Worrisome trends in incidence and mortality of candidemia in intensive care units (Paris area, 2002-2010)

Olivier Lortholary, Charlotte Renaudat, Karine Sitbon, Yoann Madec, Lise Denoeud-Ndam, Michel Wolff, Arnaud Fontanet, Stéphane Bretagne, Françoise Dromer, French Mycosis Study Group, C Bouges-Michel, I Poilane, J Dunan, G Galeazzi, A Alanio, F Foulet, N Fauchet, E Forget, C Lawrence, A Angoulvant, C Bonnal, C Hennequin, F Botterel, O Eloy, M -F David, N Khassis, L Milhaila, E Chachaty, C Chochillon, F Lesle, A Paugam, M -T Baixench, M -C Escande, M Cornet, M -E Bougnoux, Y Sterckers, S Challier, E Dannaoui, V Lavarde, A Datry, B L Mimouni, S Brun, A Fekkar, J Guitard, J - L Poirot, C Lacroix, D Moissenet, M Develoux, P Mariani, S Bonacorsi, Marie Desnos- Ollivier, Dea Garcia-Hermoso, Damien Hoinard, Dorothée Raoux, Olivier Lortholary, Charlotte Renaudat, Karine Sitbon, Yoann Madec, Lise Denoeud-Ndam, Michel Wolff, Arnaud Fontanet, Stéphane Bretagne, Françoise Dromer, French Mycosis Study Group, C Bouges-Michel, I Poilane, J Dunan, G Galeazzi, A Alanio, F Foulet, N Fauchet, E Forget, C Lawrence, A Angoulvant, C Bonnal, C Hennequin, F Botterel, O Eloy, M -F David, N Khassis, L Milhaila, E Chachaty, C Chochillon, F Lesle, A Paugam, M -T Baixench, M -C Escande, M Cornet, M -E Bougnoux, Y Sterckers, S Challier, E Dannaoui, V Lavarde, A Datry, B L Mimouni, S Brun, A Fekkar, J Guitard, J - L Poirot, C Lacroix, D Moissenet, M Develoux, P Mariani, S Bonacorsi, Marie Desnos- Ollivier, Dea Garcia-Hermoso, Damien Hoinard, Dorothée Raoux

Abstract

Purpose: To analyze trends in incidence and mortality of candidemia in intensive care units (ICUs) vs. non-ICU hospitalized patients and to determine risk factors for infection by specific species and for death.

Methods: Active hospital-based surveillance program of incident episodes of candidemia due to common species in 24 tertiary care hospitals in the Paris area, France between October 2002 and September 2010.

Results: Among 2,507 adult cases included, 2,571 Candida isolates were collected and species were C. albicans (56 %), C. glabrata (18.6 %), C. parapsilosis (11.5 %), C. tropicalis (9.3 %), C. krusei (2.9 %), and C. kefyr (1.8 %). Candidemia occurred in ICU in 1,206 patients (48.1 %). When comparing ICU vs. non-ICU patients, the former had significantly more frequent surgery during the past 30 days, were more often preexposed to fluconazole and treated with echinocandin, and were less frequently infected with C. parapsilosis. Risk factors and age remained unchanged during the study period. A significant increased incidence in the overall population and ICU was found. The odds of being infected with a given species in ICU was influenced by risk factors and preexposure to fluconazole and caspofungin. Echinocandins initial therapy increased over time in ICU (4.6 % first year of study, to 48.5 % last year of study, p < 0.0001). ICU patients had a higher day-30 death rate than non-ICU patients (odds ratio [OR] 2.12; 95 % confidence interval [CI] 1.66-2.72; p < 0.0001). The day-30 and early (<day 8) death rates increased over time in ICU (from 41.5 % the first to 56.9 % the last year of study (p = 0.001) and 28.7-38.8 % (p = 0.0292), respectively). Independent risk factors for day-30 death in ICU were age, arterial catheter, Candida species, preexposure to caspofungin, and lack of antifungal therapy at the time of blood cultures results (p < 0.05).

Conclusions: The availability of new antifungals and the publication of numerous guidelines did not prevent an increase of candidemia and death in ICU patients in the Paris area.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Kaplan–Meier curves illustrating survival rate after candidemia according to the species involved in case of single infection in ICU a and outside ICU b. YEASTS program, Paris area (October 2002 to September 2010)
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Trends in the incidence of candidemia (a) and in death rate at day 30 (b). YEASTS program, Paris area, France. The parameters are analyzed for all patients (blue line) and patients hospitalized in ICU (red line)

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