Pathology and Treatment of Traumatic Cervical Spine Syndrome: Whiplash Injury

Nobuhiro Tanaka, Kivanc Atesok, Kazuyoshi Nakanishi, Naosuke Kamei, Toshio Nakamae, Shinji Kotaka, Nobuo Adachi, Nobuhiro Tanaka, Kivanc Atesok, Kazuyoshi Nakanishi, Naosuke Kamei, Toshio Nakamae, Shinji Kotaka, Nobuo Adachi

Abstract

Traumatic cervical syndrome comprises the various symptoms that occur as a result of external force such as that of a traffic accident. In 1995, the Quebec Task Force on whiplash-associated disorders (WAD) formulated the Quebec classification, with accompanying clinical practice guidelines. These guidelines were in accordance with the stated clinical isolated or combined symptoms of the syndrome: neck pain, headaches, dizziness, numbness of head or face, eye pain, vision loss, double vision, tinnitus, hearing loss, nausea, and numbness and/or weakness of extremities. In recent years, cerebrospinal fluid hypovolemia or fibromyalgia has been recognized as a major notable cause of a variety of symptoms, although many clinical questions remain regarding the pathology of this syndrome. Therefore, its diagnosis and treatment should be conducted extremely carefully. While the Quebec classification and its guidelines are very useful for the normalization and standardization of symptoms of traumatic cervical syndrome, in the future, we would like to see the emergence of new guidelines that better address the diversity of this disease.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Schema of connection between upper spinal nerve roots and trigeminal nerve [5].
Figure 2
Figure 2
Clinical practice guidelines by Quebec Task Force on whiplash-associated disorders [2].

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