Bronx MBCT-Migraine (BMBCT-M)

Experimental: MBCT for Migraine

In this arm, participants will receive 8 weeks of the manualized treatment Mindfulness Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT; Day & Thorn). Participants will attend weekly 75-90 minute individual sessions for eight weeks. At each weekly session one of eight broad topics are addressed and discussed (Automatic-Pilot, Dealing with Barriers, Mindfulness of Breath, Staying Present, Allowing/Letting Be, Cognitive Restructuring, Self Care, Application to Headache Pain). Homework is assigned each week, and participants are expected to develop a daily formal mindfulness practice (body scan meditation, seated meditation, breathing meditation, etc). Participants are provided with a course manual, reading materials, and audio recordings to facilitate meditation practice.

Verhalten: MBCT for Migraine

8 75-90 minute individual sessions of the manualized Mindfulness-based Cognitive Therapy plus a manual and homework

Kein Eingriff: Wait List/Treatment as Usual

Patients will continue with standard care. Patients will be offered MBCT after the primary endpoint.

Proportion of People With "Severe" Scores on the Migraine Disability Assessment

The MIDAS is a 5-item, self-report instrument that assesses the number of days in the past three months participants experienced partially or fully reduced functioning in a variety of contexts (work, school, social). MIDAS scores are totaled and interpreted in the following grades: 0-5 = Grade I (Little or no disability); 6-10 = Grade II (Mild disability); 11-20 = Grade III (Moderate disability); 21+ = Grade IV (Severe disability). Scores were dichotomized at "Not Severe" (Grades I, II, and III) and "Severe "(Grade IV). The outcome was the proportion of participants who reported "Severe Disability."

Headache-Related Disability Index

25-item, self-report questionnaire of the emotional and functional impact of headache on daily activities. Total scores range from 0-100, with higher scores indicating higher levels of disability.

Headache Days (Over Course of 1 Month)

Number of headache days/month for the month prior to treatment, and the month after treatment

Average Headache Severity for Headache Days Recorded Over 30 Days

Headache Severity was recorded for every headache day on a scale of 0 = None, 1 = Mild, 2 = Moderate, 3 = Severe. Average headache severity was averaged across all headache days for each month.

The Pain Catastrophizing Scale

13-item self-report measure that conveys a participant's level of pain-related, catastrophic thinking during painful experiences. Total scores range from 0-52, with higher scores indicating higher levels of catastrophizing.

Chronic Pain Acceptance Questionnaire

20-item, self-report measure of pain-related acceptance. Total scores range from 0-156 with higher scores indicating higher pain acceptance.

Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire

39-item self-report instrument assessing mindfulness. Total scores range from 39-195, with higher scores indicating higher levels of mindfulness.

Headache Specific Locus of Control

33-item measure designed to assess the extent to which individuals with recurrent headaches expect that the occurrence, worsening, and improvement of their headaches are influenced primarily by their own behavior, by chance or fate, or by the actions of medical professionals. Total scores range from 33-165, with higher scores indicating more external (vs. internal) locus of control.

Headache Management Self-efficacy Scale

25-item self-report scale designed to capture the confidence a patient believes they have in their own abilities to prevent headache episodes and manage their pain. Total scores range from 25-175, with higher scores indicating higher levels of self-efficacy

NIH PROMIS Depression Short Form

8-item self-report measure that assesses emotional distress in the past week focusing on negative mood and negative self-views. Scores are normed using T-scores (M = 50, SD = 10) with higher scores indicating higher levels of depressive symptoms.

NIH PROMIS Anxiety Short Form

8-item self-report measure that assesses emotional distress in the past week focusing on fear, worry and hyper-arousal. Scores were normed using T-scores (M = 50, SD = 10) with higher scores indicating higher levels of anxious symptoms.

Average Monthly Migraine Disability Index

A daily 4-item measure of migraine related disability. Scores range from 0-10, with higher scores indicating higher levels of disability. Scores are averaged across all headache days recorded each month.