Saf. 2015;63:308–315. doi: 10.1177/2165079915576931.
    1. Luken M., Sammons A. Systematic review of mindfulness practice for reducing job burnout. Am. J. Occup. Ther. 2016;70:7002250020p1–7002250020p10. doi: 10.5014/ajot.2016.016956.
    1. de Jesus S.N., Miguel-Tobal J.J., Rus C.L., Viseu J., Gamboa V. Evaluating the effectiveness of a stress management training on teachers and physicians’ stress related outcomes. Clínica y Salud. 2014;25:111–115. doi: 10.1016/j.clysa.2014.06.004.
    1. Meyers M.C., van Woerkom M., Bakker A.B. The added value of the positive: A literature review of positive psychology interventions in organizations. Eur. J. Work Organ. Psychol. 2013;22:618–632. doi: 10.1080/1359432X.2012.694689.
    1. Montano D., Hoven H., Siegrist J. Effects of organisational-level interventions at work on employees’ health: A systematic review. BMC Public Health. 2014;14:135. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-14-135.
    1. Virgili M. Mindfulness-based interventions reduce psychological distress in working adults: A meta-analysis of intervention studies. Mindfulness. 2015;6:326–337. doi: 10.1007/s12671-013-0264-0.
    1. Westermann C., Kozak A., Harling M., Nienhaus A. Burnout intervention studies for inpatient elderly care nursing staff: Systematic literature review. Int. J. Nurs. Stud. 2014;51:63–71. doi: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2012.12.001.
    1. Romppanen J., Häggman-Laitila A. Interventions for nurses’ well-being at work: A quantitative systematic review. J. Adv. Nurs. 2017;73:1555–1569. doi: 10.1111/jan.13210.
    1. Ahola K., Toppinen-Tanner S., Seppänen J. Interventions to alleviate burnout symptoms and to support return to work among employees with burnout: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Burn. Res. 2017;4:1–11. doi: 10.1016/j.burn.2017.02.001.
    1. Cocker F., Joss N. Compassion fatigue among healthcare, emergency and community service workers: A systematic review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2016;13:618. doi: 10.3390/ijerph13060618.
    1. Chu A.H.Y., Koh D., Moy F.M., Müller-Riemenschneider F. Do workplace physical activity interventions improve mental health outcomes? Occup. Med. 2014;64:235–245. doi: 10.1093/occmed/kqu045.
    1. Lee N.K., Roche A., Duraisingam V., Fischer J.A., Cameron J. Effective interventions for mental health in male-dominated workplaces. Ment. Health Rev. J. 2014;19:237–250. doi: 10.1108/MHRJ-09-2014-0034.
    1. Tan L., Wang M.-J., Modini M., Joyce S., Mykletun A., Christensen H., Harvey S.B. Preventing the development of depression at work: A systematic review and meta-analysis of universal interventions in the workplace. BMC Med. 2014;12:74. doi: 10.1186/1741-7015-12-74.
    1. Robertson I.T., Cooper C.L., Sarkar M., Curran T. Resilience training in the workplace from 2003 to 2014: A systematic review. J. Occup. Organ. Psychol. 2015;88:533–562. doi: 10.1111/joop.12120.
    1. Ivandic I., Freeman A., Birner U., Nowak D., Sabariego C. A systematic review of brief mental health and well-being interventions in organizational settings. Scand J. Work Environ. Health. 2017;43:99–108. doi: 10.5271/sjweh.3616.
    1. Lomas T., Medina J.C., Ivtzan I., Rupprecht S., Hart R., Eiroa-Orosa F.J. The impact of mindfulness on well-being and performance in the workplace: An inclusive systematic review of the empirical literature. Eur. J. Work Organ. Psychol. 2017;26:492–513. doi: 10.1080/1359432X.2017.1308924.
    1. Lomas T., Medina J.C., Ivtzan I., Rupprecht S., Eiroa-Orosa F.J. The impact of mindfulness on the wellbeing and performance of educators: A systematic review of the empirical literature. Teach. Teach. Educ. 2017;61:132–141. doi: 10.1016/j.tate.2016.10.008.
    1. Carolan S., Harris P.R., Cavanagh K. Improving employee well-being and effectiveness: Systematic review and meta-analysis of web-based psychological interventions delivered in the workplace. J. Med. Internet Res. 2017;19:e271. doi: 10.2196/jmir.7583.
    1. von Hofe I., Latza U., Lönnfors S., Muckelbauer R. Online-Gesundheitsangebote zur Vorbeugung von stressassoziierten psychischen Beeinträchtigungen innerhalb betrieblicher Lebenswelten. Gesundheitswesen. 2017;79:144–152. doi: 10.1055/s-0042-100618.
    1. Pomaki G., Franche R.-L., Murray E., Khushrushahi N., Lampinen T.M. Workplace-based work disability prevention interventions for workers with common mental health conditions: A review of the literature. J. Occup. Rehabil. 2012;22:182–195. doi: 10.1007/s10926-011-9338-9.
    1. Guillaumie L., Boiral O., Champagne J. A mixed-methods systematic review of the effects of mindfulness on nurses. J. Adv. Nurs. 2017;73:1017–1034. doi: 10.1111/jan.13176.
    1. Fernandez A., Howse E., Rubio-Valera M., Thorncraft K., Noone J., Luu X., Veness B., Leech M., Llewellyn G., Salvador-Carulla L. Setting-based interventions to promote mental health at the university: A systematic review. Int. J. Public Health. 2016;61:797–807. doi: 10.1007/s00038-016-0846-4.
    1. Francke A.L., de Graaff F.M. The effects of group supervision of nurses: A systematic literature review. Int. J. Nurs. Stud. 2012;49:1165–1179. doi: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2011.11.012.
    1. Murray M., Murray L., Donnelly M. Systematic review of interventions to improve the psychological well-being of general practitioners. BMC Fam. Pract. 2016;17:36. doi: 10.1186/s12875-016-0431-1.
    1. West C.P., Dyrbye L.N., Erwin P.J., Shanafelt T.D. Interventions to prevent and reduce physician burnout: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2016;388:2272–2281. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31279-X.
    1. Panagioti M., Panagopoulou E., Bower P., Lewith G., Kontopantelis E., Chew-Graham C., Dawson S., van Marwijk H., Geraghty K., Esmail A. Controlled interventions to reduce burnout in physicians: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Intern. Med. 2017;177:195–205. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2016.7674.
    1. Gilmartin H., Goyal A., Hamati M.C., Mann J., Saint S., Chopra V. Brief mindfulness practices for healthcare providers: A Systematic Literature Review. Am. J. Med. 2017;130:1219.e1–1219.e17. doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2017.05.041.
    1. Joyce S., Modini M., Christensen H., Mykletun A., Bryant R., Mitchell P.B., Harvey S.B. Workplace interventions for common mental disorders: A systematic meta-review. Psychol. Med. 2016;46:683–697. doi: 10.1017/S0033291715002408.
    1. Karol S., Robertson M.M. Implications of sit-stand and active workstations to counteract the adverse effects of sedentary work: A comprehensive review. Work. 2015;52:255–267. doi: 10.3233/WOR-152168.
    1. Karakolis T., Callaghan J.P. The impact of sit-stand office workstations on worker discomfort and productivity: A review. Appl. Ergon. 2014;45:799–806. doi: 10.1016/j.apergo.2013.10.001.
    1. Lowe B.D., Dick R.B. Workplace exercise for control of occupational neck/shoulder disorders: A review of prospective studies. Environ. Health Insights. 2014;8:75–95. doi: 10.4137/EHI.S15256.
    1. van Holland B.J., Soer R., de Boer M.R., Reneman M.F., Brouwer S. Preventive occupational health interventions in the meat processing industry in upper-middle and high-income countries: A systematic review on their effectiveness. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health. 2015;88:389–402. doi: 10.1007/s00420-014-0964-3.
    1. Robson L.S., Stephenson C.M., Schulte P.A., Amick B.C., Irvin E.L., Eggerth D.E., Chan S., Bielecky A.R., Wang A.M., Heidotting T.L., et al. A systematic review of the effectiveness of occupational health and safety training. Scand J. Work Environ. Health. 2012;38:193–208. doi: 10.5271/sjweh.3259.
    1. Leider P.C., Boschman J.S., Frings-Dresen M.H.W., van der Molen H.F. Effects of job rotation on musculoskeletal complaints and related work exposures: A systematic literature review. Ergonomics. 2015;58:18–32. doi: 10.1080/00140139.2014.961566.
    1. van Eerd D., Munhall C., Irvin E., Rempel D., Brewer S., van der Beek A.J., Dennerlein J.T., Tullar J., Skivington K., Pinion C., et al. Effectiveness of workplace interventions in the prevention of upper extremity musculoskeletal disorders and symptoms: An update of the evidence. Occup. Environ. Med. 2016;73:62–70. doi: 10.1136/oemed-2015-102992.
    1. van Niekerk S.-M., Louw Q.A., Hillier S. The effectiveness of a chair intervention in the workplace to reduce musculoskeletal symptoms: A systematic review. BMC Musculoskelet. Dis. 2012;13:145. doi: 10.1186/1471-2474-13-145.
    1. Neuhaus M., Eakin E.G., Straker L., Owen N., Dunstan D.W., Reid N., Healy G.N. Reducing occupational sedentary time: A systematic review and meta-analysis of evidence on activity-permissive workstations. Obes. Rev. 2014;15:822–838. doi: 10.1111/obr.12201.
    1. Hogan D.A.M., Greiner B.A., O’Sullivan L. The effect of manual handling training on achieving training transfer, employee’s behaviour change and subsequent reduction of work-related musculoskeletal disorders: A systematic review. Ergonomics. 2014;57:93–107. doi: 10.1080/00140139.2013.862307.
    1. Dalager T., Søgaard K., Bech K.T., Mogensen O., Jensen P.T. Musculoskeletal pain among surgeons performing minimally invasive surgery: A systematic review. Surg. Endosc. 2017;31:516–526. doi: 10.1007/s00464-016-5020-9.
    1. Padula R.S., Comper M.L.C., Sparer E.H., Dennerlein J.T. Job rotation designed to prevent musculoskeletal disorders and control risk in manufacturing industries: A systematic review. Appl. Ergon. 2017;58:386–397. doi: 10.1016/j.apergo.2016.07.018.
    1. Shrestha N., Ijaz S., Kukkonen-Harjula K.T., Kumar S., Nwankwo C.P. Workplace interventions for reducing sitting at work. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2015:1–86. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD010912.pub3.
    1. Verhagen A.P., Bierma-Zeinstra S.M.A., Burdorf A., Stynes S.M., de Vet H.C., Koes B.W. Conservative interventions for treating work-related complaints of the arm, neck or shoulder in adults. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2013;12:1–116. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD008742.pub2.
    1. Varatharajan S., Côté P., Shearer H.M., Loisel P., Wong J.J., Southerst D., Yu H., Randhawa K., Sutton D., van der Velde G., et al. Are work disability prevention interventions effective for the management of neck pain or upper extremity disorders? A systematic review by the Ontario Protocol for Traffic Injury Management (OPTIMa) collaboration. J. Occup. Rehabil. 2014;24:692–708. doi: 10.1007/s10926-014-9501-1.
    1. Thomas D.R., Thomas Y.L.N. Interventions to reduce injuries when transferring patients: A critical appraisal of reviews and a realist synthesis. Int. J. Nurs. Stud. 2014;51:1381–1394. doi: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2014.03.007.
    1. Cloostermans L., Bekkers M.B., Uiters E., Proper K.I. The effectiveness of interventions for ageing workers on (early) retirement, work ability and productivity: A systematic review. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health. 2015;88:521–532. doi: 10.1007/s00420-014-0969-y.
    1. Nexø M.A., Meng A., Borg V. Can psychosocial work conditions protect against age-related cognitive decline? Results from a systematic review. Occup. Environ. Med. 2016;73:487–496. doi: 10.1136/oemed-2016-103550.
    1. Poscia A., Moscato U., La Milia D.I., Milovanovic S., Stojanovic J., Borghini A., Collamati A., Ricciardi W., Magnavita N. Workplace health promotion for older workers: A systematic literature review. BMC Health Serv. Res. 2016;16:416–428. doi: 10.1186/s12913-016-1518-z.
    1. Steenstra I., Cullen K., Irvin E., van Eerd D. A systematic review of interventions to promote work participation in older workers. J. Saf. Res. 2017;60:93–102. doi: 10.1016/j.jsr.2016.12.004.
    1. Martínez-Lemos R.I. Economic impact of corporate wellness programs in Europe: A literature review. J. Occup. Health. 2015;57:201–211. doi: 10.1539/joh.14-0217-RA.
    1. Sultan-Taïeb H., Parent-Lamarche A., Gaillard A., Stock S., Nicolakakis N., Hong Q.N., Vezina M., Coulibaly Y., Vézina N., Berthelette D. Economic evaluations of ergonomic interventions preventing work-related musculoskeletal disorders: A systematic review of organizational-level interventions. BMC Public Health. 2017;17:935. doi: 10.1186/s12889-017-4935-y.
    1. Rothmore P., Aylward P., Karnon J. Ergonomics and musculoskeletal injury prevention interventions in healthcare. Are they worth it? Ergon. Aust. 2014;8:1–5.
    1. Torbeyns T., Bailey S., Bos I., Meeusen R. Active workstations to fight sedentary behaviour. Sports Med. 2014;44:1261–1273. doi: 10.1007/s40279-014-0202-x.
    1. Odeen M., Magnussen L.H., Maeland S., Larun L., Eriksen H.R., Tveito T.H. Systematic review of active workplace interventions to reduce sickness absence. Occup. Med. 2013;63:7–16. doi: 10.1093/occmed/kqs198.
    1. Pereira M.J., Coombes B.K., Comans T.A., Johnston V. The impact of onsite workplace health-enhancing physical activity interventions on worker productivity: A systematic review. Occup. Environ. Med. 2015;72:401–412. doi: 10.1136/oemed-2014-102678.
    1. White M.I., Dionne C.E., Wärje O., Koehoorn M., Wagner S.L., Schultz I.Z., Koehn C., Williams-Whitt K., Harder H.G., Pasca R., et al. Physical activity and exercise interventions in the workplace impacting work outcomes: A stakeholder-centered best evidence synthesis of systematic reviews. Int. J. Occup. Environ. Med. 2016;7:61–74. doi: 10.15171/ijoem.2016.739.
    1. Hamberg-van Reenen H.H., Proper K.I., van den Berg M. Worksite mental health interventions: A systematic review of economic evaluations. Occup. Environ. Med. 2012;69:837–845. doi: 10.1136/oemed-2012-100668.
    1. Wagner S.L., Koehn C., White M.I., Harder H.G., Schultz I.Z., Williams-Whitt K., Warje O., Dionne C.E., Koehoorn M., Pasca R., et al. Mental health interventions in the workplace and work outcomes: A best-evidence synthesis of systematic reviews. Int. J. Occup. Environ. Med. 2016;7:607. doi: 10.15171/ijoem.2016.607.
    1. van Vilsteren M., van Oostrom S.H., de Vet H.C., Franche R.L., Boot C.R., Anema J.R. Workplace interventions to prevent work disability in workers on sick leave. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2015 doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD006955.pub3.
    1. Oakman J., Neupane S., Proper K.I., Kinsman N., Nygård C.H. Workplace interventions to improve work ability: A systematic review and meta-analysis of their effectiveness. Scand J. Work Environ. Health. 2018;44:134–146. doi: 10.5271/sjweh.3685.
    1. Skamagki G., King A., Duncan M., Wåhlin C. A systematic review on workplace interventions to manage chronic musculoskeletal conditions. Physiother. Res. Int. 2018;23:e1738. doi: 10.1002/pri.1738.

Source: PubMed

Sponsorer og samarbejdspartnere

Medicinske tilstande

Narkotikainterventioner

3
Abonner