Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D status of the US population: 1988-1994 compared with 2000-2004
Anne C Looker, Christine M Pfeiffer, David A Lacher, Rosemary L Schleicher, Mary Frances Picciano, Elizabeth A Yetley, Anne C Looker, Christine M Pfeiffer, David A Lacher, Rosemary L Schleicher, Mary Frances Picciano, Elizabeth A Yetley
Abstract
Background: Changes in serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations in the US population have not been described.
Objective: We used data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) to compare serum 25(OH)D concentrations in the US population in 2000-2004 with those in 1988-1994 and to identify contributing factors.
Design: Serum 25(OH)D was measured with a radioimmunoassay kit in 20 289 participants in NHANES 2000-2004 and in 18 158 participants in NHANES III (1988-1994). Body mass index (BMI) was calculated from measured height and weight. Milk intake and sun protection were assessed by questionnaire. Assay differences were assessed by re-analyzing 150 stored serum specimens from NHANES III with the current assay.
Results: Age-adjusted mean serum 25(OH)D concentrations were 5-20 nmol/L lower in NHANES 2000-2004 than in NHANES III. After adjustment for assay shifts, age-adjusted means in NHANES 2000-2004 remained significantly lower (by 5-9 nmol/L) in most males, but not in most females. In a study subsample, adjustment for the confounding effects of assay differences changed mean serum 25(OH)D concentrations by approximately 10 nmol/L, and adjustment for changes in the factors likely related to real changes in vitamin D status (ie, BMI, milk intake, and sun protection) changed mean serum 25(OH)D concentrations by 1-1.6 nmol/L.
Conclusions: Overall, mean serum 25(OH)D was lower in 2000-2004 than 1988-1994. Assay changes unrelated to changes in vitamin D status accounted for much of the difference in most population groups. In an adult subgroup, combined changes in BMI, milk intake, and sun protection appeared to contribute to a real decline in vitamin D status.
Figures
![Figure 1](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/2745830/bin/nihms108117f1a.jpg)
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Age-standardized mean serum 25OHD by…
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Age-standardized mean serum 25OHD by sex and season of blood collection among persons…
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Mean age- and sex-adjusted serum…
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Mean age- and sex-adjusted serum 25OHD by selected variables for non-Hispanic whites ages…
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Observed and predicted age-standardized mean…
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Observed and predicted age-standardized mean serum 25OHD by sex among non-Hispanic whites age…
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Observed and predicted age-standardized mean…
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Observed and predicted age-standardized mean serum 25OHD by sex among non-Hispanic whites age…
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Observed and predicted age-standardized mean…
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Observed and predicted age-standardized mean serum 25OHD by sex among non-Hispanic whites age…
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- Adolescent
- Adult
- Age Distribution
- Aged
- Body Mass Index
- Bone Density Conservation Agents / administration & dosage*
- Child
- Cross-Sectional Studies
- Dairy Products
- Female
- Humans
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Nutrition Surveys
- Nutritional Status*
- Population Surveillance
- Radioimmunoassay
- Sex Distribution
- Sunscreening Agents / adverse effects
- Surveys and Questionnaires
- Vitamin D / administration & dosage*
- Vitamin D / analogs & derivatives*
- Vitamin D / blood
- Vitamin D Deficiency / blood
- Young Adult
- Bone Density Conservation Agents
- Sunscreening Agents
- Vitamin D
- 25-hydroxyvitamin D
![Figure 1](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/2745830/bin/nihms108117f1b.jpg)
Figure 2
Mean age- and sex-adjusted serum…
Figure 2
Mean age- and sex-adjusted serum 25OHD by selected variables for non-Hispanic whites ages…
Figure 3
Observed and predicted age-standardized mean…
Figure 3
Observed and predicted age-standardized mean serum 25OHD by sex among non-Hispanic whites age…
Figure 3
Observed and predicted age-standardized mean…
Figure 3
Observed and predicted age-standardized mean serum 25OHD by sex among non-Hispanic whites age…
Figure 3
Observed and predicted age-standardized mean…
Figure 3
Observed and predicted age-standardized mean serum 25OHD by sex among non-Hispanic whites age…
![Figure 2](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/2745830/bin/nihms108117f2.jpg)
![Figure 3](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/2745830/bin/nihms108117f3a.jpg)
![Figure 3](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/2745830/bin/nihms108117f3b.jpg)
![Figure 3](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/2745830/bin/nihms108117f3c.jpg)
Source: PubMed