Advanced Meditation Alters Resting-State Brain Network Connectivity Correlating With Improved Mindfulness

Ramana V Vishnubhotla, Rupa Radhakrishnan, Kestas Kveraga, Rachael Deardorff, Chithra Ram, Dhanashri Pawale, Yu-Chien Wu, Janelle Renschler, Balachundhar Subramaniam, Senthilkumar Sadhasivam, Ramana V Vishnubhotla, Rupa Radhakrishnan, Kestas Kveraga, Rachael Deardorff, Chithra Ram, Dhanashri Pawale, Yu-Chien Wu, Janelle Renschler, Balachundhar Subramaniam, Senthilkumar Sadhasivam

Abstract

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of an intensive 8-day Samyama meditation program on the brain functional connectivity using resting-state functional MRI (rs-fMRI). Methods: Thirteen Samyama program participants (meditators) and 4 controls underwent fMRI brain scans before and after the 8-day residential meditation program. Subjects underwent fMRI with a blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) contrast at rest and during focused breathing. Changes in network connectivity before and after Samyama program were evaluated. In addition, validated psychological metrics were correlated with changes in functional connectivity. Results: Meditators showed significantly increased network connectivity between the salience network (SN) and default mode network (DMN) after the Samyama program (p < 0.01). Increased connectivity within the SN correlated with an improvement in self-reported mindfulness scores (p < 0.01). Conclusion: Samyama, an intensive silent meditation program, favorably increased the resting-state functional connectivity between the salience and default mode networks. During focused breath watching, meditators had lower intra-network connectivity in specific networks. Furthermore, increased intra-network connectivity correlated with improved self-reported mindfulness after Samyama. Clinical Trials Registration: [https://ichgcp.net/clinical-trials-registry/NCT04366544" title="See in ClinicalTrials.gov">NCT04366544]. Registered on 4/17/2020.

Keywords: Isha yoga; Samyama; brain networks; default mode network; fMRI; meditation; mindfulness; salience network.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Copyright © 2021 Vishnubhotla, Radhakrishnan, Kveraga, Deardorff, Ram, Pawale, Wu, Renschler, Subramaniam and Sadhasivam.

Figures

FIGURE 1
FIGURE 1
24 participants initially enrolled with 13 meditators and 4 controls included in the final analysis.
FIGURE 2
FIGURE 2
Changes in functional connectivity was observed in meditators and comparisons were made before and after the Samyama program. (A) Functional connectivity was increased between the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) of the salience network and posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) and precuneus of the default mode network (DMN) in the resting state condition. The PCC also had increased connectivity to the rostral prefrontal cortex (rPFC). (B) Functional connectivity was decreased within the salience network between the supramarginal gyrus (SMG) and ACC and rPFC in the focused breathing condition. Red indicates increased connectivity and blue indicates decreased connectivity.
FIGURE 3
FIGURE 3
Functional connectivities were compared between meditators and controls for each condition. (A) Resting-state pre-program – meditators had decreased connectivity between the front eye fields (FEF) and lateral parietal (LP) lobe and between the left and right intraparietal sulci (IPS). (B) Focused breathing pre-program – no significant difference between the groups. (C) Resting-state post program – meditators had significantly reduced connectivity between the FEF and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dl-PFC) and posterior parietal cortex (PPC). (D) Focused breathing post program – meditators had significantly reduced connectivity between the dl-PFC and LP and the IPS and posterior cingulate cortex (PCC). Red indicates increased connectivity and blue indicates decreased connectivity.
FIGURE 4
FIGURE 4
In meditators completing surveys, changes in mindfulness scores were correlated with changes in functional connectivity. There was increased functional connectivity between the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and supramarginal gyrus (SMG). Red indicates increased connectivity and blue indicates decreased connectivity.

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