Superficial heat or cold for low back pain

Update of

doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004750

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References

References to studies included in this review

Landen 1967 {published data only}

1. Landen BR. Heat or cold for the relief of low back pain?. Phys Ther 1967;47(12):1126‐8. - PubMed

Mayer 2005 {published data only}

1. Mayer JM, Ralph L, Look M, Erasala GN, Verna JL, Matheson LN, et al. Treating acute low back pain with continuous low‐level heat wrap therapy and/or exercise: a randomized controlled trial. The Spine Journal 2005;5(4):395‐403. - PubMed

Melzack 1980 {published data only}

1. Melzack R, Jeans ME, Stratford JG, Monks RC. Ice massage and transcutaneous electrical stimulation: comparison of treatment for low‐back pain. Pain 1980;9(2):209‐17. - PubMed

Nadler 2002 {published and unpublished data}

1. Lloyd A, Scott DA, Akehurst RL, Lurie‐Luke E, Jessen G. Cost‐effectiveness of low‐level heat wrap therapy for low back pain. Value in Health 2004;7(4):413‐22. - PubMed
1. Nadler SF, Steiner DJ, Erasala GN, Hengehold DA, Hinkle RT, Goodale BM, et al. Continuous low‐level heat wrap therapy provides more efficacy than Ibuprofen and acetaminophen for acute low back pain. Spine 2002;27(10):1012‐7. - PubMed

Nadler 2003a {published and unpublished data}

1. Nadler SF, Steiner DJ, Erasala GN, Hengehold DA, Abeln SB, Weingand KW. Continuous low‐level heatwrap therapy for treating acute nonspecific low back pain. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation 2003;84(3):329‐334. - PubMed
1. Weingand K. Continuous low‐level topical heat therapy is effective for treating low back pain. Low Back Pain and Disability: Unraveling the Puzzle. New York, NY: Physical Medicine Research Foundation Conference, 2‐5 November, 2000.

Nadler 2003b {published data only}

1. Nadler SF, Steiner DJ, Petty SR, Erasala GN, Hengehold DA, Weingand KW. Overnight use of continuous low‐level heatwrap therapy for relief of low back pain. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation 2003;8(3):335‐42. - PubMed

Nuhr 2004 {published data only}

1. Nuhr M, Hoerauf K, Bertalanffy A, Bertalanffy P, Frickey N, Gore C, et al. Active warming during emergency transport relieves acute low back pain. Spine 2004;29(14):1499‐503. - PubMed

Roberts 1992 {published data only}

1. Roberts D, Walls C, Carlile J, Wheaton C, Aronoff G. Relief of chronic low back pain: heat versus cold. In: Aronoff GH editor(s). Chapter 13, Evaluation and Treatment of Chronic Pain. 2nd Edition. Baltimore: Urban & Schwarzenberg, 1992:263‐6.

St John Dixon 1972 {published data only}

1. John Dixon A, Owen‐Smith BD, Harrison RA. Cold‐sensitive, non‐specific, low back pain: a comparative trial of treatment. Clinical Trials Journal 1972;4:16‐21.

References to studies excluded from this review

Aglas 1997 {published data only}

1. Aglas F, Uitz E, Rainer F. A controlled study to assess efficacy and tolerability of a portable heat application system in patients suffering from spine‐related pain syndromes [Eine kontrollierte studie zur beurteilung der wirksamkeit und vertraglichkeit eines heilwarme‐aktiv‐systems bei patienten mit vertebragenen schmerzen]. Physikalische Medizin Rehabilitationsmedizin Kurortmedizin 1997;7(2):47‐50.

Chok 1999 {published data only}

1. Chok B, Lee R, Latimer J, Tan SB. Endurance training of the trunk extensor muscles in people with subacute low back pain. Physical Therapy 1999;79(11):1032‐42. - PubMed

Constant 1995 {published data only}

1. Constant F, Collin JF, Guillemin F, Boulange M. Effectiveness of spa therapy in chronic low back pain: a randomized clinical trial. Journal of Rheumatology 1995;22(7):1315‐20. - PubMed

Constant 1998 {published data only}

1. Constant F, Guillemin F, Collin JF, Boulange M. Use of spa therapy to improve the quality of life of chronic low back pain patients. Medical Care 1998;36(9):1309‐14. - PubMed

Ferrell 1997 {published data only}

1. Ferrell BA, Josephson KR, Pollan AM, Loy S, Ferrell BR. A randomized trial of walking versus physical methods for chronic pain management. Aging (Milano) 1997;9(1‐2):99‐105. - PubMed

Gallacchi 1981 {published data only}

1. Gallacchi G, Mueller W, Plattner GR, Schnorrenberger CC. Acupuncture and treatment with laser radiation in cases of cervical and lumbar syndromes [Akupunktur‐ und laserstrahlbehandlung beim zervikal‐ und lumbalsyndrom]. Schweiz Med Wochenschr 1981;111(37):1360‐6. - PubMed

Garvey 1989 {published data only}

1. Garvey TA, Marks MR, Wiesel SW. A prospective, randomized, double‐blind evaluation of trigger‐point injection therapy for low‐back pain. Spine 1989;14(9):962‐4. - PubMed

Grant 1964 {published data only}

1. Grant AE. Massage with ice (cryokinetics) in the treatment of painful conditions of the musculoskeletal system. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1964;45:233‐8. - PubMed

Guillemin 1994 {published data only}

1. Guillemin F, Constant F, Collin JF, Boulange M. Short and long‐term effect of spa therapy in chronic low back pain. British Journal of Rheumatology 1994;33(2):148‐51. - PubMed

Hansen 1993 {published data only}

1. Hansen FR, Bendix T, Skov P, Jensen CV, Kristensen JH, Krohn L, et al. Intensive, dynamic back‐muscle exercises, conventional physiotherapy, or placebo‐control treatment of low‐back pain. A randomized, observer‐ blind trial. Spine 1993;18(1):98. - PubMed

Hemmila 1997 {published data only}

1. Hemmila HM, Keinanen‐Kiukaanniemi SM, Levoska S, Puska P. Does folk medicine work? A randomized clinical trial on patients with prolonged back pain. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1997;78(6):571‐7. - PubMed

Hsieh 1992 {published data only}

1. Hsieh CY, Phillips RB, Adams AH, Pope MH. Functional outcomes of low back pain: comparison of four treatment groups in a randomized controlled trial. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 1992;15(1):4‐9. - PubMed

Hurwitz 2002 {published data only}

1. Hurwitz EL, Morgenstern H, Harber P, Kominsky GF, Belin TR, Yu F, et al. The effectiveness of physical modalities among patients with low back pain randomized to chiropractic care: findings from the UCLA low back pain study. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics 2002;25(1):10‐20. - PubMed

Ishimaru 1993 {published data only}

1. Ishimaru K, Shinohara S, Kitade T, Hyodo M. Clinical efficacy of electrical heat acupuncture (First report): Effect on low back pain. American Journal of Acupuncture 1993;21(1):13‐18.

Janora 1998 {published data only}

1. Janora D, Jermyn R, Mazzula S. Use of the aquamed chair for low back pain in the geriatric population. Journal of the American Osteopathic Association 1998;98(7):396.

Jayson 1981 {published data only}

1. Jayson MI, Sims‐Williams H, Young S, Baddeley H, Collins E. Mobilization and manipulation for low‐back pain. Spine 1981;6(4):409‐16. - PubMed

Kankaanpaa 1999 {published data only}

1. Kankaanpaa M, Taimela S, Airaksinen O, Hanninen O. The efficacy of active rehabilitation in chronic low back pain. Effect on pain intensity, self‐experienced disability, and lumbar fatigability. Spine 1999;24(10):1034‐4. - PubMed

Keel 1998 {published data only}

1. Keel PJ, Wittig R, Deutschmann R, Diethelm U, Knusel O, Loschmann C, et al. Effectiveness of in‐patient rehabilitation for sub‐chronic and chronic low back pain by an integrative group treatment program (Swiss Multicentre Study). Scand J Rehab Med 1998;30(4):211‐19. - PubMed

Kinalski 1989 {published data only}

1. Kinalski R, Kuwik W, Pietrzak D. The comparison of the results of manual therapy versus physiotherapy methods used in treatment of patients with low back pain syndromes. Manual Med 1989;4:44‐6.

Koes 1992 {published data only}

1. Koes BW, Bouter LM, Mameren H, Essers AH, Verstegen GM, Hofhuizen DM, et al. Randomised clinical trial of manipulative therapy and physiotherapy for persistent back and neck complaints: results of one year follow up. BMJ 1992;304(6827):601. - PMC - PubMed

Konrad 1992 {published data only}

1. Konrad K, Tatrai T, Hunka A, Vereckei E, Korondi I. Controlled trial of balneotherapy in treatment of low back pain. Ann Rheum Dis 1992;51(6):820‐2. - PMC - PubMed

Kovarovicova 1990 {published data only}

1. Kovarovicova J. Comparison of the effect of magnetotherapy and mud packs in vertebrogenic syndrome [Porovnani ucinku magnetoterapie se slatinnymi zabaly u vertebrogenniho syndromu]. Fysiatrickay a Reumatologickay Vestniak 1990;68(4):209‐15.

Kranjc 1992 {published data only}

1. Kranjc I, Turk Z. Results of a comparative study of the success of treatment of pain in the lumbar spine at the Moravske Toplice health spa, at the department of physical therapy and rehabilitation and at the department of rheumatology of the Maribor Teaching Hospital [Rezultati usporednog ispitivanja uspjesnosti lijecenja boli u lumbalnom predjelu kraljesnice u ljecilistu Moravske Toplice, na odjelu za fizikalnu terapiju i rehabilitaciju te na odjelu za reumatologiju nastavne bolnice Maribor]. Reumatizam 1992;39(2):33‐7. - PubMed

Leclaire 1996 {published data only}

1. Leclaire R, Esdaile JM, Suissa S, Rossignol M, Proulx R, Dupuis M. Back school in a first episode of compensated acute low back pain: a clinical trial to assess efficacy and prevent relapse. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1996;77(7):673‐9. - PubMed

Lindstrom 1970 {published data only}

1. Lindstrom A, Zachrisson M. Physical therapy on low back pain and sciatica: an attempt at evaluation. Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 1970;2:37‐42. - PubMed

Lurie‐Luke 2003 {published data only}

1. Lurie‐Luke E, Neubauer G, Lindl C, Breitkreutz H, Fischer P, Hitzeroth S. An exploratory workplace study to investigate the perceived value of continuous low‐level heatwrap therapy in manual workers. Occupational Medicine 2003;53(3):173‐8. - PubMed

Magyarosy 1996 {published data only}

1. Magyarosy I, Krause KH, Resch KL, Guggemos W, Utzschneider I, Gall H, et al. Surface EMG response to heat and cold application on back muscles: implications for the therapy of low back pain. European Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 1996;6(2):39‐42.

McCray 1984 {published data only}

1. McCray RE, Patton NJ. Pain relief at trigger points: a comparison of moist heat and shortwave diathermy. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy 1984;5(4):175‐8. - PubMed

Metzger 2000 {published data only}

1. Metzger D, Zwingmann C, Protz W, Jackel WH. The whole body cold therapy as analgesic treatment in patients with rheumatic diseases [Die beduetung der ganzkorper‐kaltetherapie im rahmen der rehabilitation bei patienten mit rheumatischen erkrankungen: ergebnisse einer pilotstudie]. Rehabilitation 2000;39(2):93‐100. - PubMed

Nwuga 1982 {published data only}

1. Nwuga VC. Relative therapeutic efficacy of vertebral manipulation and conventional treatment in back pain management. Am J Phys Med 1982;61(6):273‐8. - PubMed

O'Sullivan 1997 {published data only}

1. O'Sullivan PB, Phyty GD, Twomey LT, Allison GT. Evaluation of specific stabilizing exercise in the treatment of chronic low back pain with radiologic diagnosis of spondylolysis or spondylolisthesis. Spine 1997;22(24):2959‐67. - PubMed

Sims‐Williams 1979 {published data only}

1. Sims‐Williams H, Jayson MI, Young SM, Baddeley H, Collins E. Controlled trial of mobilisation and manipulation for low back pain: hospital patients. BMJ 1979;2(6201):1318‐20. - PMC - PubMed

Steinberg 1994 {published data only}

1. Steinberg R, Callies R, Bocker B. Changes in pain in the first and second halves of serial cold‐air therapy [Schmerzanderung in der ersten und zweiten halfte einer seriellen kaltlufttherapie]. Physikalische Medizin Rehabilitationsmedizin Kurortmedizin 1994;4(4):120‐1.

Talo 1992 {published data only}

1. Talo S, Rytokoski U, Puukka P. 1992 Volvo award in clinical sciences. Patient classification, a key to evaluate pain treatment: A psychological study in chronic low back pain patients. Spine 1992;17(9):998‐1010. - PubMed

Tasleem 2003 {published data only}

1. Tasleem RA, Buth BA, Koul PA, Kadri SM. Chronic low back pain: comparative analysis of treatment response to drugs and different physical modalities. JK Practitioner 2003;10(3):201‐4.

Torstensen 1998 {published data only}

1. Torstensen TA, Ljunggren AE, Meen HD, Odland E, Mowinckel P, Geijerstam S. Efficiency and costs of medical exercise therapy, conventional physiotherapy, and self‐exercise in patients with chronic low back pain. A pragmatic, randomized, single‐blinded, controlled trial with 1‐ year follow‐up. Spine 1998;23(23):2616‐24. - PubMed

Traherne 1962 {published data only}

1. Traherne JB. Evaluation of the cold spray technique in the treatment of muscle pain in general practice. Practitioner 1962;189:210‐2. - PubMed

Trowbridge 2004 {published data only}

1. Trowbridge CA, Draper DO, Feland JB, Jutte LS, Eggett DL. Paraspinal musculature and skin temperature changes: comparing the Thermacare HeatWrap, the Johnson & Johnson Back Plaster, and the ABC Warme‐Pflaster. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy 2004;34(9):549‐58. - PubMed

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Yurtkuran 1997 {published data only}

1. Yurtkuran M, Kahraman Z, Sivrioglu K, Afsin Y, Dogan M. Balneotherapy in low back pain. European Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 1997;7(4):120‐3.

Additional references

AAMPGG 2003

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ACC 1997

1. ACC and the National Health Committee (1997). New Zealand Acute Low Back Pain Guide. Wellington, New Zealand. Wellington, New Zealand.

Battie 1994

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Bhandari 2004

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Clinical Trials as Topic
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Cryotherapy / methods*
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Hot Temperature / therapeutic use*
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Humans
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Low Back Pain / therapy*
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1.2. Analysis

Comparison 1 Heat vs placebo or non‐heated wrap (acute and sub‐acute LBP

1.3. Analysis

Comparison 1 Heat vs placebo…

1.3. Analysis

Comparison 1 Heat vs placebo or non‐heated wrap (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3…

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Comparison 1 Heat vs placebo or non‐heated wrap (acute and sub‐acute LBP

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Comparison 1 Heat vs placebo…

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Comparison 1 Heat vs placebo or non‐heated wrap (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3…

1.4. Analysis

Comparison 1 Heat vs placebo or non‐heated wrap (acute and sub‐acute LBP

2.1. Analysis

Comparison 2 Heat vs other…

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Comparison 2 Heat vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3 months), Outcome…

2.1. Analysis

Comparison 2 Heat vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

2.2. Analysis

Comparison 2 Heat vs other…

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Comparison 2 Heat vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3 months), Outcome…

2.2. Analysis

Comparison 2 Heat vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

2.3. Analysis

Comparison 2 Heat vs other…

2.3. Analysis

Comparison 2 Heat vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3 months), Outcome…

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Comparison 2 Heat vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

2.4. Analysis

Comparison 2 Heat vs other…

2.4. Analysis

Comparison 2 Heat vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3 months), Outcome…

2.4. Analysis

Comparison 2 Heat vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

2.5. Analysis

Comparison 2 Heat vs other…

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Comparison 2 Heat vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3 months), Outcome…

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Comparison 2 Heat vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

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Comparison 2 Heat vs other…

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Comparison 2 Heat vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3 months), Outcome…

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Comparison 2 Heat vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

2.7. Analysis

Comparison 2 Heat vs other…

2.7. Analysis

Comparison 2 Heat vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3 months), Outcome…

2.7. Analysis

Comparison 2 Heat vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

3.1. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise…

3.1. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3…

3.1. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

3.2. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise…

3.2. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3…

3.2. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

3.3. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise…

3.3. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3…

3.3. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

3.4. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise…

3.4. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3…

3.4. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

3.5. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise…

3.5. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3…

3.5. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

3.6. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise…

3.6. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3…

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Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

3.7. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise…

3.7. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3…

3.7. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

3.8. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise…

3.8. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3…

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Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

3.9. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise…

3.9. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3…

3.9. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

All figures (21)

Update of

doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004750

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French SD, Cameron M, Walker BF, Reggars JW, Esterman AJ. French SD, et al. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2006 Apr 20;31(9):998-1006. doi: 10.1097/01.brs.0000214881.10814.64. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2006. PMID: 16641776 Review.
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Cold-water immersion (cryotherapy) for preventing and treating muscle soreness after exercise.
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Muscle energy technique for non-specific low-back pain.
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References

References to studies included in this review

Landen 1967 {published data only}

1. Landen BR. Heat or cold for the relief of low back pain?. Phys Ther 1967;47(12):1126‐8. - PubMed

Mayer 2005 {published data only}

1. Mayer JM, Ralph L, Look M, Erasala GN, Verna JL, Matheson LN, et al. Treating acute low back pain with continuous low‐level heat wrap therapy and/or exercise: a randomized controlled trial. The Spine Journal 2005;5(4):395‐403. - PubMed

Melzack 1980 {published data only}

1. Melzack R, Jeans ME, Stratford JG, Monks RC. Ice massage and transcutaneous electrical stimulation: comparison of treatment for low‐back pain. Pain 1980;9(2):209‐17. - PubMed

Nadler 2002 {published and unpublished data}

1. Lloyd A, Scott DA, Akehurst RL, Lurie‐Luke E, Jessen G. Cost‐effectiveness of low‐level heat wrap therapy for low back pain. Value in Health 2004;7(4):413‐22. - PubMed
1. Nadler SF, Steiner DJ, Erasala GN, Hengehold DA, Hinkle RT, Goodale BM, et al. Continuous low‐level heat wrap therapy provides more efficacy than Ibuprofen and acetaminophen for acute low back pain. Spine 2002;27(10):1012‐7. - PubMed

Nadler 2003a {published and unpublished data}

1. Nadler SF, Steiner DJ, Erasala GN, Hengehold DA, Abeln SB, Weingand KW. Continuous low‐level heatwrap therapy for treating acute nonspecific low back pain. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation 2003;84(3):329‐334. - PubMed
1. Weingand K. Continuous low‐level topical heat therapy is effective for treating low back pain. Low Back Pain and Disability: Unraveling the Puzzle. New York, NY: Physical Medicine Research Foundation Conference, 2‐5 November, 2000.

Nadler 2003b {published data only}

1. Nadler SF, Steiner DJ, Petty SR, Erasala GN, Hengehold DA, Weingand KW. Overnight use of continuous low‐level heatwrap therapy for relief of low back pain. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation 2003;8(3):335‐42. - PubMed

Nuhr 2004 {published data only}

1. Nuhr M, Hoerauf K, Bertalanffy A, Bertalanffy P, Frickey N, Gore C, et al. Active warming during emergency transport relieves acute low back pain. Spine 2004;29(14):1499‐503. - PubMed

Roberts 1992 {published data only}

1. Roberts D, Walls C, Carlile J, Wheaton C, Aronoff G. Relief of chronic low back pain: heat versus cold. In: Aronoff GH editor(s). Chapter 13, Evaluation and Treatment of Chronic Pain. 2nd Edition. Baltimore: Urban & Schwarzenberg, 1992:263‐6.

St John Dixon 1972 {published data only}

1. John Dixon A, Owen‐Smith BD, Harrison RA. Cold‐sensitive, non‐specific, low back pain: a comparative trial of treatment. Clinical Trials Journal 1972;4:16‐21.

References to studies excluded from this review

Aglas 1997 {published data only}

1. Aglas F, Uitz E, Rainer F. A controlled study to assess efficacy and tolerability of a portable heat application system in patients suffering from spine‐related pain syndromes [Eine kontrollierte studie zur beurteilung der wirksamkeit und vertraglichkeit eines heilwarme‐aktiv‐systems bei patienten mit vertebragenen schmerzen]. Physikalische Medizin Rehabilitationsmedizin Kurortmedizin 1997;7(2):47‐50.

Chok 1999 {published data only}

1. Chok B, Lee R, Latimer J, Tan SB. Endurance training of the trunk extensor muscles in people with subacute low back pain. Physical Therapy 1999;79(11):1032‐42. - PubMed

Constant 1995 {published data only}

1. Constant F, Collin JF, Guillemin F, Boulange M. Effectiveness of spa therapy in chronic low back pain: a randomized clinical trial. Journal of Rheumatology 1995;22(7):1315‐20. - PubMed

Constant 1998 {published data only}

1. Constant F, Guillemin F, Collin JF, Boulange M. Use of spa therapy to improve the quality of life of chronic low back pain patients. Medical Care 1998;36(9):1309‐14. - PubMed

Ferrell 1997 {published data only}

1. Ferrell BA, Josephson KR, Pollan AM, Loy S, Ferrell BR. A randomized trial of walking versus physical methods for chronic pain management. Aging (Milano) 1997;9(1‐2):99‐105. - PubMed

Gallacchi 1981 {published data only}

1. Gallacchi G, Mueller W, Plattner GR, Schnorrenberger CC. Acupuncture and treatment with laser radiation in cases of cervical and lumbar syndromes [Akupunktur‐ und laserstrahlbehandlung beim zervikal‐ und lumbalsyndrom]. Schweiz Med Wochenschr 1981;111(37):1360‐6. - PubMed

Garvey 1989 {published data only}

1. Garvey TA, Marks MR, Wiesel SW. A prospective, randomized, double‐blind evaluation of trigger‐point injection therapy for low‐back pain. Spine 1989;14(9):962‐4. - PubMed

Grant 1964 {published data only}

1. Grant AE. Massage with ice (cryokinetics) in the treatment of painful conditions of the musculoskeletal system. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1964;45:233‐8. - PubMed

Guillemin 1994 {published data only}

1. Guillemin F, Constant F, Collin JF, Boulange M. Short and long‐term effect of spa therapy in chronic low back pain. British Journal of Rheumatology 1994;33(2):148‐51. - PubMed

Hansen 1993 {published data only}

1. Hansen FR, Bendix T, Skov P, Jensen CV, Kristensen JH, Krohn L, et al. Intensive, dynamic back‐muscle exercises, conventional physiotherapy, or placebo‐control treatment of low‐back pain. A randomized, observer‐ blind trial. Spine 1993;18(1):98. - PubMed

Hemmila 1997 {published data only}

1. Hemmila HM, Keinanen‐Kiukaanniemi SM, Levoska S, Puska P. Does folk medicine work? A randomized clinical trial on patients with prolonged back pain. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1997;78(6):571‐7. - PubMed

Hsieh 1992 {published data only}

1. Hsieh CY, Phillips RB, Adams AH, Pope MH. Functional outcomes of low back pain: comparison of four treatment groups in a randomized controlled trial. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 1992;15(1):4‐9. - PubMed

Hurwitz 2002 {published data only}

1. Hurwitz EL, Morgenstern H, Harber P, Kominsky GF, Belin TR, Yu F, et al. The effectiveness of physical modalities among patients with low back pain randomized to chiropractic care: findings from the UCLA low back pain study. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics 2002;25(1):10‐20. - PubMed

Ishimaru 1993 {published data only}

1. Ishimaru K, Shinohara S, Kitade T, Hyodo M. Clinical efficacy of electrical heat acupuncture (First report): Effect on low back pain. American Journal of Acupuncture 1993;21(1):13‐18.

Janora 1998 {published data only}

1. Janora D, Jermyn R, Mazzula S. Use of the aquamed chair for low back pain in the geriatric population. Journal of the American Osteopathic Association 1998;98(7):396.

Jayson 1981 {published data only}

1. Jayson MI, Sims‐Williams H, Young S, Baddeley H, Collins E. Mobilization and manipulation for low‐back pain. Spine 1981;6(4):409‐16. - PubMed

Kankaanpaa 1999 {published data only}

1. Kankaanpaa M, Taimela S, Airaksinen O, Hanninen O. The efficacy of active rehabilitation in chronic low back pain. Effect on pain intensity, self‐experienced disability, and lumbar fatigability. Spine 1999;24(10):1034‐4. - PubMed

Keel 1998 {published data only}

1. Keel PJ, Wittig R, Deutschmann R, Diethelm U, Knusel O, Loschmann C, et al. Effectiveness of in‐patient rehabilitation for sub‐chronic and chronic low back pain by an integrative group treatment program (Swiss Multicentre Study). Scand J Rehab Med 1998;30(4):211‐19. - PubMed

Kinalski 1989 {published data only}

1. Kinalski R, Kuwik W, Pietrzak D. The comparison of the results of manual therapy versus physiotherapy methods used in treatment of patients with low back pain syndromes. Manual Med 1989;4:44‐6.

Koes 1992 {published data only}

1. Koes BW, Bouter LM, Mameren H, Essers AH, Verstegen GM, Hofhuizen DM, et al. Randomised clinical trial of manipulative therapy and physiotherapy for persistent back and neck complaints: results of one year follow up. BMJ 1992;304(6827):601. - PMC - PubMed

Konrad 1992 {published data only}

1. Konrad K, Tatrai T, Hunka A, Vereckei E, Korondi I. Controlled trial of balneotherapy in treatment of low back pain. Ann Rheum Dis 1992;51(6):820‐2. - PMC - PubMed

Kovarovicova 1990 {published data only}

1. Kovarovicova J. Comparison of the effect of magnetotherapy and mud packs in vertebrogenic syndrome [Porovnani ucinku magnetoterapie se slatinnymi zabaly u vertebrogenniho syndromu]. Fysiatrickay a Reumatologickay Vestniak 1990;68(4):209‐15.

Kranjc 1992 {published data only}

1. Kranjc I, Turk Z. Results of a comparative study of the success of treatment of pain in the lumbar spine at the Moravske Toplice health spa, at the department of physical therapy and rehabilitation and at the department of rheumatology of the Maribor Teaching Hospital [Rezultati usporednog ispitivanja uspjesnosti lijecenja boli u lumbalnom predjelu kraljesnice u ljecilistu Moravske Toplice, na odjelu za fizikalnu terapiju i rehabilitaciju te na odjelu za reumatologiju nastavne bolnice Maribor]. Reumatizam 1992;39(2):33‐7. - PubMed

Leclaire 1996 {published data only}

1. Leclaire R, Esdaile JM, Suissa S, Rossignol M, Proulx R, Dupuis M. Back school in a first episode of compensated acute low back pain: a clinical trial to assess efficacy and prevent relapse. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1996;77(7):673‐9. - PubMed

Lindstrom 1970 {published data only}

1. Lindstrom A, Zachrisson M. Physical therapy on low back pain and sciatica: an attempt at evaluation. Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 1970;2:37‐42. - PubMed

Lurie‐Luke 2003 {published data only}

1. Lurie‐Luke E, Neubauer G, Lindl C, Breitkreutz H, Fischer P, Hitzeroth S. An exploratory workplace study to investigate the perceived value of continuous low‐level heatwrap therapy in manual workers. Occupational Medicine 2003;53(3):173‐8. - PubMed

Magyarosy 1996 {published data only}

1. Magyarosy I, Krause KH, Resch KL, Guggemos W, Utzschneider I, Gall H, et al. Surface EMG response to heat and cold application on back muscles: implications for the therapy of low back pain. European Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 1996;6(2):39‐42.

McCray 1984 {published data only}

1. McCray RE, Patton NJ. Pain relief at trigger points: a comparison of moist heat and shortwave diathermy. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy 1984;5(4):175‐8. - PubMed

Metzger 2000 {published data only}

1. Metzger D, Zwingmann C, Protz W, Jackel WH. The whole body cold therapy as analgesic treatment in patients with rheumatic diseases [Die beduetung der ganzkorper‐kaltetherapie im rahmen der rehabilitation bei patienten mit rheumatischen erkrankungen: ergebnisse einer pilotstudie]. Rehabilitation 2000;39(2):93‐100. - PubMed

Nwuga 1982 {published data only}

1. Nwuga VC. Relative therapeutic efficacy of vertebral manipulation and conventional treatment in back pain management. Am J Phys Med 1982;61(6):273‐8. - PubMed

O'Sullivan 1997 {published data only}

1. O'Sullivan PB, Phyty GD, Twomey LT, Allison GT. Evaluation of specific stabilizing exercise in the treatment of chronic low back pain with radiologic diagnosis of spondylolysis or spondylolisthesis. Spine 1997;22(24):2959‐67. - PubMed

Sims‐Williams 1979 {published data only}

1. Sims‐Williams H, Jayson MI, Young SM, Baddeley H, Collins E. Controlled trial of mobilisation and manipulation for low back pain: hospital patients. BMJ 1979;2(6201):1318‐20. - PMC - PubMed

Steinberg 1994 {published data only}

1. Steinberg R, Callies R, Bocker B. Changes in pain in the first and second halves of serial cold‐air therapy [Schmerzanderung in der ersten und zweiten halfte einer seriellen kaltlufttherapie]. Physikalische Medizin Rehabilitationsmedizin Kurortmedizin 1994;4(4):120‐1.

Talo 1992 {published data only}

1. Talo S, Rytokoski U, Puukka P. 1992 Volvo award in clinical sciences. Patient classification, a key to evaluate pain treatment: A psychological study in chronic low back pain patients. Spine 1992;17(9):998‐1010. - PubMed

Tasleem 2003 {published data only}

1. Tasleem RA, Buth BA, Koul PA, Kadri SM. Chronic low back pain: comparative analysis of treatment response to drugs and different physical modalities. JK Practitioner 2003;10(3):201‐4.

Torstensen 1998 {published data only}

1. Torstensen TA, Ljunggren AE, Meen HD, Odland E, Mowinckel P, Geijerstam S. Efficiency and costs of medical exercise therapy, conventional physiotherapy, and self‐exercise in patients with chronic low back pain. A pragmatic, randomized, single‐blinded, controlled trial with 1‐ year follow‐up. Spine 1998;23(23):2616‐24. - PubMed

Traherne 1962 {published data only}

1. Traherne JB. Evaluation of the cold spray technique in the treatment of muscle pain in general practice. Practitioner 1962;189:210‐2. - PubMed

Trowbridge 2004 {published data only}

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Yuan 1981 {published data only}

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Yurtkuran 1997 {published data only}

1. Yurtkuran M, Kahraman Z, Sivrioglu K, Afsin Y, Dogan M. Balneotherapy in low back pain. European Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 1997;7(4):120‐3.

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Clinical Trials as Topic
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Cryotherapy / methods*
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Hot Temperature / therapeutic use*
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Humans
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Low Back Pain / therapy*
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1.3. Analysis

Comparison 1 Heat vs placebo or non‐heated wrap (acute and sub‐acute LBP

1.4. Analysis

Comparison 1 Heat vs placebo…

1.4. Analysis

Comparison 1 Heat vs placebo or non‐heated wrap (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3…

1.4. Analysis

Comparison 1 Heat vs placebo or non‐heated wrap (acute and sub‐acute LBP

2.1. Analysis

Comparison 2 Heat vs other…

2.1. Analysis

Comparison 2 Heat vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3 months), Outcome…

2.1. Analysis

Comparison 2 Heat vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

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Comparison 2 Heat vs other…

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Comparison 2 Heat vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3 months), Outcome…

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Comparison 2 Heat vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

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Comparison 2 Heat vs other…

2.3. Analysis

Comparison 2 Heat vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3 months), Outcome…

2.3. Analysis

Comparison 2 Heat vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

2.4. Analysis

Comparison 2 Heat vs other…

2.4. Analysis

Comparison 2 Heat vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3 months), Outcome…

2.4. Analysis

Comparison 2 Heat vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

2.5. Analysis

Comparison 2 Heat vs other…

2.5. Analysis

Comparison 2 Heat vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3 months), Outcome…

2.5. Analysis

Comparison 2 Heat vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

2.6. Analysis

Comparison 2 Heat vs other…

2.6. Analysis

Comparison 2 Heat vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3 months), Outcome…

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Comparison 2 Heat vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

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Comparison 2 Heat vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3 months), Outcome…

2.7. Analysis

Comparison 2 Heat vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

3.1. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise…

3.1. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3…

3.1. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

3.2. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise…

3.2. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3…

3.2. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

3.3. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise…

3.3. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3…

3.3. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

3.4. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise…

3.4. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3…

3.4. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

3.5. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise…

3.5. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3…

3.5. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

3.6. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise…

3.6. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3…

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Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

3.7. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise…

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Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3…

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Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

3.8. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise…

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Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3…

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Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

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Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3…

3.9. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

All figures (21)

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Bleakley C, McDonough S, Gardner E, Baxter GD, Hopkins JT, Davison GW. Bleakley C, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Feb 15;2012(2):CD008262. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD008262.pub2. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012. PMID: 22336838 Free PMC article.
Muscle energy technique for non-specific low-back pain.
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References

References to studies included in this review

Landen 1967 {published data only}

1. Landen BR. Heat or cold for the relief of low back pain?. Phys Ther 1967;47(12):1126‐8. - PubMed

Mayer 2005 {published data only}

1. Mayer JM, Ralph L, Look M, Erasala GN, Verna JL, Matheson LN, et al. Treating acute low back pain with continuous low‐level heat wrap therapy and/or exercise: a randomized controlled trial. The Spine Journal 2005;5(4):395‐403. - PubMed

Melzack 1980 {published data only}

1. Melzack R, Jeans ME, Stratford JG, Monks RC. Ice massage and transcutaneous electrical stimulation: comparison of treatment for low‐back pain. Pain 1980;9(2):209‐17. - PubMed

Nadler 2002 {published and unpublished data}

1. Lloyd A, Scott DA, Akehurst RL, Lurie‐Luke E, Jessen G. Cost‐effectiveness of low‐level heat wrap therapy for low back pain. Value in Health 2004;7(4):413‐22. - PubMed
1. Nadler SF, Steiner DJ, Erasala GN, Hengehold DA, Hinkle RT, Goodale BM, et al. Continuous low‐level heat wrap therapy provides more efficacy than Ibuprofen and acetaminophen for acute low back pain. Spine 2002;27(10):1012‐7. - PubMed

Nadler 2003a {published and unpublished data}

1. Nadler SF, Steiner DJ, Erasala GN, Hengehold DA, Abeln SB, Weingand KW. Continuous low‐level heatwrap therapy for treating acute nonspecific low back pain. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation 2003;84(3):329‐334. - PubMed
1. Weingand K. Continuous low‐level topical heat therapy is effective for treating low back pain. Low Back Pain and Disability: Unraveling the Puzzle. New York, NY: Physical Medicine Research Foundation Conference, 2‐5 November, 2000.

Nadler 2003b {published data only}

1. Nadler SF, Steiner DJ, Petty SR, Erasala GN, Hengehold DA, Weingand KW. Overnight use of continuous low‐level heatwrap therapy for relief of low back pain. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation 2003;8(3):335‐42. - PubMed

Nuhr 2004 {published data only}

1. Nuhr M, Hoerauf K, Bertalanffy A, Bertalanffy P, Frickey N, Gore C, et al. Active warming during emergency transport relieves acute low back pain. Spine 2004;29(14):1499‐503. - PubMed

Roberts 1992 {published data only}

1. Roberts D, Walls C, Carlile J, Wheaton C, Aronoff G. Relief of chronic low back pain: heat versus cold. In: Aronoff GH editor(s). Chapter 13, Evaluation and Treatment of Chronic Pain. 2nd Edition. Baltimore: Urban & Schwarzenberg, 1992:263‐6.

St John Dixon 1972 {published data only}

1. John Dixon A, Owen‐Smith BD, Harrison RA. Cold‐sensitive, non‐specific, low back pain: a comparative trial of treatment. Clinical Trials Journal 1972;4:16‐21.

References to studies excluded from this review

Aglas 1997 {published data only}

1. Aglas F, Uitz E, Rainer F. A controlled study to assess efficacy and tolerability of a portable heat application system in patients suffering from spine‐related pain syndromes [Eine kontrollierte studie zur beurteilung der wirksamkeit und vertraglichkeit eines heilwarme‐aktiv‐systems bei patienten mit vertebragenen schmerzen]. Physikalische Medizin Rehabilitationsmedizin Kurortmedizin 1997;7(2):47‐50.

Chok 1999 {published data only}

1. Chok B, Lee R, Latimer J, Tan SB. Endurance training of the trunk extensor muscles in people with subacute low back pain. Physical Therapy 1999;79(11):1032‐42. - PubMed

Constant 1995 {published data only}

1. Constant F, Collin JF, Guillemin F, Boulange M. Effectiveness of spa therapy in chronic low back pain: a randomized clinical trial. Journal of Rheumatology 1995;22(7):1315‐20. - PubMed

Constant 1998 {published data only}

1. Constant F, Guillemin F, Collin JF, Boulange M. Use of spa therapy to improve the quality of life of chronic low back pain patients. Medical Care 1998;36(9):1309‐14. - PubMed

Ferrell 1997 {published data only}

1. Ferrell BA, Josephson KR, Pollan AM, Loy S, Ferrell BR. A randomized trial of walking versus physical methods for chronic pain management. Aging (Milano) 1997;9(1‐2):99‐105. - PubMed

Gallacchi 1981 {published data only}

1. Gallacchi G, Mueller W, Plattner GR, Schnorrenberger CC. Acupuncture and treatment with laser radiation in cases of cervical and lumbar syndromes [Akupunktur‐ und laserstrahlbehandlung beim zervikal‐ und lumbalsyndrom]. Schweiz Med Wochenschr 1981;111(37):1360‐6. - PubMed

Garvey 1989 {published data only}

1. Garvey TA, Marks MR, Wiesel SW. A prospective, randomized, double‐blind evaluation of trigger‐point injection therapy for low‐back pain. Spine 1989;14(9):962‐4. - PubMed

Grant 1964 {published data only}

1. Grant AE. Massage with ice (cryokinetics) in the treatment of painful conditions of the musculoskeletal system. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1964;45:233‐8. - PubMed

Guillemin 1994 {published data only}

1. Guillemin F, Constant F, Collin JF, Boulange M. Short and long‐term effect of spa therapy in chronic low back pain. British Journal of Rheumatology 1994;33(2):148‐51. - PubMed

Hansen 1993 {published data only}

1. Hansen FR, Bendix T, Skov P, Jensen CV, Kristensen JH, Krohn L, et al. Intensive, dynamic back‐muscle exercises, conventional physiotherapy, or placebo‐control treatment of low‐back pain. A randomized, observer‐ blind trial. Spine 1993;18(1):98. - PubMed

Hemmila 1997 {published data only}

1. Hemmila HM, Keinanen‐Kiukaanniemi SM, Levoska S, Puska P. Does folk medicine work? A randomized clinical trial on patients with prolonged back pain. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1997;78(6):571‐7. - PubMed

Hsieh 1992 {published data only}

1. Hsieh CY, Phillips RB, Adams AH, Pope MH. Functional outcomes of low back pain: comparison of four treatment groups in a randomized controlled trial. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 1992;15(1):4‐9. - PubMed

Hurwitz 2002 {published data only}

1. Hurwitz EL, Morgenstern H, Harber P, Kominsky GF, Belin TR, Yu F, et al. The effectiveness of physical modalities among patients with low back pain randomized to chiropractic care: findings from the UCLA low back pain study. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics 2002;25(1):10‐20. - PubMed

Ishimaru 1993 {published data only}

1. Ishimaru K, Shinohara S, Kitade T, Hyodo M. Clinical efficacy of electrical heat acupuncture (First report): Effect on low back pain. American Journal of Acupuncture 1993;21(1):13‐18.

Janora 1998 {published data only}

1. Janora D, Jermyn R, Mazzula S. Use of the aquamed chair for low back pain in the geriatric population. Journal of the American Osteopathic Association 1998;98(7):396.

Jayson 1981 {published data only}

1. Jayson MI, Sims‐Williams H, Young S, Baddeley H, Collins E. Mobilization and manipulation for low‐back pain. Spine 1981;6(4):409‐16. - PubMed

Kankaanpaa 1999 {published data only}

1. Kankaanpaa M, Taimela S, Airaksinen O, Hanninen O. The efficacy of active rehabilitation in chronic low back pain. Effect on pain intensity, self‐experienced disability, and lumbar fatigability. Spine 1999;24(10):1034‐4. - PubMed

Keel 1998 {published data only}

1. Keel PJ, Wittig R, Deutschmann R, Diethelm U, Knusel O, Loschmann C, et al. Effectiveness of in‐patient rehabilitation for sub‐chronic and chronic low back pain by an integrative group treatment program (Swiss Multicentre Study). Scand J Rehab Med 1998;30(4):211‐19. - PubMed

Kinalski 1989 {published data only}

1. Kinalski R, Kuwik W, Pietrzak D. The comparison of the results of manual therapy versus physiotherapy methods used in treatment of patients with low back pain syndromes. Manual Med 1989;4:44‐6.

Koes 1992 {published data only}

1. Koes BW, Bouter LM, Mameren H, Essers AH, Verstegen GM, Hofhuizen DM, et al. Randomised clinical trial of manipulative therapy and physiotherapy for persistent back and neck complaints: results of one year follow up. BMJ 1992;304(6827):601. - PMC - PubMed

Konrad 1992 {published data only}

1. Konrad K, Tatrai T, Hunka A, Vereckei E, Korondi I. Controlled trial of balneotherapy in treatment of low back pain. Ann Rheum Dis 1992;51(6):820‐2. - PMC - PubMed

Kovarovicova 1990 {published data only}

1. Kovarovicova J. Comparison of the effect of magnetotherapy and mud packs in vertebrogenic syndrome [Porovnani ucinku magnetoterapie se slatinnymi zabaly u vertebrogenniho syndromu]. Fysiatrickay a Reumatologickay Vestniak 1990;68(4):209‐15.

Kranjc 1992 {published data only}

1. Kranjc I, Turk Z. Results of a comparative study of the success of treatment of pain in the lumbar spine at the Moravske Toplice health spa, at the department of physical therapy and rehabilitation and at the department of rheumatology of the Maribor Teaching Hospital [Rezultati usporednog ispitivanja uspjesnosti lijecenja boli u lumbalnom predjelu kraljesnice u ljecilistu Moravske Toplice, na odjelu za fizikalnu terapiju i rehabilitaciju te na odjelu za reumatologiju nastavne bolnice Maribor]. Reumatizam 1992;39(2):33‐7. - PubMed

Leclaire 1996 {published data only}

1. Leclaire R, Esdaile JM, Suissa S, Rossignol M, Proulx R, Dupuis M. Back school in a first episode of compensated acute low back pain: a clinical trial to assess efficacy and prevent relapse. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1996;77(7):673‐9. - PubMed

Lindstrom 1970 {published data only}

1. Lindstrom A, Zachrisson M. Physical therapy on low back pain and sciatica: an attempt at evaluation. Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 1970;2:37‐42. - PubMed

Lurie‐Luke 2003 {published data only}

1. Lurie‐Luke E, Neubauer G, Lindl C, Breitkreutz H, Fischer P, Hitzeroth S. An exploratory workplace study to investigate the perceived value of continuous low‐level heatwrap therapy in manual workers. Occupational Medicine 2003;53(3):173‐8. - PubMed

Magyarosy 1996 {published data only}

1. Magyarosy I, Krause KH, Resch KL, Guggemos W, Utzschneider I, Gall H, et al. Surface EMG response to heat and cold application on back muscles: implications for the therapy of low back pain. European Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 1996;6(2):39‐42.

McCray 1984 {published data only}

1. McCray RE, Patton NJ. Pain relief at trigger points: a comparison of moist heat and shortwave diathermy. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy 1984;5(4):175‐8. - PubMed

Metzger 2000 {published data only}

1. Metzger D, Zwingmann C, Protz W, Jackel WH. The whole body cold therapy as analgesic treatment in patients with rheumatic diseases [Die beduetung der ganzkorper‐kaltetherapie im rahmen der rehabilitation bei patienten mit rheumatischen erkrankungen: ergebnisse einer pilotstudie]. Rehabilitation 2000;39(2):93‐100. - PubMed

Nwuga 1982 {published data only}

1. Nwuga VC. Relative therapeutic efficacy of vertebral manipulation and conventional treatment in back pain management. Am J Phys Med 1982;61(6):273‐8. - PubMed

O'Sullivan 1997 {published data only}

1. O'Sullivan PB, Phyty GD, Twomey LT, Allison GT. Evaluation of specific stabilizing exercise in the treatment of chronic low back pain with radiologic diagnosis of spondylolysis or spondylolisthesis. Spine 1997;22(24):2959‐67. - PubMed

Sims‐Williams 1979 {published data only}

1. Sims‐Williams H, Jayson MI, Young SM, Baddeley H, Collins E. Controlled trial of mobilisation and manipulation for low back pain: hospital patients. BMJ 1979;2(6201):1318‐20. - PMC - PubMed

Steinberg 1994 {published data only}

1. Steinberg R, Callies R, Bocker B. Changes in pain in the first and second halves of serial cold‐air therapy [Schmerzanderung in der ersten und zweiten halfte einer seriellen kaltlufttherapie]. Physikalische Medizin Rehabilitationsmedizin Kurortmedizin 1994;4(4):120‐1.

Talo 1992 {published data only}

1. Talo S, Rytokoski U, Puukka P. 1992 Volvo award in clinical sciences. Patient classification, a key to evaluate pain treatment: A psychological study in chronic low back pain patients. Spine 1992;17(9):998‐1010. - PubMed

Tasleem 2003 {published data only}

1. Tasleem RA, Buth BA, Koul PA, Kadri SM. Chronic low back pain: comparative analysis of treatment response to drugs and different physical modalities. JK Practitioner 2003;10(3):201‐4.

Torstensen 1998 {published data only}

1. Torstensen TA, Ljunggren AE, Meen HD, Odland E, Mowinckel P, Geijerstam S. Efficiency and costs of medical exercise therapy, conventional physiotherapy, and self‐exercise in patients with chronic low back pain. A pragmatic, randomized, single‐blinded, controlled trial with 1‐ year follow‐up. Spine 1998;23(23):2616‐24. - PubMed

Traherne 1962 {published data only}

1. Traherne JB. Evaluation of the cold spray technique in the treatment of muscle pain in general practice. Practitioner 1962;189:210‐2. - PubMed

Trowbridge 2004 {published data only}

1. Trowbridge CA, Draper DO, Feland JB, Jutte LS, Eggett DL. Paraspinal musculature and skin temperature changes: comparing the Thermacare HeatWrap, the Johnson & Johnson Back Plaster, and the ABC Warme‐Pflaster. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy 2004;34(9):549‐58. - PubMed

Yuan 1981 {published data only}

1. Yuan SH. [Observation of curative effects of external application of tincture of safflower and infrared radiation on chronic lumbago]. Chinese Journal of Physical Therapy 1981;4:22‐3.

Yurtkuran 1997 {published data only}

1. Yurtkuran M, Kahraman Z, Sivrioglu K, Afsin Y, Dogan M. Balneotherapy in low back pain. European Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 1997;7(4):120‐3.

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Battie 1994

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Publication types

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Adult
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Clinical Trials as Topic
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Cryotherapy / methods*
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Hot Temperature / therapeutic use*
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Humans
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Low Back Pain / therapy*
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1.4. Analysis

Comparison 1 Heat vs placebo or non‐heated wrap (acute and sub‐acute LBP

2.1. Analysis

Comparison 2 Heat vs other…

2.1. Analysis

Comparison 2 Heat vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3 months), Outcome…

2.1. Analysis

Comparison 2 Heat vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

2.2. Analysis

Comparison 2 Heat vs other…

2.2. Analysis

Comparison 2 Heat vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3 months), Outcome…

2.2. Analysis

Comparison 2 Heat vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

2.3. Analysis

Comparison 2 Heat vs other…

2.3. Analysis

Comparison 2 Heat vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3 months), Outcome…

2.3. Analysis

Comparison 2 Heat vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

2.4. Analysis

Comparison 2 Heat vs other…

2.4. Analysis

Comparison 2 Heat vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3 months), Outcome…

2.4. Analysis

Comparison 2 Heat vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

2.5. Analysis

Comparison 2 Heat vs other…

2.5. Analysis

Comparison 2 Heat vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3 months), Outcome…

2.5. Analysis

Comparison 2 Heat vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

2.6. Analysis

Comparison 2 Heat vs other…

2.6. Analysis

Comparison 2 Heat vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3 months), Outcome…

2.6. Analysis

Comparison 2 Heat vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

2.7. Analysis

Comparison 2 Heat vs other…

2.7. Analysis

Comparison 2 Heat vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3 months), Outcome…

2.7. Analysis

Comparison 2 Heat vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

3.1. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise…

3.1. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3…

3.1. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

3.2. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise…

3.2. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3…

3.2. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

3.3. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise…

3.3. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3…

3.3. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

3.4. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise…

3.4. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3…

3.4. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

3.5. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise…

3.5. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3…

3.5. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

3.6. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise…

3.6. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3…

3.6. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

3.7. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise…

3.7. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3…

3.7. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

3.8. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise…

3.8. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3…

3.8. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

3.9. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise…

3.9. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3…

3.9. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

All figures (21)

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Yamato TP, Maher CG, Saragiotto BT, Hancock MJ, Ostelo RW, Cabral CM, Costa LC, Costa LO. Yamato TP, et al. Sao Paulo Med J. 2016 Jul-Aug;134(4):366-7. doi: 10.1590/1516-3180.20161344T1. Sao Paulo Med J. 2016. PMID: 27557145

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References

References to studies included in this review

Landen 1967 {published data only}

1. Landen BR. Heat or cold for the relief of low back pain?. Phys Ther 1967;47(12):1126‐8. - PubMed

Mayer 2005 {published data only}

1. Mayer JM, Ralph L, Look M, Erasala GN, Verna JL, Matheson LN, et al. Treating acute low back pain with continuous low‐level heat wrap therapy and/or exercise: a randomized controlled trial. The Spine Journal 2005;5(4):395‐403. - PubMed

Melzack 1980 {published data only}

1. Melzack R, Jeans ME, Stratford JG, Monks RC. Ice massage and transcutaneous electrical stimulation: comparison of treatment for low‐back pain. Pain 1980;9(2):209‐17. - PubMed

Nadler 2002 {published and unpublished data}

1. Lloyd A, Scott DA, Akehurst RL, Lurie‐Luke E, Jessen G. Cost‐effectiveness of low‐level heat wrap therapy for low back pain. Value in Health 2004;7(4):413‐22. - PubMed
1. Nadler SF, Steiner DJ, Erasala GN, Hengehold DA, Hinkle RT, Goodale BM, et al. Continuous low‐level heat wrap therapy provides more efficacy than Ibuprofen and acetaminophen for acute low back pain. Spine 2002;27(10):1012‐7. - PubMed

Nadler 2003a {published and unpublished data}

1. Nadler SF, Steiner DJ, Erasala GN, Hengehold DA, Abeln SB, Weingand KW. Continuous low‐level heatwrap therapy for treating acute nonspecific low back pain. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation 2003;84(3):329‐334. - PubMed
1. Weingand K. Continuous low‐level topical heat therapy is effective for treating low back pain. Low Back Pain and Disability: Unraveling the Puzzle. New York, NY: Physical Medicine Research Foundation Conference, 2‐5 November, 2000.

Nadler 2003b {published data only}

1. Nadler SF, Steiner DJ, Petty SR, Erasala GN, Hengehold DA, Weingand KW. Overnight use of continuous low‐level heatwrap therapy for relief of low back pain. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation 2003;8(3):335‐42. - PubMed

Nuhr 2004 {published data only}

1. Nuhr M, Hoerauf K, Bertalanffy A, Bertalanffy P, Frickey N, Gore C, et al. Active warming during emergency transport relieves acute low back pain. Spine 2004;29(14):1499‐503. - PubMed

Roberts 1992 {published data only}

1. Roberts D, Walls C, Carlile J, Wheaton C, Aronoff G. Relief of chronic low back pain: heat versus cold. In: Aronoff GH editor(s). Chapter 13, Evaluation and Treatment of Chronic Pain. 2nd Edition. Baltimore: Urban & Schwarzenberg, 1992:263‐6.

St John Dixon 1972 {published data only}

1. John Dixon A, Owen‐Smith BD, Harrison RA. Cold‐sensitive, non‐specific, low back pain: a comparative trial of treatment. Clinical Trials Journal 1972;4:16‐21.

References to studies excluded from this review

Aglas 1997 {published data only}

1. Aglas F, Uitz E, Rainer F. A controlled study to assess efficacy and tolerability of a portable heat application system in patients suffering from spine‐related pain syndromes [Eine kontrollierte studie zur beurteilung der wirksamkeit und vertraglichkeit eines heilwarme‐aktiv‐systems bei patienten mit vertebragenen schmerzen]. Physikalische Medizin Rehabilitationsmedizin Kurortmedizin 1997;7(2):47‐50.

Chok 1999 {published data only}

1. Chok B, Lee R, Latimer J, Tan SB. Endurance training of the trunk extensor muscles in people with subacute low back pain. Physical Therapy 1999;79(11):1032‐42. - PubMed

Constant 1995 {published data only}

1. Constant F, Collin JF, Guillemin F, Boulange M. Effectiveness of spa therapy in chronic low back pain: a randomized clinical trial. Journal of Rheumatology 1995;22(7):1315‐20. - PubMed

Constant 1998 {published data only}

1. Constant F, Guillemin F, Collin JF, Boulange M. Use of spa therapy to improve the quality of life of chronic low back pain patients. Medical Care 1998;36(9):1309‐14. - PubMed

Ferrell 1997 {published data only}

1. Ferrell BA, Josephson KR, Pollan AM, Loy S, Ferrell BR. A randomized trial of walking versus physical methods for chronic pain management. Aging (Milano) 1997;9(1‐2):99‐105. - PubMed

Gallacchi 1981 {published data only}

1. Gallacchi G, Mueller W, Plattner GR, Schnorrenberger CC. Acupuncture and treatment with laser radiation in cases of cervical and lumbar syndromes [Akupunktur‐ und laserstrahlbehandlung beim zervikal‐ und lumbalsyndrom]. Schweiz Med Wochenschr 1981;111(37):1360‐6. - PubMed

Garvey 1989 {published data only}

1. Garvey TA, Marks MR, Wiesel SW. A prospective, randomized, double‐blind evaluation of trigger‐point injection therapy for low‐back pain. Spine 1989;14(9):962‐4. - PubMed

Grant 1964 {published data only}

1. Grant AE. Massage with ice (cryokinetics) in the treatment of painful conditions of the musculoskeletal system. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1964;45:233‐8. - PubMed

Guillemin 1994 {published data only}

1. Guillemin F, Constant F, Collin JF, Boulange M. Short and long‐term effect of spa therapy in chronic low back pain. British Journal of Rheumatology 1994;33(2):148‐51. - PubMed

Hansen 1993 {published data only}

1. Hansen FR, Bendix T, Skov P, Jensen CV, Kristensen JH, Krohn L, et al. Intensive, dynamic back‐muscle exercises, conventional physiotherapy, or placebo‐control treatment of low‐back pain. A randomized, observer‐ blind trial. Spine 1993;18(1):98. - PubMed

Hemmila 1997 {published data only}

1. Hemmila HM, Keinanen‐Kiukaanniemi SM, Levoska S, Puska P. Does folk medicine work? A randomized clinical trial on patients with prolonged back pain. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1997;78(6):571‐7. - PubMed

Hsieh 1992 {published data only}

1. Hsieh CY, Phillips RB, Adams AH, Pope MH. Functional outcomes of low back pain: comparison of four treatment groups in a randomized controlled trial. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 1992;15(1):4‐9. - PubMed

Hurwitz 2002 {published data only}

1. Hurwitz EL, Morgenstern H, Harber P, Kominsky GF, Belin TR, Yu F, et al. The effectiveness of physical modalities among patients with low back pain randomized to chiropractic care: findings from the UCLA low back pain study. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics 2002;25(1):10‐20. - PubMed

Ishimaru 1993 {published data only}

1. Ishimaru K, Shinohara S, Kitade T, Hyodo M. Clinical efficacy of electrical heat acupuncture (First report): Effect on low back pain. American Journal of Acupuncture 1993;21(1):13‐18.

Janora 1998 {published data only}

1. Janora D, Jermyn R, Mazzula S. Use of the aquamed chair for low back pain in the geriatric population. Journal of the American Osteopathic Association 1998;98(7):396.

Jayson 1981 {published data only}

1. Jayson MI, Sims‐Williams H, Young S, Baddeley H, Collins E. Mobilization and manipulation for low‐back pain. Spine 1981;6(4):409‐16. - PubMed

Kankaanpaa 1999 {published data only}

1. Kankaanpaa M, Taimela S, Airaksinen O, Hanninen O. The efficacy of active rehabilitation in chronic low back pain. Effect on pain intensity, self‐experienced disability, and lumbar fatigability. Spine 1999;24(10):1034‐4. - PubMed

Keel 1998 {published data only}

1. Keel PJ, Wittig R, Deutschmann R, Diethelm U, Knusel O, Loschmann C, et al. Effectiveness of in‐patient rehabilitation for sub‐chronic and chronic low back pain by an integrative group treatment program (Swiss Multicentre Study). Scand J Rehab Med 1998;30(4):211‐19. - PubMed

Kinalski 1989 {published data only}

1. Kinalski R, Kuwik W, Pietrzak D. The comparison of the results of manual therapy versus physiotherapy methods used in treatment of patients with low back pain syndromes. Manual Med 1989;4:44‐6.

Koes 1992 {published data only}

1. Koes BW, Bouter LM, Mameren H, Essers AH, Verstegen GM, Hofhuizen DM, et al. Randomised clinical trial of manipulative therapy and physiotherapy for persistent back and neck complaints: results of one year follow up. BMJ 1992;304(6827):601. - PMC - PubMed

Konrad 1992 {published data only}

1. Konrad K, Tatrai T, Hunka A, Vereckei E, Korondi I. Controlled trial of balneotherapy in treatment of low back pain. Ann Rheum Dis 1992;51(6):820‐2. - PMC - PubMed

Kovarovicova 1990 {published data only}

1. Kovarovicova J. Comparison of the effect of magnetotherapy and mud packs in vertebrogenic syndrome [Porovnani ucinku magnetoterapie se slatinnymi zabaly u vertebrogenniho syndromu]. Fysiatrickay a Reumatologickay Vestniak 1990;68(4):209‐15.

Kranjc 1992 {published data only}

1. Kranjc I, Turk Z. Results of a comparative study of the success of treatment of pain in the lumbar spine at the Moravske Toplice health spa, at the department of physical therapy and rehabilitation and at the department of rheumatology of the Maribor Teaching Hospital [Rezultati usporednog ispitivanja uspjesnosti lijecenja boli u lumbalnom predjelu kraljesnice u ljecilistu Moravske Toplice, na odjelu za fizikalnu terapiju i rehabilitaciju te na odjelu za reumatologiju nastavne bolnice Maribor]. Reumatizam 1992;39(2):33‐7. - PubMed

Leclaire 1996 {published data only}

1. Leclaire R, Esdaile JM, Suissa S, Rossignol M, Proulx R, Dupuis M. Back school in a first episode of compensated acute low back pain: a clinical trial to assess efficacy and prevent relapse. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1996;77(7):673‐9. - PubMed

Lindstrom 1970 {published data only}

1. Lindstrom A, Zachrisson M. Physical therapy on low back pain and sciatica: an attempt at evaluation. Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 1970;2:37‐42. - PubMed

Lurie‐Luke 2003 {published data only}

1. Lurie‐Luke E, Neubauer G, Lindl C, Breitkreutz H, Fischer P, Hitzeroth S. An exploratory workplace study to investigate the perceived value of continuous low‐level heatwrap therapy in manual workers. Occupational Medicine 2003;53(3):173‐8. - PubMed

Magyarosy 1996 {published data only}

1. Magyarosy I, Krause KH, Resch KL, Guggemos W, Utzschneider I, Gall H, et al. Surface EMG response to heat and cold application on back muscles: implications for the therapy of low back pain. European Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 1996;6(2):39‐42.

McCray 1984 {published data only}

1. McCray RE, Patton NJ. Pain relief at trigger points: a comparison of moist heat and shortwave diathermy. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy 1984;5(4):175‐8. - PubMed

Metzger 2000 {published data only}

1. Metzger D, Zwingmann C, Protz W, Jackel WH. The whole body cold therapy as analgesic treatment in patients with rheumatic diseases [Die beduetung der ganzkorper‐kaltetherapie im rahmen der rehabilitation bei patienten mit rheumatischen erkrankungen: ergebnisse einer pilotstudie]. Rehabilitation 2000;39(2):93‐100. - PubMed

Nwuga 1982 {published data only}

1. Nwuga VC. Relative therapeutic efficacy of vertebral manipulation and conventional treatment in back pain management. Am J Phys Med 1982;61(6):273‐8. - PubMed

O'Sullivan 1997 {published data only}

1. O'Sullivan PB, Phyty GD, Twomey LT, Allison GT. Evaluation of specific stabilizing exercise in the treatment of chronic low back pain with radiologic diagnosis of spondylolysis or spondylolisthesis. Spine 1997;22(24):2959‐67. - PubMed

Sims‐Williams 1979 {published data only}

1. Sims‐Williams H, Jayson MI, Young SM, Baddeley H, Collins E. Controlled trial of mobilisation and manipulation for low back pain: hospital patients. BMJ 1979;2(6201):1318‐20. - PMC - PubMed

Steinberg 1994 {published data only}

1. Steinberg R, Callies R, Bocker B. Changes in pain in the first and second halves of serial cold‐air therapy [Schmerzanderung in der ersten und zweiten halfte einer seriellen kaltlufttherapie]. Physikalische Medizin Rehabilitationsmedizin Kurortmedizin 1994;4(4):120‐1.

Talo 1992 {published data only}

1. Talo S, Rytokoski U, Puukka P. 1992 Volvo award in clinical sciences. Patient classification, a key to evaluate pain treatment: A psychological study in chronic low back pain patients. Spine 1992;17(9):998‐1010. - PubMed

Tasleem 2003 {published data only}

1. Tasleem RA, Buth BA, Koul PA, Kadri SM. Chronic low back pain: comparative analysis of treatment response to drugs and different physical modalities. JK Practitioner 2003;10(3):201‐4.

Torstensen 1998 {published data only}

1. Torstensen TA, Ljunggren AE, Meen HD, Odland E, Mowinckel P, Geijerstam S. Efficiency and costs of medical exercise therapy, conventional physiotherapy, and self‐exercise in patients with chronic low back pain. A pragmatic, randomized, single‐blinded, controlled trial with 1‐ year follow‐up. Spine 1998;23(23):2616‐24. - PubMed

Traherne 1962 {published data only}

1. Traherne JB. Evaluation of the cold spray technique in the treatment of muscle pain in general practice. Practitioner 1962;189:210‐2. - PubMed

Trowbridge 2004 {published data only}

1. Trowbridge CA, Draper DO, Feland JB, Jutte LS, Eggett DL. Paraspinal musculature and skin temperature changes: comparing the Thermacare HeatWrap, the Johnson & Johnson Back Plaster, and the ABC Warme‐Pflaster. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy 2004;34(9):549‐58. - PubMed

Yuan 1981 {published data only}

1. Yuan SH. [Observation of curative effects of external application of tincture of safflower and infrared radiation on chronic lumbago]. Chinese Journal of Physical Therapy 1981;4:22‐3.

Yurtkuran 1997 {published data only}

1. Yurtkuran M, Kahraman Z, Sivrioglu K, Afsin Y, Dogan M. Balneotherapy in low back pain. European Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 1997;7(4):120‐3.

Additional references

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ACC 1997

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Battie 1994

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Bhandari 2004

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Bigos 1994

1. Bigos S, Bowyer O, Braen G, et al. Acute Low Back Problems in Adults. Clinical Practice Guideline No. 14. Rockville, MD: AHCPR Publication No. 95‐0642. Agency for Health Care Policy and Research, Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1994.

Bleakley 2004

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Publication types

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Adult
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Clinical Trials as Topic
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Cryotherapy / methods*
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Hot Temperature / therapeutic use*
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Humans
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Low Back Pain / therapy*
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2.1. Analysis

Comparison 2 Heat vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

2.2. Analysis

Comparison 2 Heat vs other…

2.2. Analysis

Comparison 2 Heat vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3 months), Outcome…

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Comparison 2 Heat vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

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Comparison 2 Heat vs other…

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Comparison 2 Heat vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3 months), Outcome…

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Comparison 2 Heat vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

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Comparison 2 Heat vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3 months), Outcome…

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Comparison 2 Heat vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

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Comparison 2 Heat vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3 months), Outcome…

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Comparison 2 Heat vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

2.6. Analysis

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Comparison 2 Heat vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3 months), Outcome…

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Comparison 2 Heat vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

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2.7. Analysis

Comparison 2 Heat vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3 months), Outcome…

2.7. Analysis

Comparison 2 Heat vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

3.1. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise…

3.1. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3…

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Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

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Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise…

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Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3…

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Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

3.3. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise…

3.3. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3…

3.3. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

3.4. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise…

3.4. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3…

3.4. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

3.5. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise…

3.5. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3…

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Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

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Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

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Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

3.8. Analysis

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Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

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Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

All figures (21)

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References

References to studies included in this review

Landen 1967 {published data only}

1. Landen BR. Heat or cold for the relief of low back pain?. Phys Ther 1967;47(12):1126‐8. - PubMed

Mayer 2005 {published data only}

1. Mayer JM, Ralph L, Look M, Erasala GN, Verna JL, Matheson LN, et al. Treating acute low back pain with continuous low‐level heat wrap therapy and/or exercise: a randomized controlled trial. The Spine Journal 2005;5(4):395‐403. - PubMed

Melzack 1980 {published data only}

1. Melzack R, Jeans ME, Stratford JG, Monks RC. Ice massage and transcutaneous electrical stimulation: comparison of treatment for low‐back pain. Pain 1980;9(2):209‐17. - PubMed

Nadler 2002 {published and unpublished data}

1. Lloyd A, Scott DA, Akehurst RL, Lurie‐Luke E, Jessen G. Cost‐effectiveness of low‐level heat wrap therapy for low back pain. Value in Health 2004;7(4):413‐22. - PubMed
1. Nadler SF, Steiner DJ, Erasala GN, Hengehold DA, Hinkle RT, Goodale BM, et al. Continuous low‐level heat wrap therapy provides more efficacy than Ibuprofen and acetaminophen for acute low back pain. Spine 2002;27(10):1012‐7. - PubMed

Nadler 2003a {published and unpublished data}

1. Nadler SF, Steiner DJ, Erasala GN, Hengehold DA, Abeln SB, Weingand KW. Continuous low‐level heatwrap therapy for treating acute nonspecific low back pain. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation 2003;84(3):329‐334. - PubMed
1. Weingand K. Continuous low‐level topical heat therapy is effective for treating low back pain. Low Back Pain and Disability: Unraveling the Puzzle. New York, NY: Physical Medicine Research Foundation Conference, 2‐5 November, 2000.

Nadler 2003b {published data only}

1. Nadler SF, Steiner DJ, Petty SR, Erasala GN, Hengehold DA, Weingand KW. Overnight use of continuous low‐level heatwrap therapy for relief of low back pain. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation 2003;8(3):335‐42. - PubMed

Nuhr 2004 {published data only}

1. Nuhr M, Hoerauf K, Bertalanffy A, Bertalanffy P, Frickey N, Gore C, et al. Active warming during emergency transport relieves acute low back pain. Spine 2004;29(14):1499‐503. - PubMed

Roberts 1992 {published data only}

1. Roberts D, Walls C, Carlile J, Wheaton C, Aronoff G. Relief of chronic low back pain: heat versus cold. In: Aronoff GH editor(s). Chapter 13, Evaluation and Treatment of Chronic Pain. 2nd Edition. Baltimore: Urban & Schwarzenberg, 1992:263‐6.

St John Dixon 1972 {published data only}

1. John Dixon A, Owen‐Smith BD, Harrison RA. Cold‐sensitive, non‐specific, low back pain: a comparative trial of treatment. Clinical Trials Journal 1972;4:16‐21.

References to studies excluded from this review

Aglas 1997 {published data only}

1. Aglas F, Uitz E, Rainer F. A controlled study to assess efficacy and tolerability of a portable heat application system in patients suffering from spine‐related pain syndromes [Eine kontrollierte studie zur beurteilung der wirksamkeit und vertraglichkeit eines heilwarme‐aktiv‐systems bei patienten mit vertebragenen schmerzen]. Physikalische Medizin Rehabilitationsmedizin Kurortmedizin 1997;7(2):47‐50.

Chok 1999 {published data only}

1. Chok B, Lee R, Latimer J, Tan SB. Endurance training of the trunk extensor muscles in people with subacute low back pain. Physical Therapy 1999;79(11):1032‐42. - PubMed

Constant 1995 {published data only}

1. Constant F, Collin JF, Guillemin F, Boulange M. Effectiveness of spa therapy in chronic low back pain: a randomized clinical trial. Journal of Rheumatology 1995;22(7):1315‐20. - PubMed

Constant 1998 {published data only}

1. Constant F, Guillemin F, Collin JF, Boulange M. Use of spa therapy to improve the quality of life of chronic low back pain patients. Medical Care 1998;36(9):1309‐14. - PubMed

Ferrell 1997 {published data only}

1. Ferrell BA, Josephson KR, Pollan AM, Loy S, Ferrell BR. A randomized trial of walking versus physical methods for chronic pain management. Aging (Milano) 1997;9(1‐2):99‐105. - PubMed

Gallacchi 1981 {published data only}

1. Gallacchi G, Mueller W, Plattner GR, Schnorrenberger CC. Acupuncture and treatment with laser radiation in cases of cervical and lumbar syndromes [Akupunktur‐ und laserstrahlbehandlung beim zervikal‐ und lumbalsyndrom]. Schweiz Med Wochenschr 1981;111(37):1360‐6. - PubMed

Garvey 1989 {published data only}

1. Garvey TA, Marks MR, Wiesel SW. A prospective, randomized, double‐blind evaluation of trigger‐point injection therapy for low‐back pain. Spine 1989;14(9):962‐4. - PubMed

Grant 1964 {published data only}

1. Grant AE. Massage with ice (cryokinetics) in the treatment of painful conditions of the musculoskeletal system. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1964;45:233‐8. - PubMed

Guillemin 1994 {published data only}

1. Guillemin F, Constant F, Collin JF, Boulange M. Short and long‐term effect of spa therapy in chronic low back pain. British Journal of Rheumatology 1994;33(2):148‐51. - PubMed

Hansen 1993 {published data only}

1. Hansen FR, Bendix T, Skov P, Jensen CV, Kristensen JH, Krohn L, et al. Intensive, dynamic back‐muscle exercises, conventional physiotherapy, or placebo‐control treatment of low‐back pain. A randomized, observer‐ blind trial. Spine 1993;18(1):98. - PubMed

Hemmila 1997 {published data only}

1. Hemmila HM, Keinanen‐Kiukaanniemi SM, Levoska S, Puska P. Does folk medicine work? A randomized clinical trial on patients with prolonged back pain. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1997;78(6):571‐7. - PubMed

Hsieh 1992 {published data only}

1. Hsieh CY, Phillips RB, Adams AH, Pope MH. Functional outcomes of low back pain: comparison of four treatment groups in a randomized controlled trial. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 1992;15(1):4‐9. - PubMed

Hurwitz 2002 {published data only}

1. Hurwitz EL, Morgenstern H, Harber P, Kominsky GF, Belin TR, Yu F, et al. The effectiveness of physical modalities among patients with low back pain randomized to chiropractic care: findings from the UCLA low back pain study. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics 2002;25(1):10‐20. - PubMed

Ishimaru 1993 {published data only}

1. Ishimaru K, Shinohara S, Kitade T, Hyodo M. Clinical efficacy of electrical heat acupuncture (First report): Effect on low back pain. American Journal of Acupuncture 1993;21(1):13‐18.

Janora 1998 {published data only}

1. Janora D, Jermyn R, Mazzula S. Use of the aquamed chair for low back pain in the geriatric population. Journal of the American Osteopathic Association 1998;98(7):396.

Jayson 1981 {published data only}

1. Jayson MI, Sims‐Williams H, Young S, Baddeley H, Collins E. Mobilization and manipulation for low‐back pain. Spine 1981;6(4):409‐16. - PubMed

Kankaanpaa 1999 {published data only}

1. Kankaanpaa M, Taimela S, Airaksinen O, Hanninen O. The efficacy of active rehabilitation in chronic low back pain. Effect on pain intensity, self‐experienced disability, and lumbar fatigability. Spine 1999;24(10):1034‐4. - PubMed

Keel 1998 {published data only}

1. Keel PJ, Wittig R, Deutschmann R, Diethelm U, Knusel O, Loschmann C, et al. Effectiveness of in‐patient rehabilitation for sub‐chronic and chronic low back pain by an integrative group treatment program (Swiss Multicentre Study). Scand J Rehab Med 1998;30(4):211‐19. - PubMed

Kinalski 1989 {published data only}

1. Kinalski R, Kuwik W, Pietrzak D. The comparison of the results of manual therapy versus physiotherapy methods used in treatment of patients with low back pain syndromes. Manual Med 1989;4:44‐6.

Koes 1992 {published data only}

1. Koes BW, Bouter LM, Mameren H, Essers AH, Verstegen GM, Hofhuizen DM, et al. Randomised clinical trial of manipulative therapy and physiotherapy for persistent back and neck complaints: results of one year follow up. BMJ 1992;304(6827):601. - PMC - PubMed

Konrad 1992 {published data only}

1. Konrad K, Tatrai T, Hunka A, Vereckei E, Korondi I. Controlled trial of balneotherapy in treatment of low back pain. Ann Rheum Dis 1992;51(6):820‐2. - PMC - PubMed

Kovarovicova 1990 {published data only}

1. Kovarovicova J. Comparison of the effect of magnetotherapy and mud packs in vertebrogenic syndrome [Porovnani ucinku magnetoterapie se slatinnymi zabaly u vertebrogenniho syndromu]. Fysiatrickay a Reumatologickay Vestniak 1990;68(4):209‐15.

Kranjc 1992 {published data only}

1. Kranjc I, Turk Z. Results of a comparative study of the success of treatment of pain in the lumbar spine at the Moravske Toplice health spa, at the department of physical therapy and rehabilitation and at the department of rheumatology of the Maribor Teaching Hospital [Rezultati usporednog ispitivanja uspjesnosti lijecenja boli u lumbalnom predjelu kraljesnice u ljecilistu Moravske Toplice, na odjelu za fizikalnu terapiju i rehabilitaciju te na odjelu za reumatologiju nastavne bolnice Maribor]. Reumatizam 1992;39(2):33‐7. - PubMed

Leclaire 1996 {published data only}

1. Leclaire R, Esdaile JM, Suissa S, Rossignol M, Proulx R, Dupuis M. Back school in a first episode of compensated acute low back pain: a clinical trial to assess efficacy and prevent relapse. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1996;77(7):673‐9. - PubMed

Lindstrom 1970 {published data only}

1. Lindstrom A, Zachrisson M. Physical therapy on low back pain and sciatica: an attempt at evaluation. Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 1970;2:37‐42. - PubMed

Lurie‐Luke 2003 {published data only}

1. Lurie‐Luke E, Neubauer G, Lindl C, Breitkreutz H, Fischer P, Hitzeroth S. An exploratory workplace study to investigate the perceived value of continuous low‐level heatwrap therapy in manual workers. Occupational Medicine 2003;53(3):173‐8. - PubMed

Magyarosy 1996 {published data only}

1. Magyarosy I, Krause KH, Resch KL, Guggemos W, Utzschneider I, Gall H, et al. Surface EMG response to heat and cold application on back muscles: implications for the therapy of low back pain. European Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 1996;6(2):39‐42.

McCray 1984 {published data only}

1. McCray RE, Patton NJ. Pain relief at trigger points: a comparison of moist heat and shortwave diathermy. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy 1984;5(4):175‐8. - PubMed

Metzger 2000 {published data only}

1. Metzger D, Zwingmann C, Protz W, Jackel WH. The whole body cold therapy as analgesic treatment in patients with rheumatic diseases [Die beduetung der ganzkorper‐kaltetherapie im rahmen der rehabilitation bei patienten mit rheumatischen erkrankungen: ergebnisse einer pilotstudie]. Rehabilitation 2000;39(2):93‐100. - PubMed

Nwuga 1982 {published data only}

1. Nwuga VC. Relative therapeutic efficacy of vertebral manipulation and conventional treatment in back pain management. Am J Phys Med 1982;61(6):273‐8. - PubMed

O'Sullivan 1997 {published data only}

1. O'Sullivan PB, Phyty GD, Twomey LT, Allison GT. Evaluation of specific stabilizing exercise in the treatment of chronic low back pain with radiologic diagnosis of spondylolysis or spondylolisthesis. Spine 1997;22(24):2959‐67. - PubMed

Sims‐Williams 1979 {published data only}

1. Sims‐Williams H, Jayson MI, Young SM, Baddeley H, Collins E. Controlled trial of mobilisation and manipulation for low back pain: hospital patients. BMJ 1979;2(6201):1318‐20. - PMC - PubMed

Steinberg 1994 {published data only}

1. Steinberg R, Callies R, Bocker B. Changes in pain in the first and second halves of serial cold‐air therapy [Schmerzanderung in der ersten und zweiten halfte einer seriellen kaltlufttherapie]. Physikalische Medizin Rehabilitationsmedizin Kurortmedizin 1994;4(4):120‐1.

Talo 1992 {published data only}

1. Talo S, Rytokoski U, Puukka P. 1992 Volvo award in clinical sciences. Patient classification, a key to evaluate pain treatment: A psychological study in chronic low back pain patients. Spine 1992;17(9):998‐1010. - PubMed

Tasleem 2003 {published data only}

1. Tasleem RA, Buth BA, Koul PA, Kadri SM. Chronic low back pain: comparative analysis of treatment response to drugs and different physical modalities. JK Practitioner 2003;10(3):201‐4.

Torstensen 1998 {published data only}

1. Torstensen TA, Ljunggren AE, Meen HD, Odland E, Mowinckel P, Geijerstam S. Efficiency and costs of medical exercise therapy, conventional physiotherapy, and self‐exercise in patients with chronic low back pain. A pragmatic, randomized, single‐blinded, controlled trial with 1‐ year follow‐up. Spine 1998;23(23):2616‐24. - PubMed

Traherne 1962 {published data only}

1. Traherne JB. Evaluation of the cold spray technique in the treatment of muscle pain in general practice. Practitioner 1962;189:210‐2. - PubMed

Trowbridge 2004 {published data only}

1. Trowbridge CA, Draper DO, Feland JB, Jutte LS, Eggett DL. Paraspinal musculature and skin temperature changes: comparing the Thermacare HeatWrap, the Johnson & Johnson Back Plaster, and the ABC Warme‐Pflaster. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy 2004;34(9):549‐58. - PubMed

Yuan 1981 {published data only}

1. Yuan SH. [Observation of curative effects of external application of tincture of safflower and infrared radiation on chronic lumbago]. Chinese Journal of Physical Therapy 1981;4:22‐3.

Yurtkuran 1997 {published data only}

1. Yurtkuran M, Kahraman Z, Sivrioglu K, Afsin Y, Dogan M. Balneotherapy in low back pain. European Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 1997;7(4):120‐3.

Additional references

AAMPGG 2003

1. Australian Acute Musculoskeletal Pain Guidelines Group (AAMPGG). Evidence‐based management of acute musculoskeletal pain [Available at: http://www.nhmrc.gov.au]. Australian Academic Press: Brisbane 2003.

ACC 1997

1. ACC and the National Health Committee (1997). New Zealand Acute Low Back Pain Guide. Wellington, New Zealand. Wellington, New Zealand.

Battie 1994

1. Battie MC, Cherkin DC, Dunn R, Ciol MA, Wheeler KJ. Managing low back pain: attitudes and treatment preferences of physical therapists. Phys Ther 1994;74(3):219‐26. - PubMed

Bhandari 2004

1. Bhandari M, Busse JW, Jackowski D, Montori VM, Schunemann H, Sprague S, et al. Association between industry funding and statistically significant pro‐industry findings in medical and surgical randomized trials. CMAJ 2004;170:477‐80. - PMC - PubMed

Bigos 1994

1. Bigos S, Bowyer O, Braen G, et al. Acute Low Back Problems in Adults. Clinical Practice Guideline No. 14. Rockville, MD: AHCPR Publication No. 95‐0642. Agency for Health Care Policy and Research, Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1994.

Bleakley 2004

1. Bleakley C, McDonough S, MacAuley D. The use of ice in the treatment of acute soft‐tissue injury: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Am J Sports Med 2004;32(1):251‐61. - PubMed

Car 2003

1. Car J, Sheikh A. Acute low back pain. BMJ 2003;327(7414):541. - PMC - PubMed

Carey 1995

1. Carey TS, Evans A, Hadler N, Kalsbeek W, McLaughlin C, Fryer J. Care‐seeking among individuals with chronic low back pain. Spine 1995;20(3):312‐7. - PubMed

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Europe 2004

1. Tulder M, Becker A, Bekkering T, Breen A, Real M, Hutchinson A, et al. on behalf of the COST B13 Working Group. European Guidelines for the Management of Acute Nonspecific Low Back Pain in Primary Care. Available at: http://www.backpaineurope.org (accessed 22nd March 2005).

Frymoyer 1991

1. Frymoyer JW, Cats‐Baril WL. An overview of the incidences and costs of low back pain. Orthop Clin North Am 1991;22(2):263‐71. - PubMed

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1. Geffen SJ. 3: Rehabilitation principles for treating chronic musculoskeletal injuries. Med J Aust 2003;178(5):238‐42. - PubMed

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1. Hamm L, Mikkelsen B, Kuhr J, Stovring H, Munck A, Kragstrup J. Danish physiotherapists' management of low back pain. Advances in Physiotherapy 2003;5(3):109‐13.

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Publication types

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Adult
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Clinical Trials as Topic
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Cryotherapy / methods*
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Hot Temperature / therapeutic use*
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Humans
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Low Back Pain / therapy*
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2.2. Analysis

Comparison 2 Heat vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

2.3. Analysis

Comparison 2 Heat vs other…

2.3. Analysis

Comparison 2 Heat vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3 months), Outcome…

2.3. Analysis

Comparison 2 Heat vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

2.4. Analysis

Comparison 2 Heat vs other…

2.4. Analysis

Comparison 2 Heat vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3 months), Outcome…

2.4. Analysis

Comparison 2 Heat vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

2.5. Analysis

Comparison 2 Heat vs other…

2.5. Analysis

Comparison 2 Heat vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3 months), Outcome…

2.5. Analysis

Comparison 2 Heat vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

2.6. Analysis

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Comparison 2 Heat vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3 months), Outcome…

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Comparison 2 Heat vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

2.7. Analysis

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2.7. Analysis

Comparison 2 Heat vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3 months), Outcome…

2.7. Analysis

Comparison 2 Heat vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

3.1. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise…

3.1. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3…

3.1. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

3.2. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise…

3.2. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3…

3.2. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

3.3. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise…

3.3. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3…

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Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

3.4. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise…

3.4. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3…

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Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

3.5. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise…

3.5. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3…

3.5. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

3.6. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise…

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Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3…

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Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

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Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

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Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

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Park SC, Kang MS, Yang JH, Kim TH. Park SC, et al. Korean J Intern Med. 2023 Jan;38(1):16-26. doi: 10.3904/kjim.2022.250. Epub 2022 Nov 24. Korean J Intern Med. 2023. PMID: 36420562 Free PMC article. Review.
Effectiveness of a Group-Based Rehabilitation Program Combining Education with Multimodal Exercises in the Treatment of Patients with Nonspecific Chronic Low Back Pain: A Retrospective Uncontrolled Study.
Martins C, Sayegh S, Faundez A, Fourchet F, Bothorel H. Martins C, et al. Biology (Basel). 2022 Oct 14;11(10):1508. doi: 10.3390/biology11101508. Biology (Basel). 2022. PMID: 36290412 Free PMC article.

References

References to studies included in this review

Landen 1967 {published data only}

1. Landen BR. Heat or cold for the relief of low back pain?. Phys Ther 1967;47(12):1126‐8. - PubMed

Mayer 2005 {published data only}

1. Mayer JM, Ralph L, Look M, Erasala GN, Verna JL, Matheson LN, et al. Treating acute low back pain with continuous low‐level heat wrap therapy and/or exercise: a randomized controlled trial. The Spine Journal 2005;5(4):395‐403. - PubMed

Melzack 1980 {published data only}

1. Melzack R, Jeans ME, Stratford JG, Monks RC. Ice massage and transcutaneous electrical stimulation: comparison of treatment for low‐back pain. Pain 1980;9(2):209‐17. - PubMed

Nadler 2002 {published and unpublished data}

1. Lloyd A, Scott DA, Akehurst RL, Lurie‐Luke E, Jessen G. Cost‐effectiveness of low‐level heat wrap therapy for low back pain. Value in Health 2004;7(4):413‐22. - PubMed
1. Nadler SF, Steiner DJ, Erasala GN, Hengehold DA, Hinkle RT, Goodale BM, et al. Continuous low‐level heat wrap therapy provides more efficacy than Ibuprofen and acetaminophen for acute low back pain. Spine 2002;27(10):1012‐7. - PubMed

Nadler 2003a {published and unpublished data}

1. Nadler SF, Steiner DJ, Erasala GN, Hengehold DA, Abeln SB, Weingand KW. Continuous low‐level heatwrap therapy for treating acute nonspecific low back pain. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation 2003;84(3):329‐334. - PubMed
1. Weingand K. Continuous low‐level topical heat therapy is effective for treating low back pain. Low Back Pain and Disability: Unraveling the Puzzle. New York, NY: Physical Medicine Research Foundation Conference, 2‐5 November, 2000.

Nadler 2003b {published data only}

1. Nadler SF, Steiner DJ, Petty SR, Erasala GN, Hengehold DA, Weingand KW. Overnight use of continuous low‐level heatwrap therapy for relief of low back pain. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation 2003;8(3):335‐42. - PubMed

Nuhr 2004 {published data only}

1. Nuhr M, Hoerauf K, Bertalanffy A, Bertalanffy P, Frickey N, Gore C, et al. Active warming during emergency transport relieves acute low back pain. Spine 2004;29(14):1499‐503. - PubMed

Roberts 1992 {published data only}

1. Roberts D, Walls C, Carlile J, Wheaton C, Aronoff G. Relief of chronic low back pain: heat versus cold. In: Aronoff GH editor(s). Chapter 13, Evaluation and Treatment of Chronic Pain. 2nd Edition. Baltimore: Urban & Schwarzenberg, 1992:263‐6.

St John Dixon 1972 {published data only}

1. John Dixon A, Owen‐Smith BD, Harrison RA. Cold‐sensitive, non‐specific, low back pain: a comparative trial of treatment. Clinical Trials Journal 1972;4:16‐21.

References to studies excluded from this review

Aglas 1997 {published data only}

1. Aglas F, Uitz E, Rainer F. A controlled study to assess efficacy and tolerability of a portable heat application system in patients suffering from spine‐related pain syndromes [Eine kontrollierte studie zur beurteilung der wirksamkeit und vertraglichkeit eines heilwarme‐aktiv‐systems bei patienten mit vertebragenen schmerzen]. Physikalische Medizin Rehabilitationsmedizin Kurortmedizin 1997;7(2):47‐50.

Chok 1999 {published data only}

1. Chok B, Lee R, Latimer J, Tan SB. Endurance training of the trunk extensor muscles in people with subacute low back pain. Physical Therapy 1999;79(11):1032‐42. - PubMed

Constant 1995 {published data only}

1. Constant F, Collin JF, Guillemin F, Boulange M. Effectiveness of spa therapy in chronic low back pain: a randomized clinical trial. Journal of Rheumatology 1995;22(7):1315‐20. - PubMed

Constant 1998 {published data only}

1. Constant F, Guillemin F, Collin JF, Boulange M. Use of spa therapy to improve the quality of life of chronic low back pain patients. Medical Care 1998;36(9):1309‐14. - PubMed

Ferrell 1997 {published data only}

1. Ferrell BA, Josephson KR, Pollan AM, Loy S, Ferrell BR. A randomized trial of walking versus physical methods for chronic pain management. Aging (Milano) 1997;9(1‐2):99‐105. - PubMed

Gallacchi 1981 {published data only}

1. Gallacchi G, Mueller W, Plattner GR, Schnorrenberger CC. Acupuncture and treatment with laser radiation in cases of cervical and lumbar syndromes [Akupunktur‐ und laserstrahlbehandlung beim zervikal‐ und lumbalsyndrom]. Schweiz Med Wochenschr 1981;111(37):1360‐6. - PubMed

Garvey 1989 {published data only}

1. Garvey TA, Marks MR, Wiesel SW. A prospective, randomized, double‐blind evaluation of trigger‐point injection therapy for low‐back pain. Spine 1989;14(9):962‐4. - PubMed

Grant 1964 {published data only}

1. Grant AE. Massage with ice (cryokinetics) in the treatment of painful conditions of the musculoskeletal system. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1964;45:233‐8. - PubMed

Guillemin 1994 {published data only}

1. Guillemin F, Constant F, Collin JF, Boulange M. Short and long‐term effect of spa therapy in chronic low back pain. British Journal of Rheumatology 1994;33(2):148‐51. - PubMed

Hansen 1993 {published data only}

1. Hansen FR, Bendix T, Skov P, Jensen CV, Kristensen JH, Krohn L, et al. Intensive, dynamic back‐muscle exercises, conventional physiotherapy, or placebo‐control treatment of low‐back pain. A randomized, observer‐ blind trial. Spine 1993;18(1):98. - PubMed

Hemmila 1997 {published data only}

1. Hemmila HM, Keinanen‐Kiukaanniemi SM, Levoska S, Puska P. Does folk medicine work? A randomized clinical trial on patients with prolonged back pain. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1997;78(6):571‐7. - PubMed

Hsieh 1992 {published data only}

1. Hsieh CY, Phillips RB, Adams AH, Pope MH. Functional outcomes of low back pain: comparison of four treatment groups in a randomized controlled trial. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 1992;15(1):4‐9. - PubMed

Hurwitz 2002 {published data only}

1. Hurwitz EL, Morgenstern H, Harber P, Kominsky GF, Belin TR, Yu F, et al. The effectiveness of physical modalities among patients with low back pain randomized to chiropractic care: findings from the UCLA low back pain study. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics 2002;25(1):10‐20. - PubMed

Ishimaru 1993 {published data only}

1. Ishimaru K, Shinohara S, Kitade T, Hyodo M. Clinical efficacy of electrical heat acupuncture (First report): Effect on low back pain. American Journal of Acupuncture 1993;21(1):13‐18.

Janora 1998 {published data only}

1. Janora D, Jermyn R, Mazzula S. Use of the aquamed chair for low back pain in the geriatric population. Journal of the American Osteopathic Association 1998;98(7):396.

Jayson 1981 {published data only}

1. Jayson MI, Sims‐Williams H, Young S, Baddeley H, Collins E. Mobilization and manipulation for low‐back pain. Spine 1981;6(4):409‐16. - PubMed

Kankaanpaa 1999 {published data only}

1. Kankaanpaa M, Taimela S, Airaksinen O, Hanninen O. The efficacy of active rehabilitation in chronic low back pain. Effect on pain intensity, self‐experienced disability, and lumbar fatigability. Spine 1999;24(10):1034‐4. - PubMed

Keel 1998 {published data only}

1. Keel PJ, Wittig R, Deutschmann R, Diethelm U, Knusel O, Loschmann C, et al. Effectiveness of in‐patient rehabilitation for sub‐chronic and chronic low back pain by an integrative group treatment program (Swiss Multicentre Study). Scand J Rehab Med 1998;30(4):211‐19. - PubMed

Kinalski 1989 {published data only}

1. Kinalski R, Kuwik W, Pietrzak D. The comparison of the results of manual therapy versus physiotherapy methods used in treatment of patients with low back pain syndromes. Manual Med 1989;4:44‐6.

Koes 1992 {published data only}

1. Koes BW, Bouter LM, Mameren H, Essers AH, Verstegen GM, Hofhuizen DM, et al. Randomised clinical trial of manipulative therapy and physiotherapy for persistent back and neck complaints: results of one year follow up. BMJ 1992;304(6827):601. - PMC - PubMed

Konrad 1992 {published data only}

1. Konrad K, Tatrai T, Hunka A, Vereckei E, Korondi I. Controlled trial of balneotherapy in treatment of low back pain. Ann Rheum Dis 1992;51(6):820‐2. - PMC - PubMed

Kovarovicova 1990 {published data only}

1. Kovarovicova J. Comparison of the effect of magnetotherapy and mud packs in vertebrogenic syndrome [Porovnani ucinku magnetoterapie se slatinnymi zabaly u vertebrogenniho syndromu]. Fysiatrickay a Reumatologickay Vestniak 1990;68(4):209‐15.

Kranjc 1992 {published data only}

1. Kranjc I, Turk Z. Results of a comparative study of the success of treatment of pain in the lumbar spine at the Moravske Toplice health spa, at the department of physical therapy and rehabilitation and at the department of rheumatology of the Maribor Teaching Hospital [Rezultati usporednog ispitivanja uspjesnosti lijecenja boli u lumbalnom predjelu kraljesnice u ljecilistu Moravske Toplice, na odjelu za fizikalnu terapiju i rehabilitaciju te na odjelu za reumatologiju nastavne bolnice Maribor]. Reumatizam 1992;39(2):33‐7. - PubMed

Leclaire 1996 {published data only}

1. Leclaire R, Esdaile JM, Suissa S, Rossignol M, Proulx R, Dupuis M. Back school in a first episode of compensated acute low back pain: a clinical trial to assess efficacy and prevent relapse. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1996;77(7):673‐9. - PubMed

Lindstrom 1970 {published data only}

1. Lindstrom A, Zachrisson M. Physical therapy on low back pain and sciatica: an attempt at evaluation. Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 1970;2:37‐42. - PubMed

Lurie‐Luke 2003 {published data only}

1. Lurie‐Luke E, Neubauer G, Lindl C, Breitkreutz H, Fischer P, Hitzeroth S. An exploratory workplace study to investigate the perceived value of continuous low‐level heatwrap therapy in manual workers. Occupational Medicine 2003;53(3):173‐8. - PubMed

Magyarosy 1996 {published data only}

1. Magyarosy I, Krause KH, Resch KL, Guggemos W, Utzschneider I, Gall H, et al. Surface EMG response to heat and cold application on back muscles: implications for the therapy of low back pain. European Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 1996;6(2):39‐42.

McCray 1984 {published data only}

1. McCray RE, Patton NJ. Pain relief at trigger points: a comparison of moist heat and shortwave diathermy. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy 1984;5(4):175‐8. - PubMed

Metzger 2000 {published data only}

1. Metzger D, Zwingmann C, Protz W, Jackel WH. The whole body cold therapy as analgesic treatment in patients with rheumatic diseases [Die beduetung der ganzkorper‐kaltetherapie im rahmen der rehabilitation bei patienten mit rheumatischen erkrankungen: ergebnisse einer pilotstudie]. Rehabilitation 2000;39(2):93‐100. - PubMed

Nwuga 1982 {published data only}

1. Nwuga VC. Relative therapeutic efficacy of vertebral manipulation and conventional treatment in back pain management. Am J Phys Med 1982;61(6):273‐8. - PubMed

O'Sullivan 1997 {published data only}

1. O'Sullivan PB, Phyty GD, Twomey LT, Allison GT. Evaluation of specific stabilizing exercise in the treatment of chronic low back pain with radiologic diagnosis of spondylolysis or spondylolisthesis. Spine 1997;22(24):2959‐67. - PubMed

Sims‐Williams 1979 {published data only}

1. Sims‐Williams H, Jayson MI, Young SM, Baddeley H, Collins E. Controlled trial of mobilisation and manipulation for low back pain: hospital patients. BMJ 1979;2(6201):1318‐20. - PMC - PubMed

Steinberg 1994 {published data only}

1. Steinberg R, Callies R, Bocker B. Changes in pain in the first and second halves of serial cold‐air therapy [Schmerzanderung in der ersten und zweiten halfte einer seriellen kaltlufttherapie]. Physikalische Medizin Rehabilitationsmedizin Kurortmedizin 1994;4(4):120‐1.

Talo 1992 {published data only}

1. Talo S, Rytokoski U, Puukka P. 1992 Volvo award in clinical sciences. Patient classification, a key to evaluate pain treatment: A psychological study in chronic low back pain patients. Spine 1992;17(9):998‐1010. - PubMed

Tasleem 2003 {published data only}

1. Tasleem RA, Buth BA, Koul PA, Kadri SM. Chronic low back pain: comparative analysis of treatment response to drugs and different physical modalities. JK Practitioner 2003;10(3):201‐4.

Torstensen 1998 {published data only}

1. Torstensen TA, Ljunggren AE, Meen HD, Odland E, Mowinckel P, Geijerstam S. Efficiency and costs of medical exercise therapy, conventional physiotherapy, and self‐exercise in patients with chronic low back pain. A pragmatic, randomized, single‐blinded, controlled trial with 1‐ year follow‐up. Spine 1998;23(23):2616‐24. - PubMed

Traherne 1962 {published data only}

1. Traherne JB. Evaluation of the cold spray technique in the treatment of muscle pain in general practice. Practitioner 1962;189:210‐2. - PubMed

Trowbridge 2004 {published data only}

1. Trowbridge CA, Draper DO, Feland JB, Jutte LS, Eggett DL. Paraspinal musculature and skin temperature changes: comparing the Thermacare HeatWrap, the Johnson & Johnson Back Plaster, and the ABC Warme‐Pflaster. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy 2004;34(9):549‐58. - PubMed

Yuan 1981 {published data only}

1. Yuan SH. [Observation of curative effects of external application of tincture of safflower and infrared radiation on chronic lumbago]. Chinese Journal of Physical Therapy 1981;4:22‐3.

Yurtkuran 1997 {published data only}

1. Yurtkuran M, Kahraman Z, Sivrioglu K, Afsin Y, Dogan M. Balneotherapy in low back pain. European Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 1997;7(4):120‐3.

Additional references

AAMPGG 2003

1. Australian Acute Musculoskeletal Pain Guidelines Group (AAMPGG). Evidence‐based management of acute musculoskeletal pain [Available at: http://www.nhmrc.gov.au]. Australian Academic Press: Brisbane 2003.

ACC 1997

1. ACC and the National Health Committee (1997). New Zealand Acute Low Back Pain Guide. Wellington, New Zealand. Wellington, New Zealand.

Battie 1994

1. Battie MC, Cherkin DC, Dunn R, Ciol MA, Wheeler KJ. Managing low back pain: attitudes and treatment preferences of physical therapists. Phys Ther 1994;74(3):219‐26. - PubMed

Bhandari 2004

1. Bhandari M, Busse JW, Jackowski D, Montori VM, Schunemann H, Sprague S, et al. Association between industry funding and statistically significant pro‐industry findings in medical and surgical randomized trials. CMAJ 2004;170:477‐80. - PMC - PubMed

Bigos 1994

1. Bigos S, Bowyer O, Braen G, et al. Acute Low Back Problems in Adults. Clinical Practice Guideline No. 14. Rockville, MD: AHCPR Publication No. 95‐0642. Agency for Health Care Policy and Research, Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1994.

Bleakley 2004

1. Bleakley C, McDonough S, MacAuley D. The use of ice in the treatment of acute soft‐tissue injury: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Am J Sports Med 2004;32(1):251‐61. - PubMed

Car 2003

1. Car J, Sheikh A. Acute low back pain. BMJ 2003;327(7414):541. - PMC - PubMed

Carey 1995

1. Carey TS, Evans A, Hadler N, Kalsbeek W, McLaughlin C, Fryer J. Care‐seeking among individuals with chronic low back pain. Spine 1995;20(3):312‐7. - PubMed

Djulbegovic 2000

1. Djulbegovic B, Lacevic M, Cantor A, Fields KK, Bennett CL, Adams JR, et al. The uncertainty principle and industry‐sponsored research. Lancet 2000;356(9230):635‐8. - PubMed

Europe 2004

1. Tulder M, Becker A, Bekkering T, Breen A, Real M, Hutchinson A, et al. on behalf of the COST B13 Working Group. European Guidelines for the Management of Acute Nonspecific Low Back Pain in Primary Care. Available at: http://www.backpaineurope.org (accessed 22nd March 2005).

Frymoyer 1991

1. Frymoyer JW, Cats‐Baril WL. An overview of the incidences and costs of low back pain. Orthop Clin North Am 1991;22(2):263‐71. - PubMed

Geffen 2003

1. Geffen SJ. 3: Rehabilitation principles for treating chronic musculoskeletal injuries. Med J Aust 2003;178(5):238‐42. - PubMed

Grana 1993

1. Grana WA. Physical agents in musculoskeletal problems: heat and cold therapy modalities. Instr Course Lect 1993;42:439‐42. - PubMed

Hamm 2003

1. Hamm L, Mikkelsen B, Kuhr J, Stovring H, Munck A, Kragstrup J. Danish physiotherapists' management of low back pain. Advances in Physiotherapy 2003;5(3):109‐13.

Hollingworth 2002

1. Hollingworth W, Todd CJ, King H, Males T, Dixon AK, Karia KR, et al. Primary care referrals for lumbar spine radiography: diagnostic yield and clinical guidelines. Br J Gen Pract 2002;52(6):475‐80. - PMC - PubMed

ICSI 2004

1. Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement (ICSI). Adult low back pain. Adult low back pain. Bloomington (MN), Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement (ICSI), Available at: http://www.icsi.org, 2004.

Jette 1996

1. Jette DU, Jette AM. Physical therapy and health outcomes in patients with spinal impairments. Physical Therapy 1996;76(9):930‐45. - PubMed

Kjaergard 2002

1. Kjaergard LL, Als‐Nielsen B. Association between competing interests and authors' conclusions: epidemiological study of randomised clinical trials published in the BMJ. BMJ 2002;325(7358):249‐53. - PMC - PubMed

Li 2001

1. Li LC, Bombardier C. Physical therapy management of low back pain: an exploratory survey of therapist approaches. Phys Ther 2001;81(4):1018‐28. - PubMed

Maniadakis 2000

1. Maniadakis N, Gray A. The economic burden of back pain in the UK. Pain 2000;84(1):95‐103. - PubMed

Michlovitz 1996

1. Michlovitz SL. Thermal agents in rehabilitation. 3rd Edition. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis, 1996.

Rush 1994

1. Rush PJ, Shore A. Physician perceptions of the value of physical modalities in the treatment of musculoskeletal disease. British Journal of Rheumatology 1994;33(6):566‐8. - PubMed

Stanos 2004

1. Stanos SP, Muellner PM, Harden RN. The physiatric approach to low back pain. Seminars in Pain Medicine 2004;2(3):186‐96.

van Tulder 2003

1. Tulder M, Furlan A, Bombardier C, Bouter L. Updated method guidelines for systematic reviews in the Cochrane Collaboration Back Review Group. Spine 2003;28(12):1290‐9. - PubMed

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1. Vasudevan S. Physical rehabilitation in managing pain. Pain: Clinical Updates 1997;V(3):[Available at: http://www.iasp‐pain.org/PCU97c.html] (accessed 5th May 2005).

Walker 2000

1. Walker BF. The prevalence of low back pain: a systematic review of the literature from 1966 to 1998. J Spinal Disord 2000;13(3):205‐17. - PubMed

Publication types

MeSH terms

Adult
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Clinical Trials as Topic
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Cryotherapy / methods*
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Hot Temperature / therapeutic use*
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Humans
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Low Back Pain / therapy*
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2.3. Analysis

Comparison 2 Heat vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

2.4. Analysis

Comparison 2 Heat vs other…

2.4. Analysis

Comparison 2 Heat vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3 months), Outcome…

2.4. Analysis

Comparison 2 Heat vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

2.5. Analysis

Comparison 2 Heat vs other…

2.5. Analysis

Comparison 2 Heat vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3 months), Outcome…

2.5. Analysis

Comparison 2 Heat vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

2.6. Analysis

Comparison 2 Heat vs other…

2.6. Analysis

Comparison 2 Heat vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3 months), Outcome…

2.6. Analysis

Comparison 2 Heat vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

2.7. Analysis

Comparison 2 Heat vs other…

2.7. Analysis

Comparison 2 Heat vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3 months), Outcome…

2.7. Analysis

Comparison 2 Heat vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

3.1. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise…

3.1. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3…

3.1. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

3.2. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise…

3.2. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3…

3.2. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

3.3. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise…

3.3. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3…

3.3. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

3.4. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise…

3.4. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3…

3.4. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

3.5. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise…

3.5. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3…

3.5. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

3.6. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise…

3.6. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3…

3.6. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

3.7. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise…

3.7. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3…

3.7. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

3.8. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise…

3.8. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3…

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Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

3.9. Analysis

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3.9. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3…

3.9. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

All figures (21)

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References

References to studies included in this review

Landen 1967 {published data only}

1. Landen BR. Heat or cold for the relief of low back pain?. Phys Ther 1967;47(12):1126‐8. - PubMed

Mayer 2005 {published data only}

1. Mayer JM, Ralph L, Look M, Erasala GN, Verna JL, Matheson LN, et al. Treating acute low back pain with continuous low‐level heat wrap therapy and/or exercise: a randomized controlled trial. The Spine Journal 2005;5(4):395‐403. - PubMed

Melzack 1980 {published data only}

1. Melzack R, Jeans ME, Stratford JG, Monks RC. Ice massage and transcutaneous electrical stimulation: comparison of treatment for low‐back pain. Pain 1980;9(2):209‐17. - PubMed

Nadler 2002 {published and unpublished data}

1. Lloyd A, Scott DA, Akehurst RL, Lurie‐Luke E, Jessen G. Cost‐effectiveness of low‐level heat wrap therapy for low back pain. Value in Health 2004;7(4):413‐22. - PubMed
1. Nadler SF, Steiner DJ, Erasala GN, Hengehold DA, Hinkle RT, Goodale BM, et al. Continuous low‐level heat wrap therapy provides more efficacy than Ibuprofen and acetaminophen for acute low back pain. Spine 2002;27(10):1012‐7. - PubMed

Nadler 2003a {published and unpublished data}

1. Nadler SF, Steiner DJ, Erasala GN, Hengehold DA, Abeln SB, Weingand KW. Continuous low‐level heatwrap therapy for treating acute nonspecific low back pain. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation 2003;84(3):329‐334. - PubMed
1. Weingand K. Continuous low‐level topical heat therapy is effective for treating low back pain. Low Back Pain and Disability: Unraveling the Puzzle. New York, NY: Physical Medicine Research Foundation Conference, 2‐5 November, 2000.

Nadler 2003b {published data only}

1. Nadler SF, Steiner DJ, Petty SR, Erasala GN, Hengehold DA, Weingand KW. Overnight use of continuous low‐level heatwrap therapy for relief of low back pain. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation 2003;8(3):335‐42. - PubMed

Nuhr 2004 {published data only}

1. Nuhr M, Hoerauf K, Bertalanffy A, Bertalanffy P, Frickey N, Gore C, et al. Active warming during emergency transport relieves acute low back pain. Spine 2004;29(14):1499‐503. - PubMed

Roberts 1992 {published data only}

1. Roberts D, Walls C, Carlile J, Wheaton C, Aronoff G. Relief of chronic low back pain: heat versus cold. In: Aronoff GH editor(s). Chapter 13, Evaluation and Treatment of Chronic Pain. 2nd Edition. Baltimore: Urban & Schwarzenberg, 1992:263‐6.

St John Dixon 1972 {published data only}

1. John Dixon A, Owen‐Smith BD, Harrison RA. Cold‐sensitive, non‐specific, low back pain: a comparative trial of treatment. Clinical Trials Journal 1972;4:16‐21.

References to studies excluded from this review

Aglas 1997 {published data only}

1. Aglas F, Uitz E, Rainer F. A controlled study to assess efficacy and tolerability of a portable heat application system in patients suffering from spine‐related pain syndromes [Eine kontrollierte studie zur beurteilung der wirksamkeit und vertraglichkeit eines heilwarme‐aktiv‐systems bei patienten mit vertebragenen schmerzen]. Physikalische Medizin Rehabilitationsmedizin Kurortmedizin 1997;7(2):47‐50.

Chok 1999 {published data only}

1. Chok B, Lee R, Latimer J, Tan SB. Endurance training of the trunk extensor muscles in people with subacute low back pain. Physical Therapy 1999;79(11):1032‐42. - PubMed

Constant 1995 {published data only}

1. Constant F, Collin JF, Guillemin F, Boulange M. Effectiveness of spa therapy in chronic low back pain: a randomized clinical trial. Journal of Rheumatology 1995;22(7):1315‐20. - PubMed

Constant 1998 {published data only}

1. Constant F, Guillemin F, Collin JF, Boulange M. Use of spa therapy to improve the quality of life of chronic low back pain patients. Medical Care 1998;36(9):1309‐14. - PubMed

Ferrell 1997 {published data only}

1. Ferrell BA, Josephson KR, Pollan AM, Loy S, Ferrell BR. A randomized trial of walking versus physical methods for chronic pain management. Aging (Milano) 1997;9(1‐2):99‐105. - PubMed

Gallacchi 1981 {published data only}

1. Gallacchi G, Mueller W, Plattner GR, Schnorrenberger CC. Acupuncture and treatment with laser radiation in cases of cervical and lumbar syndromes [Akupunktur‐ und laserstrahlbehandlung beim zervikal‐ und lumbalsyndrom]. Schweiz Med Wochenschr 1981;111(37):1360‐6. - PubMed

Garvey 1989 {published data only}

1. Garvey TA, Marks MR, Wiesel SW. A prospective, randomized, double‐blind evaluation of trigger‐point injection therapy for low‐back pain. Spine 1989;14(9):962‐4. - PubMed

Grant 1964 {published data only}

1. Grant AE. Massage with ice (cryokinetics) in the treatment of painful conditions of the musculoskeletal system. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1964;45:233‐8. - PubMed

Guillemin 1994 {published data only}

1. Guillemin F, Constant F, Collin JF, Boulange M. Short and long‐term effect of spa therapy in chronic low back pain. British Journal of Rheumatology 1994;33(2):148‐51. - PubMed

Hansen 1993 {published data only}

1. Hansen FR, Bendix T, Skov P, Jensen CV, Kristensen JH, Krohn L, et al. Intensive, dynamic back‐muscle exercises, conventional physiotherapy, or placebo‐control treatment of low‐back pain. A randomized, observer‐ blind trial. Spine 1993;18(1):98. - PubMed

Hemmila 1997 {published data only}

1. Hemmila HM, Keinanen‐Kiukaanniemi SM, Levoska S, Puska P. Does folk medicine work? A randomized clinical trial on patients with prolonged back pain. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1997;78(6):571‐7. - PubMed

Hsieh 1992 {published data only}

1. Hsieh CY, Phillips RB, Adams AH, Pope MH. Functional outcomes of low back pain: comparison of four treatment groups in a randomized controlled trial. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 1992;15(1):4‐9. - PubMed

Hurwitz 2002 {published data only}

1. Hurwitz EL, Morgenstern H, Harber P, Kominsky GF, Belin TR, Yu F, et al. The effectiveness of physical modalities among patients with low back pain randomized to chiropractic care: findings from the UCLA low back pain study. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics 2002;25(1):10‐20. - PubMed

Ishimaru 1993 {published data only}

1. Ishimaru K, Shinohara S, Kitade T, Hyodo M. Clinical efficacy of electrical heat acupuncture (First report): Effect on low back pain. American Journal of Acupuncture 1993;21(1):13‐18.

Janora 1998 {published data only}

1. Janora D, Jermyn R, Mazzula S. Use of the aquamed chair for low back pain in the geriatric population. Journal of the American Osteopathic Association 1998;98(7):396.

Jayson 1981 {published data only}

1. Jayson MI, Sims‐Williams H, Young S, Baddeley H, Collins E. Mobilization and manipulation for low‐back pain. Spine 1981;6(4):409‐16. - PubMed

Kankaanpaa 1999 {published data only}

1. Kankaanpaa M, Taimela S, Airaksinen O, Hanninen O. The efficacy of active rehabilitation in chronic low back pain. Effect on pain intensity, self‐experienced disability, and lumbar fatigability. Spine 1999;24(10):1034‐4. - PubMed

Keel 1998 {published data only}

1. Keel PJ, Wittig R, Deutschmann R, Diethelm U, Knusel O, Loschmann C, et al. Effectiveness of in‐patient rehabilitation for sub‐chronic and chronic low back pain by an integrative group treatment program (Swiss Multicentre Study). Scand J Rehab Med 1998;30(4):211‐19. - PubMed

Kinalski 1989 {published data only}

1. Kinalski R, Kuwik W, Pietrzak D. The comparison of the results of manual therapy versus physiotherapy methods used in treatment of patients with low back pain syndromes. Manual Med 1989;4:44‐6.

Koes 1992 {published data only}

1. Koes BW, Bouter LM, Mameren H, Essers AH, Verstegen GM, Hofhuizen DM, et al. Randomised clinical trial of manipulative therapy and physiotherapy for persistent back and neck complaints: results of one year follow up. BMJ 1992;304(6827):601. - PMC - PubMed

Konrad 1992 {published data only}

1. Konrad K, Tatrai T, Hunka A, Vereckei E, Korondi I. Controlled trial of balneotherapy in treatment of low back pain. Ann Rheum Dis 1992;51(6):820‐2. - PMC - PubMed

Kovarovicova 1990 {published data only}

1. Kovarovicova J. Comparison of the effect of magnetotherapy and mud packs in vertebrogenic syndrome [Porovnani ucinku magnetoterapie se slatinnymi zabaly u vertebrogenniho syndromu]. Fysiatrickay a Reumatologickay Vestniak 1990;68(4):209‐15.

Kranjc 1992 {published data only}

1. Kranjc I, Turk Z. Results of a comparative study of the success of treatment of pain in the lumbar spine at the Moravske Toplice health spa, at the department of physical therapy and rehabilitation and at the department of rheumatology of the Maribor Teaching Hospital [Rezultati usporednog ispitivanja uspjesnosti lijecenja boli u lumbalnom predjelu kraljesnice u ljecilistu Moravske Toplice, na odjelu za fizikalnu terapiju i rehabilitaciju te na odjelu za reumatologiju nastavne bolnice Maribor]. Reumatizam 1992;39(2):33‐7. - PubMed

Leclaire 1996 {published data only}

1. Leclaire R, Esdaile JM, Suissa S, Rossignol M, Proulx R, Dupuis M. Back school in a first episode of compensated acute low back pain: a clinical trial to assess efficacy and prevent relapse. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1996;77(7):673‐9. - PubMed

Lindstrom 1970 {published data only}

1. Lindstrom A, Zachrisson M. Physical therapy on low back pain and sciatica: an attempt at evaluation. Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 1970;2:37‐42. - PubMed

Lurie‐Luke 2003 {published data only}

1. Lurie‐Luke E, Neubauer G, Lindl C, Breitkreutz H, Fischer P, Hitzeroth S. An exploratory workplace study to investigate the perceived value of continuous low‐level heatwrap therapy in manual workers. Occupational Medicine 2003;53(3):173‐8. - PubMed

Magyarosy 1996 {published data only}

1. Magyarosy I, Krause KH, Resch KL, Guggemos W, Utzschneider I, Gall H, et al. Surface EMG response to heat and cold application on back muscles: implications for the therapy of low back pain. European Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 1996;6(2):39‐42.

McCray 1984 {published data only}

1. McCray RE, Patton NJ. Pain relief at trigger points: a comparison of moist heat and shortwave diathermy. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy 1984;5(4):175‐8. - PubMed

Metzger 2000 {published data only}

1. Metzger D, Zwingmann C, Protz W, Jackel WH. The whole body cold therapy as analgesic treatment in patients with rheumatic diseases [Die beduetung der ganzkorper‐kaltetherapie im rahmen der rehabilitation bei patienten mit rheumatischen erkrankungen: ergebnisse einer pilotstudie]. Rehabilitation 2000;39(2):93‐100. - PubMed

Nwuga 1982 {published data only}

1. Nwuga VC. Relative therapeutic efficacy of vertebral manipulation and conventional treatment in back pain management. Am J Phys Med 1982;61(6):273‐8. - PubMed

O'Sullivan 1997 {published data only}

1. O'Sullivan PB, Phyty GD, Twomey LT, Allison GT. Evaluation of specific stabilizing exercise in the treatment of chronic low back pain with radiologic diagnosis of spondylolysis or spondylolisthesis. Spine 1997;22(24):2959‐67. - PubMed

Sims‐Williams 1979 {published data only}

1. Sims‐Williams H, Jayson MI, Young SM, Baddeley H, Collins E. Controlled trial of mobilisation and manipulation for low back pain: hospital patients. BMJ 1979;2(6201):1318‐20. - PMC - PubMed

Steinberg 1994 {published data only}

1. Steinberg R, Callies R, Bocker B. Changes in pain in the first and second halves of serial cold‐air therapy [Schmerzanderung in der ersten und zweiten halfte einer seriellen kaltlufttherapie]. Physikalische Medizin Rehabilitationsmedizin Kurortmedizin 1994;4(4):120‐1.

Talo 1992 {published data only}

1. Talo S, Rytokoski U, Puukka P. 1992 Volvo award in clinical sciences. Patient classification, a key to evaluate pain treatment: A psychological study in chronic low back pain patients. Spine 1992;17(9):998‐1010. - PubMed

Tasleem 2003 {published data only}

1. Tasleem RA, Buth BA, Koul PA, Kadri SM. Chronic low back pain: comparative analysis of treatment response to drugs and different physical modalities. JK Practitioner 2003;10(3):201‐4.

Torstensen 1998 {published data only}

1. Torstensen TA, Ljunggren AE, Meen HD, Odland E, Mowinckel P, Geijerstam S. Efficiency and costs of medical exercise therapy, conventional physiotherapy, and self‐exercise in patients with chronic low back pain. A pragmatic, randomized, single‐blinded, controlled trial with 1‐ year follow‐up. Spine 1998;23(23):2616‐24. - PubMed

Traherne 1962 {published data only}

1. Traherne JB. Evaluation of the cold spray technique in the treatment of muscle pain in general practice. Practitioner 1962;189:210‐2. - PubMed

Trowbridge 2004 {published data only}

1. Trowbridge CA, Draper DO, Feland JB, Jutte LS, Eggett DL. Paraspinal musculature and skin temperature changes: comparing the Thermacare HeatWrap, the Johnson & Johnson Back Plaster, and the ABC Warme‐Pflaster. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy 2004;34(9):549‐58. - PubMed

Yuan 1981 {published data only}

1. Yuan SH. [Observation of curative effects of external application of tincture of safflower and infrared radiation on chronic lumbago]. Chinese Journal of Physical Therapy 1981;4:22‐3.

Yurtkuran 1997 {published data only}

1. Yurtkuran M, Kahraman Z, Sivrioglu K, Afsin Y, Dogan M. Balneotherapy in low back pain. European Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 1997;7(4):120‐3.

Additional references

AAMPGG 2003

1. Australian Acute Musculoskeletal Pain Guidelines Group (AAMPGG). Evidence‐based management of acute musculoskeletal pain [Available at: http://www.nhmrc.gov.au]. Australian Academic Press: Brisbane 2003.

ACC 1997

1. ACC and the National Health Committee (1997). New Zealand Acute Low Back Pain Guide. Wellington, New Zealand. Wellington, New Zealand.

Battie 1994

1. Battie MC, Cherkin DC, Dunn R, Ciol MA, Wheeler KJ. Managing low back pain: attitudes and treatment preferences of physical therapists. Phys Ther 1994;74(3):219‐26. - PubMed

Bhandari 2004

1. Bhandari M, Busse JW, Jackowski D, Montori VM, Schunemann H, Sprague S, et al. Association between industry funding and statistically significant pro‐industry findings in medical and surgical randomized trials. CMAJ 2004;170:477‐80. - PMC - PubMed

Bigos 1994

1. Bigos S, Bowyer O, Braen G, et al. Acute Low Back Problems in Adults. Clinical Practice Guideline No. 14. Rockville, MD: AHCPR Publication No. 95‐0642. Agency for Health Care Policy and Research, Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1994.

Bleakley 2004

1. Bleakley C, McDonough S, MacAuley D. The use of ice in the treatment of acute soft‐tissue injury: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Am J Sports Med 2004;32(1):251‐61. - PubMed

Car 2003

1. Car J, Sheikh A. Acute low back pain. BMJ 2003;327(7414):541. - PMC - PubMed

Carey 1995

1. Carey TS, Evans A, Hadler N, Kalsbeek W, McLaughlin C, Fryer J. Care‐seeking among individuals with chronic low back pain. Spine 1995;20(3):312‐7. - PubMed

Djulbegovic 2000

1. Djulbegovic B, Lacevic M, Cantor A, Fields KK, Bennett CL, Adams JR, et al. The uncertainty principle and industry‐sponsored research. Lancet 2000;356(9230):635‐8. - PubMed

Europe 2004

1. Tulder M, Becker A, Bekkering T, Breen A, Real M, Hutchinson A, et al. on behalf of the COST B13 Working Group. European Guidelines for the Management of Acute Nonspecific Low Back Pain in Primary Care. Available at: http://www.backpaineurope.org (accessed 22nd March 2005).

Frymoyer 1991

1. Frymoyer JW, Cats‐Baril WL. An overview of the incidences and costs of low back pain. Orthop Clin North Am 1991;22(2):263‐71. - PubMed

Geffen 2003

1. Geffen SJ. 3: Rehabilitation principles for treating chronic musculoskeletal injuries. Med J Aust 2003;178(5):238‐42. - PubMed

Grana 1993

1. Grana WA. Physical agents in musculoskeletal problems: heat and cold therapy modalities. Instr Course Lect 1993;42:439‐42. - PubMed

Hamm 2003

1. Hamm L, Mikkelsen B, Kuhr J, Stovring H, Munck A, Kragstrup J. Danish physiotherapists' management of low back pain. Advances in Physiotherapy 2003;5(3):109‐13.

Hollingworth 2002

1. Hollingworth W, Todd CJ, King H, Males T, Dixon AK, Karia KR, et al. Primary care referrals for lumbar spine radiography: diagnostic yield and clinical guidelines. Br J Gen Pract 2002;52(6):475‐80. - PMC - PubMed

ICSI 2004

1. Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement (ICSI). Adult low back pain. Adult low back pain. Bloomington (MN), Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement (ICSI), Available at: http://www.icsi.org, 2004.

Jette 1996

1. Jette DU, Jette AM. Physical therapy and health outcomes in patients with spinal impairments. Physical Therapy 1996;76(9):930‐45. - PubMed

Kjaergard 2002

1. Kjaergard LL, Als‐Nielsen B. Association between competing interests and authors' conclusions: epidemiological study of randomised clinical trials published in the BMJ. BMJ 2002;325(7358):249‐53. - PMC - PubMed

Li 2001

1. Li LC, Bombardier C. Physical therapy management of low back pain: an exploratory survey of therapist approaches. Phys Ther 2001;81(4):1018‐28. - PubMed

Maniadakis 2000

1. Maniadakis N, Gray A. The economic burden of back pain in the UK. Pain 2000;84(1):95‐103. - PubMed

Michlovitz 1996

1. Michlovitz SL. Thermal agents in rehabilitation. 3rd Edition. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis, 1996.

Rush 1994

1. Rush PJ, Shore A. Physician perceptions of the value of physical modalities in the treatment of musculoskeletal disease. British Journal of Rheumatology 1994;33(6):566‐8. - PubMed

Stanos 2004

1. Stanos SP, Muellner PM, Harden RN. The physiatric approach to low back pain. Seminars in Pain Medicine 2004;2(3):186‐96.

van Tulder 2003

1. Tulder M, Furlan A, Bombardier C, Bouter L. Updated method guidelines for systematic reviews in the Cochrane Collaboration Back Review Group. Spine 2003;28(12):1290‐9. - PubMed

Vasudevan 1997

1. Vasudevan S. Physical rehabilitation in managing pain. Pain: Clinical Updates 1997;V(3):[Available at: http://www.iasp‐pain.org/PCU97c.html] (accessed 5th May 2005).

Walker 2000

1. Walker BF. The prevalence of low back pain: a systematic review of the literature from 1966 to 1998. J Spinal Disord 2000;13(3):205‐17. - PubMed

Publication types

MeSH terms

Adult
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Clinical Trials as Topic
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Cryotherapy / methods*
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Hot Temperature / therapeutic use*
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Humans
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Low Back Pain / therapy*
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2.4. Analysis

Comparison 2 Heat vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

2.5. Analysis

Comparison 2 Heat vs other…

2.5. Analysis

Comparison 2 Heat vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3 months), Outcome…

2.5. Analysis

Comparison 2 Heat vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

2.6. Analysis

Comparison 2 Heat vs other…

2.6. Analysis

Comparison 2 Heat vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3 months), Outcome…

2.6. Analysis

Comparison 2 Heat vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

2.7. Analysis

Comparison 2 Heat vs other…

2.7. Analysis

Comparison 2 Heat vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3 months), Outcome…

2.7. Analysis

Comparison 2 Heat vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

3.1. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise…

3.1. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3…

3.1. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

3.2. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise…

3.2. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3…

3.2. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

3.3. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise…

3.3. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3…

3.3. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

3.4. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise…

3.4. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3…

3.4. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

3.5. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise…

3.5. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3…

3.5. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

3.6. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise…

3.6. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3…

3.6. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

3.7. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise…

3.7. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3…

3.7. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

3.8. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise…

3.8. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3…

3.8. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

3.9. Analysis

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3.9. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3…

3.9. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

All figures (21)

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doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004750

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References

References to studies included in this review

Landen 1967 {published data only}

1. Landen BR. Heat or cold for the relief of low back pain?. Phys Ther 1967;47(12):1126‐8. - PubMed

Mayer 2005 {published data only}

1. Mayer JM, Ralph L, Look M, Erasala GN, Verna JL, Matheson LN, et al. Treating acute low back pain with continuous low‐level heat wrap therapy and/or exercise: a randomized controlled trial. The Spine Journal 2005;5(4):395‐403. - PubMed

Melzack 1980 {published data only}

1. Melzack R, Jeans ME, Stratford JG, Monks RC. Ice massage and transcutaneous electrical stimulation: comparison of treatment for low‐back pain. Pain 1980;9(2):209‐17. - PubMed

Nadler 2002 {published and unpublished data}

1. Lloyd A, Scott DA, Akehurst RL, Lurie‐Luke E, Jessen G. Cost‐effectiveness of low‐level heat wrap therapy for low back pain. Value in Health 2004;7(4):413‐22. - PubMed
1. Nadler SF, Steiner DJ, Erasala GN, Hengehold DA, Hinkle RT, Goodale BM, et al. Continuous low‐level heat wrap therapy provides more efficacy than Ibuprofen and acetaminophen for acute low back pain. Spine 2002;27(10):1012‐7. - PubMed

Nadler 2003a {published and unpublished data}

1. Nadler SF, Steiner DJ, Erasala GN, Hengehold DA, Abeln SB, Weingand KW. Continuous low‐level heatwrap therapy for treating acute nonspecific low back pain. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation 2003;84(3):329‐334. - PubMed
1. Weingand K. Continuous low‐level topical heat therapy is effective for treating low back pain. Low Back Pain and Disability: Unraveling the Puzzle. New York, NY: Physical Medicine Research Foundation Conference, 2‐5 November, 2000.

Nadler 2003b {published data only}

1. Nadler SF, Steiner DJ, Petty SR, Erasala GN, Hengehold DA, Weingand KW. Overnight use of continuous low‐level heatwrap therapy for relief of low back pain. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation 2003;8(3):335‐42. - PubMed

Nuhr 2004 {published data only}

1. Nuhr M, Hoerauf K, Bertalanffy A, Bertalanffy P, Frickey N, Gore C, et al. Active warming during emergency transport relieves acute low back pain. Spine 2004;29(14):1499‐503. - PubMed

Roberts 1992 {published data only}

1. Roberts D, Walls C, Carlile J, Wheaton C, Aronoff G. Relief of chronic low back pain: heat versus cold. In: Aronoff GH editor(s). Chapter 13, Evaluation and Treatment of Chronic Pain. 2nd Edition. Baltimore: Urban & Schwarzenberg, 1992:263‐6.

St John Dixon 1972 {published data only}

1. John Dixon A, Owen‐Smith BD, Harrison RA. Cold‐sensitive, non‐specific, low back pain: a comparative trial of treatment. Clinical Trials Journal 1972;4:16‐21.

References to studies excluded from this review

Aglas 1997 {published data only}

1. Aglas F, Uitz E, Rainer F. A controlled study to assess efficacy and tolerability of a portable heat application system in patients suffering from spine‐related pain syndromes [Eine kontrollierte studie zur beurteilung der wirksamkeit und vertraglichkeit eines heilwarme‐aktiv‐systems bei patienten mit vertebragenen schmerzen]. Physikalische Medizin Rehabilitationsmedizin Kurortmedizin 1997;7(2):47‐50.

Chok 1999 {published data only}

1. Chok B, Lee R, Latimer J, Tan SB. Endurance training of the trunk extensor muscles in people with subacute low back pain. Physical Therapy 1999;79(11):1032‐42. - PubMed

Constant 1995 {published data only}

1. Constant F, Collin JF, Guillemin F, Boulange M. Effectiveness of spa therapy in chronic low back pain: a randomized clinical trial. Journal of Rheumatology 1995;22(7):1315‐20. - PubMed

Constant 1998 {published data only}

1. Constant F, Guillemin F, Collin JF, Boulange M. Use of spa therapy to improve the quality of life of chronic low back pain patients. Medical Care 1998;36(9):1309‐14. - PubMed

Ferrell 1997 {published data only}

1. Ferrell BA, Josephson KR, Pollan AM, Loy S, Ferrell BR. A randomized trial of walking versus physical methods for chronic pain management. Aging (Milano) 1997;9(1‐2):99‐105. - PubMed

Gallacchi 1981 {published data only}

1. Gallacchi G, Mueller W, Plattner GR, Schnorrenberger CC. Acupuncture and treatment with laser radiation in cases of cervical and lumbar syndromes [Akupunktur‐ und laserstrahlbehandlung beim zervikal‐ und lumbalsyndrom]. Schweiz Med Wochenschr 1981;111(37):1360‐6. - PubMed

Garvey 1989 {published data only}

1. Garvey TA, Marks MR, Wiesel SW. A prospective, randomized, double‐blind evaluation of trigger‐point injection therapy for low‐back pain. Spine 1989;14(9):962‐4. - PubMed

Grant 1964 {published data only}

1. Grant AE. Massage with ice (cryokinetics) in the treatment of painful conditions of the musculoskeletal system. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1964;45:233‐8. - PubMed

Guillemin 1994 {published data only}

1. Guillemin F, Constant F, Collin JF, Boulange M. Short and long‐term effect of spa therapy in chronic low back pain. British Journal of Rheumatology 1994;33(2):148‐51. - PubMed

Hansen 1993 {published data only}

1. Hansen FR, Bendix T, Skov P, Jensen CV, Kristensen JH, Krohn L, et al. Intensive, dynamic back‐muscle exercises, conventional physiotherapy, or placebo‐control treatment of low‐back pain. A randomized, observer‐ blind trial. Spine 1993;18(1):98. - PubMed

Hemmila 1997 {published data only}

1. Hemmila HM, Keinanen‐Kiukaanniemi SM, Levoska S, Puska P. Does folk medicine work? A randomized clinical trial on patients with prolonged back pain. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1997;78(6):571‐7. - PubMed

Hsieh 1992 {published data only}

1. Hsieh CY, Phillips RB, Adams AH, Pope MH. Functional outcomes of low back pain: comparison of four treatment groups in a randomized controlled trial. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 1992;15(1):4‐9. - PubMed

Hurwitz 2002 {published data only}

1. Hurwitz EL, Morgenstern H, Harber P, Kominsky GF, Belin TR, Yu F, et al. The effectiveness of physical modalities among patients with low back pain randomized to chiropractic care: findings from the UCLA low back pain study. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics 2002;25(1):10‐20. - PubMed

Ishimaru 1993 {published data only}

1. Ishimaru K, Shinohara S, Kitade T, Hyodo M. Clinical efficacy of electrical heat acupuncture (First report): Effect on low back pain. American Journal of Acupuncture 1993;21(1):13‐18.

Janora 1998 {published data only}

1. Janora D, Jermyn R, Mazzula S. Use of the aquamed chair for low back pain in the geriatric population. Journal of the American Osteopathic Association 1998;98(7):396.

Jayson 1981 {published data only}

1. Jayson MI, Sims‐Williams H, Young S, Baddeley H, Collins E. Mobilization and manipulation for low‐back pain. Spine 1981;6(4):409‐16. - PubMed

Kankaanpaa 1999 {published data only}

1. Kankaanpaa M, Taimela S, Airaksinen O, Hanninen O. The efficacy of active rehabilitation in chronic low back pain. Effect on pain intensity, self‐experienced disability, and lumbar fatigability. Spine 1999;24(10):1034‐4. - PubMed

Keel 1998 {published data only}

1. Keel PJ, Wittig R, Deutschmann R, Diethelm U, Knusel O, Loschmann C, et al. Effectiveness of in‐patient rehabilitation for sub‐chronic and chronic low back pain by an integrative group treatment program (Swiss Multicentre Study). Scand J Rehab Med 1998;30(4):211‐19. - PubMed

Kinalski 1989 {published data only}

1. Kinalski R, Kuwik W, Pietrzak D. The comparison of the results of manual therapy versus physiotherapy methods used in treatment of patients with low back pain syndromes. Manual Med 1989;4:44‐6.

Koes 1992 {published data only}

1. Koes BW, Bouter LM, Mameren H, Essers AH, Verstegen GM, Hofhuizen DM, et al. Randomised clinical trial of manipulative therapy and physiotherapy for persistent back and neck complaints: results of one year follow up. BMJ 1992;304(6827):601. - PMC - PubMed

Konrad 1992 {published data only}

1. Konrad K, Tatrai T, Hunka A, Vereckei E, Korondi I. Controlled trial of balneotherapy in treatment of low back pain. Ann Rheum Dis 1992;51(6):820‐2. - PMC - PubMed

Kovarovicova 1990 {published data only}

1. Kovarovicova J. Comparison of the effect of magnetotherapy and mud packs in vertebrogenic syndrome [Porovnani ucinku magnetoterapie se slatinnymi zabaly u vertebrogenniho syndromu]. Fysiatrickay a Reumatologickay Vestniak 1990;68(4):209‐15.

Kranjc 1992 {published data only}

1. Kranjc I, Turk Z. Results of a comparative study of the success of treatment of pain in the lumbar spine at the Moravske Toplice health spa, at the department of physical therapy and rehabilitation and at the department of rheumatology of the Maribor Teaching Hospital [Rezultati usporednog ispitivanja uspjesnosti lijecenja boli u lumbalnom predjelu kraljesnice u ljecilistu Moravske Toplice, na odjelu za fizikalnu terapiju i rehabilitaciju te na odjelu za reumatologiju nastavne bolnice Maribor]. Reumatizam 1992;39(2):33‐7. - PubMed

Leclaire 1996 {published data only}

1. Leclaire R, Esdaile JM, Suissa S, Rossignol M, Proulx R, Dupuis M. Back school in a first episode of compensated acute low back pain: a clinical trial to assess efficacy and prevent relapse. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1996;77(7):673‐9. - PubMed

Lindstrom 1970 {published data only}

1. Lindstrom A, Zachrisson M. Physical therapy on low back pain and sciatica: an attempt at evaluation. Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 1970;2:37‐42. - PubMed

Lurie‐Luke 2003 {published data only}

1. Lurie‐Luke E, Neubauer G, Lindl C, Breitkreutz H, Fischer P, Hitzeroth S. An exploratory workplace study to investigate the perceived value of continuous low‐level heatwrap therapy in manual workers. Occupational Medicine 2003;53(3):173‐8. - PubMed

Magyarosy 1996 {published data only}

1. Magyarosy I, Krause KH, Resch KL, Guggemos W, Utzschneider I, Gall H, et al. Surface EMG response to heat and cold application on back muscles: implications for the therapy of low back pain. European Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 1996;6(2):39‐42.

McCray 1984 {published data only}

1. McCray RE, Patton NJ. Pain relief at trigger points: a comparison of moist heat and shortwave diathermy. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy 1984;5(4):175‐8. - PubMed

Metzger 2000 {published data only}

1. Metzger D, Zwingmann C, Protz W, Jackel WH. The whole body cold therapy as analgesic treatment in patients with rheumatic diseases [Die beduetung der ganzkorper‐kaltetherapie im rahmen der rehabilitation bei patienten mit rheumatischen erkrankungen: ergebnisse einer pilotstudie]. Rehabilitation 2000;39(2):93‐100. - PubMed

Nwuga 1982 {published data only}

1. Nwuga VC. Relative therapeutic efficacy of vertebral manipulation and conventional treatment in back pain management. Am J Phys Med 1982;61(6):273‐8. - PubMed

O'Sullivan 1997 {published data only}

1. O'Sullivan PB, Phyty GD, Twomey LT, Allison GT. Evaluation of specific stabilizing exercise in the treatment of chronic low back pain with radiologic diagnosis of spondylolysis or spondylolisthesis. Spine 1997;22(24):2959‐67. - PubMed

Sims‐Williams 1979 {published data only}

1. Sims‐Williams H, Jayson MI, Young SM, Baddeley H, Collins E. Controlled trial of mobilisation and manipulation for low back pain: hospital patients. BMJ 1979;2(6201):1318‐20. - PMC - PubMed

Steinberg 1994 {published data only}

1. Steinberg R, Callies R, Bocker B. Changes in pain in the first and second halves of serial cold‐air therapy [Schmerzanderung in der ersten und zweiten halfte einer seriellen kaltlufttherapie]. Physikalische Medizin Rehabilitationsmedizin Kurortmedizin 1994;4(4):120‐1.

Talo 1992 {published data only}

1. Talo S, Rytokoski U, Puukka P. 1992 Volvo award in clinical sciences. Patient classification, a key to evaluate pain treatment: A psychological study in chronic low back pain patients. Spine 1992;17(9):998‐1010. - PubMed

Tasleem 2003 {published data only}

1. Tasleem RA, Buth BA, Koul PA, Kadri SM. Chronic low back pain: comparative analysis of treatment response to drugs and different physical modalities. JK Practitioner 2003;10(3):201‐4.

Torstensen 1998 {published data only}

1. Torstensen TA, Ljunggren AE, Meen HD, Odland E, Mowinckel P, Geijerstam S. Efficiency and costs of medical exercise therapy, conventional physiotherapy, and self‐exercise in patients with chronic low back pain. A pragmatic, randomized, single‐blinded, controlled trial with 1‐ year follow‐up. Spine 1998;23(23):2616‐24. - PubMed

Traherne 1962 {published data only}

1. Traherne JB. Evaluation of the cold spray technique in the treatment of muscle pain in general practice. Practitioner 1962;189:210‐2. - PubMed

Trowbridge 2004 {published data only}

1. Trowbridge CA, Draper DO, Feland JB, Jutte LS, Eggett DL. Paraspinal musculature and skin temperature changes: comparing the Thermacare HeatWrap, the Johnson & Johnson Back Plaster, and the ABC Warme‐Pflaster. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy 2004;34(9):549‐58. - PubMed

Yuan 1981 {published data only}

1. Yuan SH. [Observation of curative effects of external application of tincture of safflower and infrared radiation on chronic lumbago]. Chinese Journal of Physical Therapy 1981;4:22‐3.

Yurtkuran 1997 {published data only}

1. Yurtkuran M, Kahraman Z, Sivrioglu K, Afsin Y, Dogan M. Balneotherapy in low back pain. European Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 1997;7(4):120‐3.

Additional references

AAMPGG 2003

1. Australian Acute Musculoskeletal Pain Guidelines Group (AAMPGG). Evidence‐based management of acute musculoskeletal pain [Available at: http://www.nhmrc.gov.au]. Australian Academic Press: Brisbane 2003.

ACC 1997

1. ACC and the National Health Committee (1997). New Zealand Acute Low Back Pain Guide. Wellington, New Zealand. Wellington, New Zealand.

Battie 1994

1. Battie MC, Cherkin DC, Dunn R, Ciol MA, Wheeler KJ. Managing low back pain: attitudes and treatment preferences of physical therapists. Phys Ther 1994;74(3):219‐26. - PubMed

Bhandari 2004

1. Bhandari M, Busse JW, Jackowski D, Montori VM, Schunemann H, Sprague S, et al. Association between industry funding and statistically significant pro‐industry findings in medical and surgical randomized trials. CMAJ 2004;170:477‐80. - PMC - PubMed

Bigos 1994

1. Bigos S, Bowyer O, Braen G, et al. Acute Low Back Problems in Adults. Clinical Practice Guideline No. 14. Rockville, MD: AHCPR Publication No. 95‐0642. Agency for Health Care Policy and Research, Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1994.

Bleakley 2004

1. Bleakley C, McDonough S, MacAuley D. The use of ice in the treatment of acute soft‐tissue injury: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Am J Sports Med 2004;32(1):251‐61. - PubMed

Car 2003

1. Car J, Sheikh A. Acute low back pain. BMJ 2003;327(7414):541. - PMC - PubMed

Carey 1995

1. Carey TS, Evans A, Hadler N, Kalsbeek W, McLaughlin C, Fryer J. Care‐seeking among individuals with chronic low back pain. Spine 1995;20(3):312‐7. - PubMed

Djulbegovic 2000

1. Djulbegovic B, Lacevic M, Cantor A, Fields KK, Bennett CL, Adams JR, et al. The uncertainty principle and industry‐sponsored research. Lancet 2000;356(9230):635‐8. - PubMed

Europe 2004

1. Tulder M, Becker A, Bekkering T, Breen A, Real M, Hutchinson A, et al. on behalf of the COST B13 Working Group. European Guidelines for the Management of Acute Nonspecific Low Back Pain in Primary Care. Available at: http://www.backpaineurope.org (accessed 22nd March 2005).

Frymoyer 1991

1. Frymoyer JW, Cats‐Baril WL. An overview of the incidences and costs of low back pain. Orthop Clin North Am 1991;22(2):263‐71. - PubMed

Geffen 2003

1. Geffen SJ. 3: Rehabilitation principles for treating chronic musculoskeletal injuries. Med J Aust 2003;178(5):238‐42. - PubMed

Grana 1993

1. Grana WA. Physical agents in musculoskeletal problems: heat and cold therapy modalities. Instr Course Lect 1993;42:439‐42. - PubMed

Hamm 2003

1. Hamm L, Mikkelsen B, Kuhr J, Stovring H, Munck A, Kragstrup J. Danish physiotherapists' management of low back pain. Advances in Physiotherapy 2003;5(3):109‐13.

Hollingworth 2002

1. Hollingworth W, Todd CJ, King H, Males T, Dixon AK, Karia KR, et al. Primary care referrals for lumbar spine radiography: diagnostic yield and clinical guidelines. Br J Gen Pract 2002;52(6):475‐80. - PMC - PubMed

ICSI 2004

1. Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement (ICSI). Adult low back pain. Adult low back pain. Bloomington (MN), Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement (ICSI), Available at: http://www.icsi.org, 2004.

Jette 1996

1. Jette DU, Jette AM. Physical therapy and health outcomes in patients with spinal impairments. Physical Therapy 1996;76(9):930‐45. - PubMed

Kjaergard 2002

1. Kjaergard LL, Als‐Nielsen B. Association between competing interests and authors' conclusions: epidemiological study of randomised clinical trials published in the BMJ. BMJ 2002;325(7358):249‐53. - PMC - PubMed

Li 2001

1. Li LC, Bombardier C. Physical therapy management of low back pain: an exploratory survey of therapist approaches. Phys Ther 2001;81(4):1018‐28. - PubMed

Maniadakis 2000

1. Maniadakis N, Gray A. The economic burden of back pain in the UK. Pain 2000;84(1):95‐103. - PubMed

Michlovitz 1996

1. Michlovitz SL. Thermal agents in rehabilitation. 3rd Edition. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis, 1996.

Rush 1994

1. Rush PJ, Shore A. Physician perceptions of the value of physical modalities in the treatment of musculoskeletal disease. British Journal of Rheumatology 1994;33(6):566‐8. - PubMed

Stanos 2004

1. Stanos SP, Muellner PM, Harden RN. The physiatric approach to low back pain. Seminars in Pain Medicine 2004;2(3):186‐96.

van Tulder 2003

1. Tulder M, Furlan A, Bombardier C, Bouter L. Updated method guidelines for systematic reviews in the Cochrane Collaboration Back Review Group. Spine 2003;28(12):1290‐9. - PubMed

Vasudevan 1997

1. Vasudevan S. Physical rehabilitation in managing pain. Pain: Clinical Updates 1997;V(3):[Available at: http://www.iasp‐pain.org/PCU97c.html] (accessed 5th May 2005).

Walker 2000

1. Walker BF. The prevalence of low back pain: a systematic review of the literature from 1966 to 1998. J Spinal Disord 2000;13(3):205‐17. - PubMed

Publication types

MeSH terms

Adult
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Clinical Trials as Topic
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Cryotherapy / methods*
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Hot Temperature / therapeutic use*
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Humans
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Low Back Pain / therapy*
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2.5. Analysis

Comparison 2 Heat vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

2.6. Analysis

Comparison 2 Heat vs other…

2.6. Analysis

Comparison 2 Heat vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3 months), Outcome…

2.6. Analysis

Comparison 2 Heat vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

2.7. Analysis

Comparison 2 Heat vs other…

2.7. Analysis

Comparison 2 Heat vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3 months), Outcome…

2.7. Analysis

Comparison 2 Heat vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

3.1. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise…

3.1. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3…

3.1. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

3.2. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise…

3.2. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3…

3.2. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

3.3. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise…

3.3. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3…

3.3. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

3.4. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise…

3.4. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3…

3.4. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

3.5. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise…

3.5. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3…

3.5. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

3.6. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise…

3.6. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3…

3.6. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

3.7. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise…

3.7. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3…

3.7. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

3.8. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise…

3.8. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3…

3.8. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

3.9. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise…

3.9. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3…

3.9. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

All figures (21)

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doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004750

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References

References to studies included in this review

Landen 1967 {published data only}

1. Landen BR. Heat or cold for the relief of low back pain?. Phys Ther 1967;47(12):1126‐8. - PubMed

Mayer 2005 {published data only}

1. Mayer JM, Ralph L, Look M, Erasala GN, Verna JL, Matheson LN, et al. Treating acute low back pain with continuous low‐level heat wrap therapy and/or exercise: a randomized controlled trial. The Spine Journal 2005;5(4):395‐403. - PubMed

Melzack 1980 {published data only}

1. Melzack R, Jeans ME, Stratford JG, Monks RC. Ice massage and transcutaneous electrical stimulation: comparison of treatment for low‐back pain. Pain 1980;9(2):209‐17. - PubMed

Nadler 2002 {published and unpublished data}

1. Lloyd A, Scott DA, Akehurst RL, Lurie‐Luke E, Jessen G. Cost‐effectiveness of low‐level heat wrap therapy for low back pain. Value in Health 2004;7(4):413‐22. - PubMed
1. Nadler SF, Steiner DJ, Erasala GN, Hengehold DA, Hinkle RT, Goodale BM, et al. Continuous low‐level heat wrap therapy provides more efficacy than Ibuprofen and acetaminophen for acute low back pain. Spine 2002;27(10):1012‐7. - PubMed

Nadler 2003a {published and unpublished data}

1. Nadler SF, Steiner DJ, Erasala GN, Hengehold DA, Abeln SB, Weingand KW. Continuous low‐level heatwrap therapy for treating acute nonspecific low back pain. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation 2003;84(3):329‐334. - PubMed
1. Weingand K. Continuous low‐level topical heat therapy is effective for treating low back pain. Low Back Pain and Disability: Unraveling the Puzzle. New York, NY: Physical Medicine Research Foundation Conference, 2‐5 November, 2000.

Nadler 2003b {published data only}

1. Nadler SF, Steiner DJ, Petty SR, Erasala GN, Hengehold DA, Weingand KW. Overnight use of continuous low‐level heatwrap therapy for relief of low back pain. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation 2003;8(3):335‐42. - PubMed

Nuhr 2004 {published data only}

1. Nuhr M, Hoerauf K, Bertalanffy A, Bertalanffy P, Frickey N, Gore C, et al. Active warming during emergency transport relieves acute low back pain. Spine 2004;29(14):1499‐503. - PubMed

Roberts 1992 {published data only}

1. Roberts D, Walls C, Carlile J, Wheaton C, Aronoff G. Relief of chronic low back pain: heat versus cold. In: Aronoff GH editor(s). Chapter 13, Evaluation and Treatment of Chronic Pain. 2nd Edition. Baltimore: Urban & Schwarzenberg, 1992:263‐6.

St John Dixon 1972 {published data only}

1. John Dixon A, Owen‐Smith BD, Harrison RA. Cold‐sensitive, non‐specific, low back pain: a comparative trial of treatment. Clinical Trials Journal 1972;4:16‐21.

References to studies excluded from this review

Aglas 1997 {published data only}

1. Aglas F, Uitz E, Rainer F. A controlled study to assess efficacy and tolerability of a portable heat application system in patients suffering from spine‐related pain syndromes [Eine kontrollierte studie zur beurteilung der wirksamkeit und vertraglichkeit eines heilwarme‐aktiv‐systems bei patienten mit vertebragenen schmerzen]. Physikalische Medizin Rehabilitationsmedizin Kurortmedizin 1997;7(2):47‐50.

Chok 1999 {published data only}

1. Chok B, Lee R, Latimer J, Tan SB. Endurance training of the trunk extensor muscles in people with subacute low back pain. Physical Therapy 1999;79(11):1032‐42. - PubMed

Constant 1995 {published data only}

1. Constant F, Collin JF, Guillemin F, Boulange M. Effectiveness of spa therapy in chronic low back pain: a randomized clinical trial. Journal of Rheumatology 1995;22(7):1315‐20. - PubMed

Constant 1998 {published data only}

1. Constant F, Guillemin F, Collin JF, Boulange M. Use of spa therapy to improve the quality of life of chronic low back pain patients. Medical Care 1998;36(9):1309‐14. - PubMed

Ferrell 1997 {published data only}

1. Ferrell BA, Josephson KR, Pollan AM, Loy S, Ferrell BR. A randomized trial of walking versus physical methods for chronic pain management. Aging (Milano) 1997;9(1‐2):99‐105. - PubMed

Gallacchi 1981 {published data only}

1. Gallacchi G, Mueller W, Plattner GR, Schnorrenberger CC. Acupuncture and treatment with laser radiation in cases of cervical and lumbar syndromes [Akupunktur‐ und laserstrahlbehandlung beim zervikal‐ und lumbalsyndrom]. Schweiz Med Wochenschr 1981;111(37):1360‐6. - PubMed

Garvey 1989 {published data only}

1. Garvey TA, Marks MR, Wiesel SW. A prospective, randomized, double‐blind evaluation of trigger‐point injection therapy for low‐back pain. Spine 1989;14(9):962‐4. - PubMed

Grant 1964 {published data only}

1. Grant AE. Massage with ice (cryokinetics) in the treatment of painful conditions of the musculoskeletal system. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1964;45:233‐8. - PubMed

Guillemin 1994 {published data only}

1. Guillemin F, Constant F, Collin JF, Boulange M. Short and long‐term effect of spa therapy in chronic low back pain. British Journal of Rheumatology 1994;33(2):148‐51. - PubMed

Hansen 1993 {published data only}

1. Hansen FR, Bendix T, Skov P, Jensen CV, Kristensen JH, Krohn L, et al. Intensive, dynamic back‐muscle exercises, conventional physiotherapy, or placebo‐control treatment of low‐back pain. A randomized, observer‐ blind trial. Spine 1993;18(1):98. - PubMed

Hemmila 1997 {published data only}

1. Hemmila HM, Keinanen‐Kiukaanniemi SM, Levoska S, Puska P. Does folk medicine work? A randomized clinical trial on patients with prolonged back pain. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1997;78(6):571‐7. - PubMed

Hsieh 1992 {published data only}

1. Hsieh CY, Phillips RB, Adams AH, Pope MH. Functional outcomes of low back pain: comparison of four treatment groups in a randomized controlled trial. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 1992;15(1):4‐9. - PubMed

Hurwitz 2002 {published data only}

1. Hurwitz EL, Morgenstern H, Harber P, Kominsky GF, Belin TR, Yu F, et al. The effectiveness of physical modalities among patients with low back pain randomized to chiropractic care: findings from the UCLA low back pain study. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics 2002;25(1):10‐20. - PubMed

Ishimaru 1993 {published data only}

1. Ishimaru K, Shinohara S, Kitade T, Hyodo M. Clinical efficacy of electrical heat acupuncture (First report): Effect on low back pain. American Journal of Acupuncture 1993;21(1):13‐18.

Janora 1998 {published data only}

1. Janora D, Jermyn R, Mazzula S. Use of the aquamed chair for low back pain in the geriatric population. Journal of the American Osteopathic Association 1998;98(7):396.

Jayson 1981 {published data only}

1. Jayson MI, Sims‐Williams H, Young S, Baddeley H, Collins E. Mobilization and manipulation for low‐back pain. Spine 1981;6(4):409‐16. - PubMed

Kankaanpaa 1999 {published data only}

1. Kankaanpaa M, Taimela S, Airaksinen O, Hanninen O. The efficacy of active rehabilitation in chronic low back pain. Effect on pain intensity, self‐experienced disability, and lumbar fatigability. Spine 1999;24(10):1034‐4. - PubMed

Keel 1998 {published data only}

1. Keel PJ, Wittig R, Deutschmann R, Diethelm U, Knusel O, Loschmann C, et al. Effectiveness of in‐patient rehabilitation for sub‐chronic and chronic low back pain by an integrative group treatment program (Swiss Multicentre Study). Scand J Rehab Med 1998;30(4):211‐19. - PubMed

Kinalski 1989 {published data only}

1. Kinalski R, Kuwik W, Pietrzak D. The comparison of the results of manual therapy versus physiotherapy methods used in treatment of patients with low back pain syndromes. Manual Med 1989;4:44‐6.

Koes 1992 {published data only}

1. Koes BW, Bouter LM, Mameren H, Essers AH, Verstegen GM, Hofhuizen DM, et al. Randomised clinical trial of manipulative therapy and physiotherapy for persistent back and neck complaints: results of one year follow up. BMJ 1992;304(6827):601. - PMC - PubMed

Konrad 1992 {published data only}

1. Konrad K, Tatrai T, Hunka A, Vereckei E, Korondi I. Controlled trial of balneotherapy in treatment of low back pain. Ann Rheum Dis 1992;51(6):820‐2. - PMC - PubMed

Kovarovicova 1990 {published data only}

1. Kovarovicova J. Comparison of the effect of magnetotherapy and mud packs in vertebrogenic syndrome [Porovnani ucinku magnetoterapie se slatinnymi zabaly u vertebrogenniho syndromu]. Fysiatrickay a Reumatologickay Vestniak 1990;68(4):209‐15.

Kranjc 1992 {published data only}

1. Kranjc I, Turk Z. Results of a comparative study of the success of treatment of pain in the lumbar spine at the Moravske Toplice health spa, at the department of physical therapy and rehabilitation and at the department of rheumatology of the Maribor Teaching Hospital [Rezultati usporednog ispitivanja uspjesnosti lijecenja boli u lumbalnom predjelu kraljesnice u ljecilistu Moravske Toplice, na odjelu za fizikalnu terapiju i rehabilitaciju te na odjelu za reumatologiju nastavne bolnice Maribor]. Reumatizam 1992;39(2):33‐7. - PubMed

Leclaire 1996 {published data only}

1. Leclaire R, Esdaile JM, Suissa S, Rossignol M, Proulx R, Dupuis M. Back school in a first episode of compensated acute low back pain: a clinical trial to assess efficacy and prevent relapse. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1996;77(7):673‐9. - PubMed

Lindstrom 1970 {published data only}

1. Lindstrom A, Zachrisson M. Physical therapy on low back pain and sciatica: an attempt at evaluation. Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 1970;2:37‐42. - PubMed

Lurie‐Luke 2003 {published data only}

1. Lurie‐Luke E, Neubauer G, Lindl C, Breitkreutz H, Fischer P, Hitzeroth S. An exploratory workplace study to investigate the perceived value of continuous low‐level heatwrap therapy in manual workers. Occupational Medicine 2003;53(3):173‐8. - PubMed

Magyarosy 1996 {published data only}

1. Magyarosy I, Krause KH, Resch KL, Guggemos W, Utzschneider I, Gall H, et al. Surface EMG response to heat and cold application on back muscles: implications for the therapy of low back pain. European Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 1996;6(2):39‐42.

McCray 1984 {published data only}

1. McCray RE, Patton NJ. Pain relief at trigger points: a comparison of moist heat and shortwave diathermy. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy 1984;5(4):175‐8. - PubMed

Metzger 2000 {published data only}

1. Metzger D, Zwingmann C, Protz W, Jackel WH. The whole body cold therapy as analgesic treatment in patients with rheumatic diseases [Die beduetung der ganzkorper‐kaltetherapie im rahmen der rehabilitation bei patienten mit rheumatischen erkrankungen: ergebnisse einer pilotstudie]. Rehabilitation 2000;39(2):93‐100. - PubMed

Nwuga 1982 {published data only}

1. Nwuga VC. Relative therapeutic efficacy of vertebral manipulation and conventional treatment in back pain management. Am J Phys Med 1982;61(6):273‐8. - PubMed

O'Sullivan 1997 {published data only}

1. O'Sullivan PB, Phyty GD, Twomey LT, Allison GT. Evaluation of specific stabilizing exercise in the treatment of chronic low back pain with radiologic diagnosis of spondylolysis or spondylolisthesis. Spine 1997;22(24):2959‐67. - PubMed

Sims‐Williams 1979 {published data only}

1. Sims‐Williams H, Jayson MI, Young SM, Baddeley H, Collins E. Controlled trial of mobilisation and manipulation for low back pain: hospital patients. BMJ 1979;2(6201):1318‐20. - PMC - PubMed

Steinberg 1994 {published data only}

1. Steinberg R, Callies R, Bocker B. Changes in pain in the first and second halves of serial cold‐air therapy [Schmerzanderung in der ersten und zweiten halfte einer seriellen kaltlufttherapie]. Physikalische Medizin Rehabilitationsmedizin Kurortmedizin 1994;4(4):120‐1.

Talo 1992 {published data only}

1. Talo S, Rytokoski U, Puukka P. 1992 Volvo award in clinical sciences. Patient classification, a key to evaluate pain treatment: A psychological study in chronic low back pain patients. Spine 1992;17(9):998‐1010. - PubMed

Tasleem 2003 {published data only}

1. Tasleem RA, Buth BA, Koul PA, Kadri SM. Chronic low back pain: comparative analysis of treatment response to drugs and different physical modalities. JK Practitioner 2003;10(3):201‐4.

Torstensen 1998 {published data only}

1. Torstensen TA, Ljunggren AE, Meen HD, Odland E, Mowinckel P, Geijerstam S. Efficiency and costs of medical exercise therapy, conventional physiotherapy, and self‐exercise in patients with chronic low back pain. A pragmatic, randomized, single‐blinded, controlled trial with 1‐ year follow‐up. Spine 1998;23(23):2616‐24. - PubMed

Traherne 1962 {published data only}

1. Traherne JB. Evaluation of the cold spray technique in the treatment of muscle pain in general practice. Practitioner 1962;189:210‐2. - PubMed

Trowbridge 2004 {published data only}

1. Trowbridge CA, Draper DO, Feland JB, Jutte LS, Eggett DL. Paraspinal musculature and skin temperature changes: comparing the Thermacare HeatWrap, the Johnson & Johnson Back Plaster, and the ABC Warme‐Pflaster. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy 2004;34(9):549‐58. - PubMed

Yuan 1981 {published data only}

1. Yuan SH. [Observation of curative effects of external application of tincture of safflower and infrared radiation on chronic lumbago]. Chinese Journal of Physical Therapy 1981;4:22‐3.

Yurtkuran 1997 {published data only}

1. Yurtkuran M, Kahraman Z, Sivrioglu K, Afsin Y, Dogan M. Balneotherapy in low back pain. European Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 1997;7(4):120‐3.

Additional references

AAMPGG 2003

1. Australian Acute Musculoskeletal Pain Guidelines Group (AAMPGG). Evidence‐based management of acute musculoskeletal pain [Available at: http://www.nhmrc.gov.au]. Australian Academic Press: Brisbane 2003.

ACC 1997

1. ACC and the National Health Committee (1997). New Zealand Acute Low Back Pain Guide. Wellington, New Zealand. Wellington, New Zealand.

Battie 1994

1. Battie MC, Cherkin DC, Dunn R, Ciol MA, Wheeler KJ. Managing low back pain: attitudes and treatment preferences of physical therapists. Phys Ther 1994;74(3):219‐26. - PubMed

Bhandari 2004

1. Bhandari M, Busse JW, Jackowski D, Montori VM, Schunemann H, Sprague S, et al. Association between industry funding and statistically significant pro‐industry findings in medical and surgical randomized trials. CMAJ 2004;170:477‐80. - PMC - PubMed

Bigos 1994

1. Bigos S, Bowyer O, Braen G, et al. Acute Low Back Problems in Adults. Clinical Practice Guideline No. 14. Rockville, MD: AHCPR Publication No. 95‐0642. Agency for Health Care Policy and Research, Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1994.

Bleakley 2004

1. Bleakley C, McDonough S, MacAuley D. The use of ice in the treatment of acute soft‐tissue injury: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Am J Sports Med 2004;32(1):251‐61. - PubMed

Car 2003

1. Car J, Sheikh A. Acute low back pain. BMJ 2003;327(7414):541. - PMC - PubMed

Carey 1995

1. Carey TS, Evans A, Hadler N, Kalsbeek W, McLaughlin C, Fryer J. Care‐seeking among individuals with chronic low back pain. Spine 1995;20(3):312‐7. - PubMed

Djulbegovic 2000

1. Djulbegovic B, Lacevic M, Cantor A, Fields KK, Bennett CL, Adams JR, et al. The uncertainty principle and industry‐sponsored research. Lancet 2000;356(9230):635‐8. - PubMed

Europe 2004

1. Tulder M, Becker A, Bekkering T, Breen A, Real M, Hutchinson A, et al. on behalf of the COST B13 Working Group. European Guidelines for the Management of Acute Nonspecific Low Back Pain in Primary Care. Available at: http://www.backpaineurope.org (accessed 22nd March 2005).

Frymoyer 1991

1. Frymoyer JW, Cats‐Baril WL. An overview of the incidences and costs of low back pain. Orthop Clin North Am 1991;22(2):263‐71. - PubMed

Geffen 2003

1. Geffen SJ. 3: Rehabilitation principles for treating chronic musculoskeletal injuries. Med J Aust 2003;178(5):238‐42. - PubMed

Grana 1993

1. Grana WA. Physical agents in musculoskeletal problems: heat and cold therapy modalities. Instr Course Lect 1993;42:439‐42. - PubMed

Hamm 2003

1. Hamm L, Mikkelsen B, Kuhr J, Stovring H, Munck A, Kragstrup J. Danish physiotherapists' management of low back pain. Advances in Physiotherapy 2003;5(3):109‐13.

Hollingworth 2002

1. Hollingworth W, Todd CJ, King H, Males T, Dixon AK, Karia KR, et al. Primary care referrals for lumbar spine radiography: diagnostic yield and clinical guidelines. Br J Gen Pract 2002;52(6):475‐80. - PMC - PubMed

ICSI 2004

1. Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement (ICSI). Adult low back pain. Adult low back pain. Bloomington (MN), Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement (ICSI), Available at: http://www.icsi.org, 2004.

Jette 1996

1. Jette DU, Jette AM. Physical therapy and health outcomes in patients with spinal impairments. Physical Therapy 1996;76(9):930‐45. - PubMed

Kjaergard 2002

1. Kjaergard LL, Als‐Nielsen B. Association between competing interests and authors' conclusions: epidemiological study of randomised clinical trials published in the BMJ. BMJ 2002;325(7358):249‐53. - PMC - PubMed

Li 2001

1. Li LC, Bombardier C. Physical therapy management of low back pain: an exploratory survey of therapist approaches. Phys Ther 2001;81(4):1018‐28. - PubMed

Maniadakis 2000

1. Maniadakis N, Gray A. The economic burden of back pain in the UK. Pain 2000;84(1):95‐103. - PubMed

Michlovitz 1996

1. Michlovitz SL. Thermal agents in rehabilitation. 3rd Edition. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis, 1996.

Rush 1994

1. Rush PJ, Shore A. Physician perceptions of the value of physical modalities in the treatment of musculoskeletal disease. British Journal of Rheumatology 1994;33(6):566‐8. - PubMed

Stanos 2004

1. Stanos SP, Muellner PM, Harden RN. The physiatric approach to low back pain. Seminars in Pain Medicine 2004;2(3):186‐96.

van Tulder 2003

1. Tulder M, Furlan A, Bombardier C, Bouter L. Updated method guidelines for systematic reviews in the Cochrane Collaboration Back Review Group. Spine 2003;28(12):1290‐9. - PubMed

Vasudevan 1997

1. Vasudevan S. Physical rehabilitation in managing pain. Pain: Clinical Updates 1997;V(3):[Available at: http://www.iasp‐pain.org/PCU97c.html] (accessed 5th May 2005).

Walker 2000

1. Walker BF. The prevalence of low back pain: a systematic review of the literature from 1966 to 1998. J Spinal Disord 2000;13(3):205‐17. - PubMed

Publication types

MeSH terms

Adult
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Clinical Trials as Topic
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Cryotherapy / methods*
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Hot Temperature / therapeutic use*
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Humans
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Low Back Pain / therapy*
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2.6. Analysis

Comparison 2 Heat vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

2.7. Analysis

Comparison 2 Heat vs other…

2.7. Analysis

Comparison 2 Heat vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3 months), Outcome…

2.7. Analysis

Comparison 2 Heat vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

3.1. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise…

3.1. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3…

3.1. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

3.2. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise…

3.2. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3…

3.2. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

3.3. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise…

3.3. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3…

3.3. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

3.4. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise…

3.4. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3…

3.4. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

3.5. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise…

3.5. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3…

3.5. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

3.6. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise…

3.6. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3…

3.6. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

3.7. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise…

3.7. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3…

3.7. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

3.8. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise…

3.8. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3…

3.8. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

3.9. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise…

3.9. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3…

3.9. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

All figures (21)

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doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004750

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References

References to studies included in this review

Landen 1967 {published data only}

1. Landen BR. Heat or cold for the relief of low back pain?. Phys Ther 1967;47(12):1126‐8. - PubMed

Mayer 2005 {published data only}

1. Mayer JM, Ralph L, Look M, Erasala GN, Verna JL, Matheson LN, et al. Treating acute low back pain with continuous low‐level heat wrap therapy and/or exercise: a randomized controlled trial. The Spine Journal 2005;5(4):395‐403. - PubMed

Melzack 1980 {published data only}

1. Melzack R, Jeans ME, Stratford JG, Monks RC. Ice massage and transcutaneous electrical stimulation: comparison of treatment for low‐back pain. Pain 1980;9(2):209‐17. - PubMed

Nadler 2002 {published and unpublished data}

1. Lloyd A, Scott DA, Akehurst RL, Lurie‐Luke E, Jessen G. Cost‐effectiveness of low‐level heat wrap therapy for low back pain. Value in Health 2004;7(4):413‐22. - PubMed
1. Nadler SF, Steiner DJ, Erasala GN, Hengehold DA, Hinkle RT, Goodale BM, et al. Continuous low‐level heat wrap therapy provides more efficacy than Ibuprofen and acetaminophen for acute low back pain. Spine 2002;27(10):1012‐7. - PubMed

Nadler 2003a {published and unpublished data}

1. Nadler SF, Steiner DJ, Erasala GN, Hengehold DA, Abeln SB, Weingand KW. Continuous low‐level heatwrap therapy for treating acute nonspecific low back pain. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation 2003;84(3):329‐334. - PubMed
1. Weingand K. Continuous low‐level topical heat therapy is effective for treating low back pain. Low Back Pain and Disability: Unraveling the Puzzle. New York, NY: Physical Medicine Research Foundation Conference, 2‐5 November, 2000.

Nadler 2003b {published data only}

1. Nadler SF, Steiner DJ, Petty SR, Erasala GN, Hengehold DA, Weingand KW. Overnight use of continuous low‐level heatwrap therapy for relief of low back pain. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation 2003;8(3):335‐42. - PubMed

Nuhr 2004 {published data only}

1. Nuhr M, Hoerauf K, Bertalanffy A, Bertalanffy P, Frickey N, Gore C, et al. Active warming during emergency transport relieves acute low back pain. Spine 2004;29(14):1499‐503. - PubMed

Roberts 1992 {published data only}

1. Roberts D, Walls C, Carlile J, Wheaton C, Aronoff G. Relief of chronic low back pain: heat versus cold. In: Aronoff GH editor(s). Chapter 13, Evaluation and Treatment of Chronic Pain. 2nd Edition. Baltimore: Urban & Schwarzenberg, 1992:263‐6.

St John Dixon 1972 {published data only}

1. John Dixon A, Owen‐Smith BD, Harrison RA. Cold‐sensitive, non‐specific, low back pain: a comparative trial of treatment. Clinical Trials Journal 1972;4:16‐21.

References to studies excluded from this review

Aglas 1997 {published data only}

1. Aglas F, Uitz E, Rainer F. A controlled study to assess efficacy and tolerability of a portable heat application system in patients suffering from spine‐related pain syndromes [Eine kontrollierte studie zur beurteilung der wirksamkeit und vertraglichkeit eines heilwarme‐aktiv‐systems bei patienten mit vertebragenen schmerzen]. Physikalische Medizin Rehabilitationsmedizin Kurortmedizin 1997;7(2):47‐50.

Chok 1999 {published data only}

1. Chok B, Lee R, Latimer J, Tan SB. Endurance training of the trunk extensor muscles in people with subacute low back pain. Physical Therapy 1999;79(11):1032‐42. - PubMed

Constant 1995 {published data only}

1. Constant F, Collin JF, Guillemin F, Boulange M. Effectiveness of spa therapy in chronic low back pain: a randomized clinical trial. Journal of Rheumatology 1995;22(7):1315‐20. - PubMed

Constant 1998 {published data only}

1. Constant F, Guillemin F, Collin JF, Boulange M. Use of spa therapy to improve the quality of life of chronic low back pain patients. Medical Care 1998;36(9):1309‐14. - PubMed

Ferrell 1997 {published data only}

1. Ferrell BA, Josephson KR, Pollan AM, Loy S, Ferrell BR. A randomized trial of walking versus physical methods for chronic pain management. Aging (Milano) 1997;9(1‐2):99‐105. - PubMed

Gallacchi 1981 {published data only}

1. Gallacchi G, Mueller W, Plattner GR, Schnorrenberger CC. Acupuncture and treatment with laser radiation in cases of cervical and lumbar syndromes [Akupunktur‐ und laserstrahlbehandlung beim zervikal‐ und lumbalsyndrom]. Schweiz Med Wochenschr 1981;111(37):1360‐6. - PubMed

Garvey 1989 {published data only}

1. Garvey TA, Marks MR, Wiesel SW. A prospective, randomized, double‐blind evaluation of trigger‐point injection therapy for low‐back pain. Spine 1989;14(9):962‐4. - PubMed

Grant 1964 {published data only}

1. Grant AE. Massage with ice (cryokinetics) in the treatment of painful conditions of the musculoskeletal system. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1964;45:233‐8. - PubMed

Guillemin 1994 {published data only}

1. Guillemin F, Constant F, Collin JF, Boulange M. Short and long‐term effect of spa therapy in chronic low back pain. British Journal of Rheumatology 1994;33(2):148‐51. - PubMed

Hansen 1993 {published data only}

1. Hansen FR, Bendix T, Skov P, Jensen CV, Kristensen JH, Krohn L, et al. Intensive, dynamic back‐muscle exercises, conventional physiotherapy, or placebo‐control treatment of low‐back pain. A randomized, observer‐ blind trial. Spine 1993;18(1):98. - PubMed

Hemmila 1997 {published data only}

1. Hemmila HM, Keinanen‐Kiukaanniemi SM, Levoska S, Puska P. Does folk medicine work? A randomized clinical trial on patients with prolonged back pain. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1997;78(6):571‐7. - PubMed

Hsieh 1992 {published data only}

1. Hsieh CY, Phillips RB, Adams AH, Pope MH. Functional outcomes of low back pain: comparison of four treatment groups in a randomized controlled trial. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 1992;15(1):4‐9. - PubMed

Hurwitz 2002 {published data only}

1. Hurwitz EL, Morgenstern H, Harber P, Kominsky GF, Belin TR, Yu F, et al. The effectiveness of physical modalities among patients with low back pain randomized to chiropractic care: findings from the UCLA low back pain study. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics 2002;25(1):10‐20. - PubMed

Ishimaru 1993 {published data only}

1. Ishimaru K, Shinohara S, Kitade T, Hyodo M. Clinical efficacy of electrical heat acupuncture (First report): Effect on low back pain. American Journal of Acupuncture 1993;21(1):13‐18.

Janora 1998 {published data only}

1. Janora D, Jermyn R, Mazzula S. Use of the aquamed chair for low back pain in the geriatric population. Journal of the American Osteopathic Association 1998;98(7):396.

Jayson 1981 {published data only}

1. Jayson MI, Sims‐Williams H, Young S, Baddeley H, Collins E. Mobilization and manipulation for low‐back pain. Spine 1981;6(4):409‐16. - PubMed

Kankaanpaa 1999 {published data only}

1. Kankaanpaa M, Taimela S, Airaksinen O, Hanninen O. The efficacy of active rehabilitation in chronic low back pain. Effect on pain intensity, self‐experienced disability, and lumbar fatigability. Spine 1999;24(10):1034‐4. - PubMed

Keel 1998 {published data only}

1. Keel PJ, Wittig R, Deutschmann R, Diethelm U, Knusel O, Loschmann C, et al. Effectiveness of in‐patient rehabilitation for sub‐chronic and chronic low back pain by an integrative group treatment program (Swiss Multicentre Study). Scand J Rehab Med 1998;30(4):211‐19. - PubMed

Kinalski 1989 {published data only}

1. Kinalski R, Kuwik W, Pietrzak D. The comparison of the results of manual therapy versus physiotherapy methods used in treatment of patients with low back pain syndromes. Manual Med 1989;4:44‐6.

Koes 1992 {published data only}

1. Koes BW, Bouter LM, Mameren H, Essers AH, Verstegen GM, Hofhuizen DM, et al. Randomised clinical trial of manipulative therapy and physiotherapy for persistent back and neck complaints: results of one year follow up. BMJ 1992;304(6827):601. - PMC - PubMed

Konrad 1992 {published data only}

1. Konrad K, Tatrai T, Hunka A, Vereckei E, Korondi I. Controlled trial of balneotherapy in treatment of low back pain. Ann Rheum Dis 1992;51(6):820‐2. - PMC - PubMed

Kovarovicova 1990 {published data only}

1. Kovarovicova J. Comparison of the effect of magnetotherapy and mud packs in vertebrogenic syndrome [Porovnani ucinku magnetoterapie se slatinnymi zabaly u vertebrogenniho syndromu]. Fysiatrickay a Reumatologickay Vestniak 1990;68(4):209‐15.

Kranjc 1992 {published data only}

1. Kranjc I, Turk Z. Results of a comparative study of the success of treatment of pain in the lumbar spine at the Moravske Toplice health spa, at the department of physical therapy and rehabilitation and at the department of rheumatology of the Maribor Teaching Hospital [Rezultati usporednog ispitivanja uspjesnosti lijecenja boli u lumbalnom predjelu kraljesnice u ljecilistu Moravske Toplice, na odjelu za fizikalnu terapiju i rehabilitaciju te na odjelu za reumatologiju nastavne bolnice Maribor]. Reumatizam 1992;39(2):33‐7. - PubMed

Leclaire 1996 {published data only}

1. Leclaire R, Esdaile JM, Suissa S, Rossignol M, Proulx R, Dupuis M. Back school in a first episode of compensated acute low back pain: a clinical trial to assess efficacy and prevent relapse. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1996;77(7):673‐9. - PubMed

Lindstrom 1970 {published data only}

1. Lindstrom A, Zachrisson M. Physical therapy on low back pain and sciatica: an attempt at evaluation. Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 1970;2:37‐42. - PubMed

Lurie‐Luke 2003 {published data only}

1. Lurie‐Luke E, Neubauer G, Lindl C, Breitkreutz H, Fischer P, Hitzeroth S. An exploratory workplace study to investigate the perceived value of continuous low‐level heatwrap therapy in manual workers. Occupational Medicine 2003;53(3):173‐8. - PubMed

Magyarosy 1996 {published data only}

1. Magyarosy I, Krause KH, Resch KL, Guggemos W, Utzschneider I, Gall H, et al. Surface EMG response to heat and cold application on back muscles: implications for the therapy of low back pain. European Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 1996;6(2):39‐42.

McCray 1984 {published data only}

1. McCray RE, Patton NJ. Pain relief at trigger points: a comparison of moist heat and shortwave diathermy. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy 1984;5(4):175‐8. - PubMed

Metzger 2000 {published data only}

1. Metzger D, Zwingmann C, Protz W, Jackel WH. The whole body cold therapy as analgesic treatment in patients with rheumatic diseases [Die beduetung der ganzkorper‐kaltetherapie im rahmen der rehabilitation bei patienten mit rheumatischen erkrankungen: ergebnisse einer pilotstudie]. Rehabilitation 2000;39(2):93‐100. - PubMed

Nwuga 1982 {published data only}

1. Nwuga VC. Relative therapeutic efficacy of vertebral manipulation and conventional treatment in back pain management. Am J Phys Med 1982;61(6):273‐8. - PubMed

O'Sullivan 1997 {published data only}

1. O'Sullivan PB, Phyty GD, Twomey LT, Allison GT. Evaluation of specific stabilizing exercise in the treatment of chronic low back pain with radiologic diagnosis of spondylolysis or spondylolisthesis. Spine 1997;22(24):2959‐67. - PubMed

Sims‐Williams 1979 {published data only}

1. Sims‐Williams H, Jayson MI, Young SM, Baddeley H, Collins E. Controlled trial of mobilisation and manipulation for low back pain: hospital patients. BMJ 1979;2(6201):1318‐20. - PMC - PubMed

Steinberg 1994 {published data only}

1. Steinberg R, Callies R, Bocker B. Changes in pain in the first and second halves of serial cold‐air therapy [Schmerzanderung in der ersten und zweiten halfte einer seriellen kaltlufttherapie]. Physikalische Medizin Rehabilitationsmedizin Kurortmedizin 1994;4(4):120‐1.

Talo 1992 {published data only}

1. Talo S, Rytokoski U, Puukka P. 1992 Volvo award in clinical sciences. Patient classification, a key to evaluate pain treatment: A psychological study in chronic low back pain patients. Spine 1992;17(9):998‐1010. - PubMed

Tasleem 2003 {published data only}

1. Tasleem RA, Buth BA, Koul PA, Kadri SM. Chronic low back pain: comparative analysis of treatment response to drugs and different physical modalities. JK Practitioner 2003;10(3):201‐4.

Torstensen 1998 {published data only}

1. Torstensen TA, Ljunggren AE, Meen HD, Odland E, Mowinckel P, Geijerstam S. Efficiency and costs of medical exercise therapy, conventional physiotherapy, and self‐exercise in patients with chronic low back pain. A pragmatic, randomized, single‐blinded, controlled trial with 1‐ year follow‐up. Spine 1998;23(23):2616‐24. - PubMed

Traherne 1962 {published data only}

1. Traherne JB. Evaluation of the cold spray technique in the treatment of muscle pain in general practice. Practitioner 1962;189:210‐2. - PubMed

Trowbridge 2004 {published data only}

1. Trowbridge CA, Draper DO, Feland JB, Jutte LS, Eggett DL. Paraspinal musculature and skin temperature changes: comparing the Thermacare HeatWrap, the Johnson & Johnson Back Plaster, and the ABC Warme‐Pflaster. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy 2004;34(9):549‐58. - PubMed

Yuan 1981 {published data only}

1. Yuan SH. [Observation of curative effects of external application of tincture of safflower and infrared radiation on chronic lumbago]. Chinese Journal of Physical Therapy 1981;4:22‐3.

Yurtkuran 1997 {published data only}

1. Yurtkuran M, Kahraman Z, Sivrioglu K, Afsin Y, Dogan M. Balneotherapy in low back pain. European Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 1997;7(4):120‐3.

Additional references

AAMPGG 2003

1. Australian Acute Musculoskeletal Pain Guidelines Group (AAMPGG). Evidence‐based management of acute musculoskeletal pain [Available at: http://www.nhmrc.gov.au]. Australian Academic Press: Brisbane 2003.

ACC 1997

1. ACC and the National Health Committee (1997). New Zealand Acute Low Back Pain Guide. Wellington, New Zealand. Wellington, New Zealand.

Battie 1994

1. Battie MC, Cherkin DC, Dunn R, Ciol MA, Wheeler KJ. Managing low back pain: attitudes and treatment preferences of physical therapists. Phys Ther 1994;74(3):219‐26. - PubMed

Bhandari 2004

1. Bhandari M, Busse JW, Jackowski D, Montori VM, Schunemann H, Sprague S, et al. Association between industry funding and statistically significant pro‐industry findings in medical and surgical randomized trials. CMAJ 2004;170:477‐80. - PMC - PubMed

Bigos 1994

1. Bigos S, Bowyer O, Braen G, et al. Acute Low Back Problems in Adults. Clinical Practice Guideline No. 14. Rockville, MD: AHCPR Publication No. 95‐0642. Agency for Health Care Policy and Research, Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1994.

Bleakley 2004

1. Bleakley C, McDonough S, MacAuley D. The use of ice in the treatment of acute soft‐tissue injury: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Am J Sports Med 2004;32(1):251‐61. - PubMed

Car 2003

1. Car J, Sheikh A. Acute low back pain. BMJ 2003;327(7414):541. - PMC - PubMed

Carey 1995

1. Carey TS, Evans A, Hadler N, Kalsbeek W, McLaughlin C, Fryer J. Care‐seeking among individuals with chronic low back pain. Spine 1995;20(3):312‐7. - PubMed

Djulbegovic 2000

1. Djulbegovic B, Lacevic M, Cantor A, Fields KK, Bennett CL, Adams JR, et al. The uncertainty principle and industry‐sponsored research. Lancet 2000;356(9230):635‐8. - PubMed

Europe 2004

1. Tulder M, Becker A, Bekkering T, Breen A, Real M, Hutchinson A, et al. on behalf of the COST B13 Working Group. European Guidelines for the Management of Acute Nonspecific Low Back Pain in Primary Care. Available at: http://www.backpaineurope.org (accessed 22nd March 2005).

Frymoyer 1991

1. Frymoyer JW, Cats‐Baril WL. An overview of the incidences and costs of low back pain. Orthop Clin North Am 1991;22(2):263‐71. - PubMed

Geffen 2003

1. Geffen SJ. 3: Rehabilitation principles for treating chronic musculoskeletal injuries. Med J Aust 2003;178(5):238‐42. - PubMed

Grana 1993

1. Grana WA. Physical agents in musculoskeletal problems: heat and cold therapy modalities. Instr Course Lect 1993;42:439‐42. - PubMed

Hamm 2003

1. Hamm L, Mikkelsen B, Kuhr J, Stovring H, Munck A, Kragstrup J. Danish physiotherapists' management of low back pain. Advances in Physiotherapy 2003;5(3):109‐13.

Hollingworth 2002

1. Hollingworth W, Todd CJ, King H, Males T, Dixon AK, Karia KR, et al. Primary care referrals for lumbar spine radiography: diagnostic yield and clinical guidelines. Br J Gen Pract 2002;52(6):475‐80. - PMC - PubMed

ICSI 2004

1. Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement (ICSI). Adult low back pain. Adult low back pain. Bloomington (MN), Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement (ICSI), Available at: http://www.icsi.org, 2004.

Jette 1996

1. Jette DU, Jette AM. Physical therapy and health outcomes in patients with spinal impairments. Physical Therapy 1996;76(9):930‐45. - PubMed

Kjaergard 2002

1. Kjaergard LL, Als‐Nielsen B. Association between competing interests and authors' conclusions: epidemiological study of randomised clinical trials published in the BMJ. BMJ 2002;325(7358):249‐53. - PMC - PubMed

Li 2001

1. Li LC, Bombardier C. Physical therapy management of low back pain: an exploratory survey of therapist approaches. Phys Ther 2001;81(4):1018‐28. - PubMed

Maniadakis 2000

1. Maniadakis N, Gray A. The economic burden of back pain in the UK. Pain 2000;84(1):95‐103. - PubMed

Michlovitz 1996

1. Michlovitz SL. Thermal agents in rehabilitation. 3rd Edition. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis, 1996.

Rush 1994

1. Rush PJ, Shore A. Physician perceptions of the value of physical modalities in the treatment of musculoskeletal disease. British Journal of Rheumatology 1994;33(6):566‐8. - PubMed

Stanos 2004

1. Stanos SP, Muellner PM, Harden RN. The physiatric approach to low back pain. Seminars in Pain Medicine 2004;2(3):186‐96.

van Tulder 2003

1. Tulder M, Furlan A, Bombardier C, Bouter L. Updated method guidelines for systematic reviews in the Cochrane Collaboration Back Review Group. Spine 2003;28(12):1290‐9. - PubMed

Vasudevan 1997

1. Vasudevan S. Physical rehabilitation in managing pain. Pain: Clinical Updates 1997;V(3):[Available at: http://www.iasp‐pain.org/PCU97c.html] (accessed 5th May 2005).

Walker 2000

1. Walker BF. The prevalence of low back pain: a systematic review of the literature from 1966 to 1998. J Spinal Disord 2000;13(3):205‐17. - PubMed

Publication types

MeSH terms

Adult
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Clinical Trials as Topic
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Cryotherapy / methods*
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Hot Temperature / therapeutic use*
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Humans
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Low Back Pain / therapy*
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2.7. Analysis

Comparison 2 Heat vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

3.1. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise…

3.1. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3…

3.1. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

3.2. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise…

3.2. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3…

3.2. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

3.3. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise…

3.3. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3…

3.3. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

3.4. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise…

3.4. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3…

3.4. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

3.5. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise…

3.5. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3…

3.5. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

3.6. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise…

3.6. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3…

3.6. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

3.7. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise…

3.7. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3…

3.7. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

3.8. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise…

3.8. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3…

3.8. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

3.9. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise…

3.9. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3…

3.9. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

All figures (21)

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doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004750

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References

References to studies included in this review

Landen 1967 {published data only}

1. Landen BR. Heat or cold for the relief of low back pain?. Phys Ther 1967;47(12):1126‐8. - PubMed

Mayer 2005 {published data only}

1. Mayer JM, Ralph L, Look M, Erasala GN, Verna JL, Matheson LN, et al. Treating acute low back pain with continuous low‐level heat wrap therapy and/or exercise: a randomized controlled trial. The Spine Journal 2005;5(4):395‐403. - PubMed

Melzack 1980 {published data only}

1. Melzack R, Jeans ME, Stratford JG, Monks RC. Ice massage and transcutaneous electrical stimulation: comparison of treatment for low‐back pain. Pain 1980;9(2):209‐17. - PubMed

Nadler 2002 {published and unpublished data}

1. Lloyd A, Scott DA, Akehurst RL, Lurie‐Luke E, Jessen G. Cost‐effectiveness of low‐level heat wrap therapy for low back pain. Value in Health 2004;7(4):413‐22. - PubMed
1. Nadler SF, Steiner DJ, Erasala GN, Hengehold DA, Hinkle RT, Goodale BM, et al. Continuous low‐level heat wrap therapy provides more efficacy than Ibuprofen and acetaminophen for acute low back pain. Spine 2002;27(10):1012‐7. - PubMed

Nadler 2003a {published and unpublished data}

1. Nadler SF, Steiner DJ, Erasala GN, Hengehold DA, Abeln SB, Weingand KW. Continuous low‐level heatwrap therapy for treating acute nonspecific low back pain. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation 2003;84(3):329‐334. - PubMed
1. Weingand K. Continuous low‐level topical heat therapy is effective for treating low back pain. Low Back Pain and Disability: Unraveling the Puzzle. New York, NY: Physical Medicine Research Foundation Conference, 2‐5 November, 2000.

Nadler 2003b {published data only}

1. Nadler SF, Steiner DJ, Petty SR, Erasala GN, Hengehold DA, Weingand KW. Overnight use of continuous low‐level heatwrap therapy for relief of low back pain. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation 2003;8(3):335‐42. - PubMed

Nuhr 2004 {published data only}

1. Nuhr M, Hoerauf K, Bertalanffy A, Bertalanffy P, Frickey N, Gore C, et al. Active warming during emergency transport relieves acute low back pain. Spine 2004;29(14):1499‐503. - PubMed

Roberts 1992 {published data only}

1. Roberts D, Walls C, Carlile J, Wheaton C, Aronoff G. Relief of chronic low back pain: heat versus cold. In: Aronoff GH editor(s). Chapter 13, Evaluation and Treatment of Chronic Pain. 2nd Edition. Baltimore: Urban & Schwarzenberg, 1992:263‐6.

St John Dixon 1972 {published data only}

1. John Dixon A, Owen‐Smith BD, Harrison RA. Cold‐sensitive, non‐specific, low back pain: a comparative trial of treatment. Clinical Trials Journal 1972;4:16‐21.

References to studies excluded from this review

Aglas 1997 {published data only}

1. Aglas F, Uitz E, Rainer F. A controlled study to assess efficacy and tolerability of a portable heat application system in patients suffering from spine‐related pain syndromes [Eine kontrollierte studie zur beurteilung der wirksamkeit und vertraglichkeit eines heilwarme‐aktiv‐systems bei patienten mit vertebragenen schmerzen]. Physikalische Medizin Rehabilitationsmedizin Kurortmedizin 1997;7(2):47‐50.

Chok 1999 {published data only}

1. Chok B, Lee R, Latimer J, Tan SB. Endurance training of the trunk extensor muscles in people with subacute low back pain. Physical Therapy 1999;79(11):1032‐42. - PubMed

Constant 1995 {published data only}

1. Constant F, Collin JF, Guillemin F, Boulange M. Effectiveness of spa therapy in chronic low back pain: a randomized clinical trial. Journal of Rheumatology 1995;22(7):1315‐20. - PubMed

Constant 1998 {published data only}

1. Constant F, Guillemin F, Collin JF, Boulange M. Use of spa therapy to improve the quality of life of chronic low back pain patients. Medical Care 1998;36(9):1309‐14. - PubMed

Ferrell 1997 {published data only}

1. Ferrell BA, Josephson KR, Pollan AM, Loy S, Ferrell BR. A randomized trial of walking versus physical methods for chronic pain management. Aging (Milano) 1997;9(1‐2):99‐105. - PubMed

Gallacchi 1981 {published data only}

1. Gallacchi G, Mueller W, Plattner GR, Schnorrenberger CC. Acupuncture and treatment with laser radiation in cases of cervical and lumbar syndromes [Akupunktur‐ und laserstrahlbehandlung beim zervikal‐ und lumbalsyndrom]. Schweiz Med Wochenschr 1981;111(37):1360‐6. - PubMed

Garvey 1989 {published data only}

1. Garvey TA, Marks MR, Wiesel SW. A prospective, randomized, double‐blind evaluation of trigger‐point injection therapy for low‐back pain. Spine 1989;14(9):962‐4. - PubMed

Grant 1964 {published data only}

1. Grant AE. Massage with ice (cryokinetics) in the treatment of painful conditions of the musculoskeletal system. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1964;45:233‐8. - PubMed

Guillemin 1994 {published data only}

1. Guillemin F, Constant F, Collin JF, Boulange M. Short and long‐term effect of spa therapy in chronic low back pain. British Journal of Rheumatology 1994;33(2):148‐51. - PubMed

Hansen 1993 {published data only}

1. Hansen FR, Bendix T, Skov P, Jensen CV, Kristensen JH, Krohn L, et al. Intensive, dynamic back‐muscle exercises, conventional physiotherapy, or placebo‐control treatment of low‐back pain. A randomized, observer‐ blind trial. Spine 1993;18(1):98. - PubMed

Hemmila 1997 {published data only}

1. Hemmila HM, Keinanen‐Kiukaanniemi SM, Levoska S, Puska P. Does folk medicine work? A randomized clinical trial on patients with prolonged back pain. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1997;78(6):571‐7. - PubMed

Hsieh 1992 {published data only}

1. Hsieh CY, Phillips RB, Adams AH, Pope MH. Functional outcomes of low back pain: comparison of four treatment groups in a randomized controlled trial. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 1992;15(1):4‐9. - PubMed

Hurwitz 2002 {published data only}

1. Hurwitz EL, Morgenstern H, Harber P, Kominsky GF, Belin TR, Yu F, et al. The effectiveness of physical modalities among patients with low back pain randomized to chiropractic care: findings from the UCLA low back pain study. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics 2002;25(1):10‐20. - PubMed

Ishimaru 1993 {published data only}

1. Ishimaru K, Shinohara S, Kitade T, Hyodo M. Clinical efficacy of electrical heat acupuncture (First report): Effect on low back pain. American Journal of Acupuncture 1993;21(1):13‐18.

Janora 1998 {published data only}

1. Janora D, Jermyn R, Mazzula S. Use of the aquamed chair for low back pain in the geriatric population. Journal of the American Osteopathic Association 1998;98(7):396.

Jayson 1981 {published data only}

1. Jayson MI, Sims‐Williams H, Young S, Baddeley H, Collins E. Mobilization and manipulation for low‐back pain. Spine 1981;6(4):409‐16. - PubMed

Kankaanpaa 1999 {published data only}

1. Kankaanpaa M, Taimela S, Airaksinen O, Hanninen O. The efficacy of active rehabilitation in chronic low back pain. Effect on pain intensity, self‐experienced disability, and lumbar fatigability. Spine 1999;24(10):1034‐4. - PubMed

Keel 1998 {published data only}

1. Keel PJ, Wittig R, Deutschmann R, Diethelm U, Knusel O, Loschmann C, et al. Effectiveness of in‐patient rehabilitation for sub‐chronic and chronic low back pain by an integrative group treatment program (Swiss Multicentre Study). Scand J Rehab Med 1998;30(4):211‐19. - PubMed

Kinalski 1989 {published data only}

1. Kinalski R, Kuwik W, Pietrzak D. The comparison of the results of manual therapy versus physiotherapy methods used in treatment of patients with low back pain syndromes. Manual Med 1989;4:44‐6.

Koes 1992 {published data only}

1. Koes BW, Bouter LM, Mameren H, Essers AH, Verstegen GM, Hofhuizen DM, et al. Randomised clinical trial of manipulative therapy and physiotherapy for persistent back and neck complaints: results of one year follow up. BMJ 1992;304(6827):601. - PMC - PubMed

Konrad 1992 {published data only}

1. Konrad K, Tatrai T, Hunka A, Vereckei E, Korondi I. Controlled trial of balneotherapy in treatment of low back pain. Ann Rheum Dis 1992;51(6):820‐2. - PMC - PubMed

Kovarovicova 1990 {published data only}

1. Kovarovicova J. Comparison of the effect of magnetotherapy and mud packs in vertebrogenic syndrome [Porovnani ucinku magnetoterapie se slatinnymi zabaly u vertebrogenniho syndromu]. Fysiatrickay a Reumatologickay Vestniak 1990;68(4):209‐15.

Kranjc 1992 {published data only}

1. Kranjc I, Turk Z. Results of a comparative study of the success of treatment of pain in the lumbar spine at the Moravske Toplice health spa, at the department of physical therapy and rehabilitation and at the department of rheumatology of the Maribor Teaching Hospital [Rezultati usporednog ispitivanja uspjesnosti lijecenja boli u lumbalnom predjelu kraljesnice u ljecilistu Moravske Toplice, na odjelu za fizikalnu terapiju i rehabilitaciju te na odjelu za reumatologiju nastavne bolnice Maribor]. Reumatizam 1992;39(2):33‐7. - PubMed

Leclaire 1996 {published data only}

1. Leclaire R, Esdaile JM, Suissa S, Rossignol M, Proulx R, Dupuis M. Back school in a first episode of compensated acute low back pain: a clinical trial to assess efficacy and prevent relapse. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1996;77(7):673‐9. - PubMed

Lindstrom 1970 {published data only}

1. Lindstrom A, Zachrisson M. Physical therapy on low back pain and sciatica: an attempt at evaluation. Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 1970;2:37‐42. - PubMed

Lurie‐Luke 2003 {published data only}

1. Lurie‐Luke E, Neubauer G, Lindl C, Breitkreutz H, Fischer P, Hitzeroth S. An exploratory workplace study to investigate the perceived value of continuous low‐level heatwrap therapy in manual workers. Occupational Medicine 2003;53(3):173‐8. - PubMed

Magyarosy 1996 {published data only}

1. Magyarosy I, Krause KH, Resch KL, Guggemos W, Utzschneider I, Gall H, et al. Surface EMG response to heat and cold application on back muscles: implications for the therapy of low back pain. European Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 1996;6(2):39‐42.

McCray 1984 {published data only}

1. McCray RE, Patton NJ. Pain relief at trigger points: a comparison of moist heat and shortwave diathermy. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy 1984;5(4):175‐8. - PubMed

Metzger 2000 {published data only}

1. Metzger D, Zwingmann C, Protz W, Jackel WH. The whole body cold therapy as analgesic treatment in patients with rheumatic diseases [Die beduetung der ganzkorper‐kaltetherapie im rahmen der rehabilitation bei patienten mit rheumatischen erkrankungen: ergebnisse einer pilotstudie]. Rehabilitation 2000;39(2):93‐100. - PubMed

Nwuga 1982 {published data only}

1. Nwuga VC. Relative therapeutic efficacy of vertebral manipulation and conventional treatment in back pain management. Am J Phys Med 1982;61(6):273‐8. - PubMed

O'Sullivan 1997 {published data only}

1. O'Sullivan PB, Phyty GD, Twomey LT, Allison GT. Evaluation of specific stabilizing exercise in the treatment of chronic low back pain with radiologic diagnosis of spondylolysis or spondylolisthesis. Spine 1997;22(24):2959‐67. - PubMed

Sims‐Williams 1979 {published data only}

1. Sims‐Williams H, Jayson MI, Young SM, Baddeley H, Collins E. Controlled trial of mobilisation and manipulation for low back pain: hospital patients. BMJ 1979;2(6201):1318‐20. - PMC - PubMed

Steinberg 1994 {published data only}

1. Steinberg R, Callies R, Bocker B. Changes in pain in the first and second halves of serial cold‐air therapy [Schmerzanderung in der ersten und zweiten halfte einer seriellen kaltlufttherapie]. Physikalische Medizin Rehabilitationsmedizin Kurortmedizin 1994;4(4):120‐1.

Talo 1992 {published data only}

1. Talo S, Rytokoski U, Puukka P. 1992 Volvo award in clinical sciences. Patient classification, a key to evaluate pain treatment: A psychological study in chronic low back pain patients. Spine 1992;17(9):998‐1010. - PubMed

Tasleem 2003 {published data only}

1. Tasleem RA, Buth BA, Koul PA, Kadri SM. Chronic low back pain: comparative analysis of treatment response to drugs and different physical modalities. JK Practitioner 2003;10(3):201‐4.

Torstensen 1998 {published data only}

1. Torstensen TA, Ljunggren AE, Meen HD, Odland E, Mowinckel P, Geijerstam S. Efficiency and costs of medical exercise therapy, conventional physiotherapy, and self‐exercise in patients with chronic low back pain. A pragmatic, randomized, single‐blinded, controlled trial with 1‐ year follow‐up. Spine 1998;23(23):2616‐24. - PubMed

Traherne 1962 {published data only}

1. Traherne JB. Evaluation of the cold spray technique in the treatment of muscle pain in general practice. Practitioner 1962;189:210‐2. - PubMed

Trowbridge 2004 {published data only}

1. Trowbridge CA, Draper DO, Feland JB, Jutte LS, Eggett DL. Paraspinal musculature and skin temperature changes: comparing the Thermacare HeatWrap, the Johnson & Johnson Back Plaster, and the ABC Warme‐Pflaster. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy 2004;34(9):549‐58. - PubMed

Yuan 1981 {published data only}

1. Yuan SH. [Observation of curative effects of external application of tincture of safflower and infrared radiation on chronic lumbago]. Chinese Journal of Physical Therapy 1981;4:22‐3.

Yurtkuran 1997 {published data only}

1. Yurtkuran M, Kahraman Z, Sivrioglu K, Afsin Y, Dogan M. Balneotherapy in low back pain. European Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 1997;7(4):120‐3.

Additional references

AAMPGG 2003

1. Australian Acute Musculoskeletal Pain Guidelines Group (AAMPGG). Evidence‐based management of acute musculoskeletal pain [Available at: http://www.nhmrc.gov.au]. Australian Academic Press: Brisbane 2003.

ACC 1997

1. ACC and the National Health Committee (1997). New Zealand Acute Low Back Pain Guide. Wellington, New Zealand. Wellington, New Zealand.

Battie 1994

1. Battie MC, Cherkin DC, Dunn R, Ciol MA, Wheeler KJ. Managing low back pain: attitudes and treatment preferences of physical therapists. Phys Ther 1994;74(3):219‐26. - PubMed

Bhandari 2004

1. Bhandari M, Busse JW, Jackowski D, Montori VM, Schunemann H, Sprague S, et al. Association between industry funding and statistically significant pro‐industry findings in medical and surgical randomized trials. CMAJ 2004;170:477‐80. - PMC - PubMed

Bigos 1994

1. Bigos S, Bowyer O, Braen G, et al. Acute Low Back Problems in Adults. Clinical Practice Guideline No. 14. Rockville, MD: AHCPR Publication No. 95‐0642. Agency for Health Care Policy and Research, Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1994.

Bleakley 2004

1. Bleakley C, McDonough S, MacAuley D. The use of ice in the treatment of acute soft‐tissue injury: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Am J Sports Med 2004;32(1):251‐61. - PubMed

Car 2003

1. Car J, Sheikh A. Acute low back pain. BMJ 2003;327(7414):541. - PMC - PubMed

Carey 1995

1. Carey TS, Evans A, Hadler N, Kalsbeek W, McLaughlin C, Fryer J. Care‐seeking among individuals with chronic low back pain. Spine 1995;20(3):312‐7. - PubMed

Djulbegovic 2000

1. Djulbegovic B, Lacevic M, Cantor A, Fields KK, Bennett CL, Adams JR, et al. The uncertainty principle and industry‐sponsored research. Lancet 2000;356(9230):635‐8. - PubMed

Europe 2004

1. Tulder M, Becker A, Bekkering T, Breen A, Real M, Hutchinson A, et al. on behalf of the COST B13 Working Group. European Guidelines for the Management of Acute Nonspecific Low Back Pain in Primary Care. Available at: http://www.backpaineurope.org (accessed 22nd March 2005).

Frymoyer 1991

1. Frymoyer JW, Cats‐Baril WL. An overview of the incidences and costs of low back pain. Orthop Clin North Am 1991;22(2):263‐71. - PubMed

Geffen 2003

1. Geffen SJ. 3: Rehabilitation principles for treating chronic musculoskeletal injuries. Med J Aust 2003;178(5):238‐42. - PubMed

Grana 1993

1. Grana WA. Physical agents in musculoskeletal problems: heat and cold therapy modalities. Instr Course Lect 1993;42:439‐42. - PubMed

Hamm 2003

1. Hamm L, Mikkelsen B, Kuhr J, Stovring H, Munck A, Kragstrup J. Danish physiotherapists' management of low back pain. Advances in Physiotherapy 2003;5(3):109‐13.

Hollingworth 2002

1. Hollingworth W, Todd CJ, King H, Males T, Dixon AK, Karia KR, et al. Primary care referrals for lumbar spine radiography: diagnostic yield and clinical guidelines. Br J Gen Pract 2002;52(6):475‐80. - PMC - PubMed

ICSI 2004

1. Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement (ICSI). Adult low back pain. Adult low back pain. Bloomington (MN), Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement (ICSI), Available at: http://www.icsi.org, 2004.

Jette 1996

1. Jette DU, Jette AM. Physical therapy and health outcomes in patients with spinal impairments. Physical Therapy 1996;76(9):930‐45. - PubMed

Kjaergard 2002

1. Kjaergard LL, Als‐Nielsen B. Association between competing interests and authors' conclusions: epidemiological study of randomised clinical trials published in the BMJ. BMJ 2002;325(7358):249‐53. - PMC - PubMed

Li 2001

1. Li LC, Bombardier C. Physical therapy management of low back pain: an exploratory survey of therapist approaches. Phys Ther 2001;81(4):1018‐28. - PubMed

Maniadakis 2000

1. Maniadakis N, Gray A. The economic burden of back pain in the UK. Pain 2000;84(1):95‐103. - PubMed

Michlovitz 1996

1. Michlovitz SL. Thermal agents in rehabilitation. 3rd Edition. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis, 1996.

Rush 1994

1. Rush PJ, Shore A. Physician perceptions of the value of physical modalities in the treatment of musculoskeletal disease. British Journal of Rheumatology 1994;33(6):566‐8. - PubMed

Stanos 2004

1. Stanos SP, Muellner PM, Harden RN. The physiatric approach to low back pain. Seminars in Pain Medicine 2004;2(3):186‐96.

van Tulder 2003

1. Tulder M, Furlan A, Bombardier C, Bouter L. Updated method guidelines for systematic reviews in the Cochrane Collaboration Back Review Group. Spine 2003;28(12):1290‐9. - PubMed

Vasudevan 1997

1. Vasudevan S. Physical rehabilitation in managing pain. Pain: Clinical Updates 1997;V(3):[Available at: http://www.iasp‐pain.org/PCU97c.html] (accessed 5th May 2005).

Walker 2000

1. Walker BF. The prevalence of low back pain: a systematic review of the literature from 1966 to 1998. J Spinal Disord 2000;13(3):205‐17. - PubMed

Publication types

MeSH terms

Adult
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Clinical Trials as Topic
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Cryotherapy / methods*
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Hot Temperature / therapeutic use*
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Humans
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Low Back Pain / therapy*
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3.1. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

3.2. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise…

3.2. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3…

3.2. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

3.3. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise…

3.3. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3…

3.3. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

3.4. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise…

3.4. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3…

3.4. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

3.5. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise…

3.5. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3…

3.5. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

3.6. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise…

3.6. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3…

3.6. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

3.7. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise…

3.7. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3…

3.7. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

3.8. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise…

3.8. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3…

3.8. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

3.9. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise…

3.9. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3…

3.9. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

All figures (21)

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doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004750

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References

References to studies included in this review

Landen 1967 {published data only}

1. Landen BR. Heat or cold for the relief of low back pain?. Phys Ther 1967;47(12):1126‐8. - PubMed

Mayer 2005 {published data only}

1. Mayer JM, Ralph L, Look M, Erasala GN, Verna JL, Matheson LN, et al. Treating acute low back pain with continuous low‐level heat wrap therapy and/or exercise: a randomized controlled trial. The Spine Journal 2005;5(4):395‐403. - PubMed

Melzack 1980 {published data only}

1. Melzack R, Jeans ME, Stratford JG, Monks RC. Ice massage and transcutaneous electrical stimulation: comparison of treatment for low‐back pain. Pain 1980;9(2):209‐17. - PubMed

Nadler 2002 {published and unpublished data}

1. Lloyd A, Scott DA, Akehurst RL, Lurie‐Luke E, Jessen G. Cost‐effectiveness of low‐level heat wrap therapy for low back pain. Value in Health 2004;7(4):413‐22. - PubMed
1. Nadler SF, Steiner DJ, Erasala GN, Hengehold DA, Hinkle RT, Goodale BM, et al. Continuous low‐level heat wrap therapy provides more efficacy than Ibuprofen and acetaminophen for acute low back pain. Spine 2002;27(10):1012‐7. - PubMed

Nadler 2003a {published and unpublished data}

1. Nadler SF, Steiner DJ, Erasala GN, Hengehold DA, Abeln SB, Weingand KW. Continuous low‐level heatwrap therapy for treating acute nonspecific low back pain. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation 2003;84(3):329‐334. - PubMed
1. Weingand K. Continuous low‐level topical heat therapy is effective for treating low back pain. Low Back Pain and Disability: Unraveling the Puzzle. New York, NY: Physical Medicine Research Foundation Conference, 2‐5 November, 2000.

Nadler 2003b {published data only}

1. Nadler SF, Steiner DJ, Petty SR, Erasala GN, Hengehold DA, Weingand KW. Overnight use of continuous low‐level heatwrap therapy for relief of low back pain. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation 2003;8(3):335‐42. - PubMed

Nuhr 2004 {published data only}

1. Nuhr M, Hoerauf K, Bertalanffy A, Bertalanffy P, Frickey N, Gore C, et al. Active warming during emergency transport relieves acute low back pain. Spine 2004;29(14):1499‐503. - PubMed

Roberts 1992 {published data only}

1. Roberts D, Walls C, Carlile J, Wheaton C, Aronoff G. Relief of chronic low back pain: heat versus cold. In: Aronoff GH editor(s). Chapter 13, Evaluation and Treatment of Chronic Pain. 2nd Edition. Baltimore: Urban & Schwarzenberg, 1992:263‐6.

St John Dixon 1972 {published data only}

1. John Dixon A, Owen‐Smith BD, Harrison RA. Cold‐sensitive, non‐specific, low back pain: a comparative trial of treatment. Clinical Trials Journal 1972;4:16‐21.

References to studies excluded from this review

Aglas 1997 {published data only}

1. Aglas F, Uitz E, Rainer F. A controlled study to assess efficacy and tolerability of a portable heat application system in patients suffering from spine‐related pain syndromes [Eine kontrollierte studie zur beurteilung der wirksamkeit und vertraglichkeit eines heilwarme‐aktiv‐systems bei patienten mit vertebragenen schmerzen]. Physikalische Medizin Rehabilitationsmedizin Kurortmedizin 1997;7(2):47‐50.

Chok 1999 {published data only}

1. Chok B, Lee R, Latimer J, Tan SB. Endurance training of the trunk extensor muscles in people with subacute low back pain. Physical Therapy 1999;79(11):1032‐42. - PubMed

Constant 1995 {published data only}

1. Constant F, Collin JF, Guillemin F, Boulange M. Effectiveness of spa therapy in chronic low back pain: a randomized clinical trial. Journal of Rheumatology 1995;22(7):1315‐20. - PubMed

Constant 1998 {published data only}

1. Constant F, Guillemin F, Collin JF, Boulange M. Use of spa therapy to improve the quality of life of chronic low back pain patients. Medical Care 1998;36(9):1309‐14. - PubMed

Ferrell 1997 {published data only}

1. Ferrell BA, Josephson KR, Pollan AM, Loy S, Ferrell BR. A randomized trial of walking versus physical methods for chronic pain management. Aging (Milano) 1997;9(1‐2):99‐105. - PubMed

Gallacchi 1981 {published data only}

1. Gallacchi G, Mueller W, Plattner GR, Schnorrenberger CC. Acupuncture and treatment with laser radiation in cases of cervical and lumbar syndromes [Akupunktur‐ und laserstrahlbehandlung beim zervikal‐ und lumbalsyndrom]. Schweiz Med Wochenschr 1981;111(37):1360‐6. - PubMed

Garvey 1989 {published data only}

1. Garvey TA, Marks MR, Wiesel SW. A prospective, randomized, double‐blind evaluation of trigger‐point injection therapy for low‐back pain. Spine 1989;14(9):962‐4. - PubMed

Grant 1964 {published data only}

1. Grant AE. Massage with ice (cryokinetics) in the treatment of painful conditions of the musculoskeletal system. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1964;45:233‐8. - PubMed

Guillemin 1994 {published data only}

1. Guillemin F, Constant F, Collin JF, Boulange M. Short and long‐term effect of spa therapy in chronic low back pain. British Journal of Rheumatology 1994;33(2):148‐51. - PubMed

Hansen 1993 {published data only}

1. Hansen FR, Bendix T, Skov P, Jensen CV, Kristensen JH, Krohn L, et al. Intensive, dynamic back‐muscle exercises, conventional physiotherapy, or placebo‐control treatment of low‐back pain. A randomized, observer‐ blind trial. Spine 1993;18(1):98. - PubMed

Hemmila 1997 {published data only}

1. Hemmila HM, Keinanen‐Kiukaanniemi SM, Levoska S, Puska P. Does folk medicine work? A randomized clinical trial on patients with prolonged back pain. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1997;78(6):571‐7. - PubMed

Hsieh 1992 {published data only}

1. Hsieh CY, Phillips RB, Adams AH, Pope MH. Functional outcomes of low back pain: comparison of four treatment groups in a randomized controlled trial. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 1992;15(1):4‐9. - PubMed

Hurwitz 2002 {published data only}

1. Hurwitz EL, Morgenstern H, Harber P, Kominsky GF, Belin TR, Yu F, et al. The effectiveness of physical modalities among patients with low back pain randomized to chiropractic care: findings from the UCLA low back pain study. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics 2002;25(1):10‐20. - PubMed

Ishimaru 1993 {published data only}

1. Ishimaru K, Shinohara S, Kitade T, Hyodo M. Clinical efficacy of electrical heat acupuncture (First report): Effect on low back pain. American Journal of Acupuncture 1993;21(1):13‐18.

Janora 1998 {published data only}

1. Janora D, Jermyn R, Mazzula S. Use of the aquamed chair for low back pain in the geriatric population. Journal of the American Osteopathic Association 1998;98(7):396.

Jayson 1981 {published data only}

1. Jayson MI, Sims‐Williams H, Young S, Baddeley H, Collins E. Mobilization and manipulation for low‐back pain. Spine 1981;6(4):409‐16. - PubMed

Kankaanpaa 1999 {published data only}

1. Kankaanpaa M, Taimela S, Airaksinen O, Hanninen O. The efficacy of active rehabilitation in chronic low back pain. Effect on pain intensity, self‐experienced disability, and lumbar fatigability. Spine 1999;24(10):1034‐4. - PubMed

Keel 1998 {published data only}

1. Keel PJ, Wittig R, Deutschmann R, Diethelm U, Knusel O, Loschmann C, et al. Effectiveness of in‐patient rehabilitation for sub‐chronic and chronic low back pain by an integrative group treatment program (Swiss Multicentre Study). Scand J Rehab Med 1998;30(4):211‐19. - PubMed

Kinalski 1989 {published data only}

1. Kinalski R, Kuwik W, Pietrzak D. The comparison of the results of manual therapy versus physiotherapy methods used in treatment of patients with low back pain syndromes. Manual Med 1989;4:44‐6.

Koes 1992 {published data only}

1. Koes BW, Bouter LM, Mameren H, Essers AH, Verstegen GM, Hofhuizen DM, et al. Randomised clinical trial of manipulative therapy and physiotherapy for persistent back and neck complaints: results of one year follow up. BMJ 1992;304(6827):601. - PMC - PubMed

Konrad 1992 {published data only}

1. Konrad K, Tatrai T, Hunka A, Vereckei E, Korondi I. Controlled trial of balneotherapy in treatment of low back pain. Ann Rheum Dis 1992;51(6):820‐2. - PMC - PubMed

Kovarovicova 1990 {published data only}

1. Kovarovicova J. Comparison of the effect of magnetotherapy and mud packs in vertebrogenic syndrome [Porovnani ucinku magnetoterapie se slatinnymi zabaly u vertebrogenniho syndromu]. Fysiatrickay a Reumatologickay Vestniak 1990;68(4):209‐15.

Kranjc 1992 {published data only}

1. Kranjc I, Turk Z. Results of a comparative study of the success of treatment of pain in the lumbar spine at the Moravske Toplice health spa, at the department of physical therapy and rehabilitation and at the department of rheumatology of the Maribor Teaching Hospital [Rezultati usporednog ispitivanja uspjesnosti lijecenja boli u lumbalnom predjelu kraljesnice u ljecilistu Moravske Toplice, na odjelu za fizikalnu terapiju i rehabilitaciju te na odjelu za reumatologiju nastavne bolnice Maribor]. Reumatizam 1992;39(2):33‐7. - PubMed

Leclaire 1996 {published data only}

1. Leclaire R, Esdaile JM, Suissa S, Rossignol M, Proulx R, Dupuis M. Back school in a first episode of compensated acute low back pain: a clinical trial to assess efficacy and prevent relapse. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1996;77(7):673‐9. - PubMed

Lindstrom 1970 {published data only}

1. Lindstrom A, Zachrisson M. Physical therapy on low back pain and sciatica: an attempt at evaluation. Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 1970;2:37‐42. - PubMed

Lurie‐Luke 2003 {published data only}

1. Lurie‐Luke E, Neubauer G, Lindl C, Breitkreutz H, Fischer P, Hitzeroth S. An exploratory workplace study to investigate the perceived value of continuous low‐level heatwrap therapy in manual workers. Occupational Medicine 2003;53(3):173‐8. - PubMed

Magyarosy 1996 {published data only}

1. Magyarosy I, Krause KH, Resch KL, Guggemos W, Utzschneider I, Gall H, et al. Surface EMG response to heat and cold application on back muscles: implications for the therapy of low back pain. European Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 1996;6(2):39‐42.

McCray 1984 {published data only}

1. McCray RE, Patton NJ. Pain relief at trigger points: a comparison of moist heat and shortwave diathermy. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy 1984;5(4):175‐8. - PubMed

Metzger 2000 {published data only}

1. Metzger D, Zwingmann C, Protz W, Jackel WH. The whole body cold therapy as analgesic treatment in patients with rheumatic diseases [Die beduetung der ganzkorper‐kaltetherapie im rahmen der rehabilitation bei patienten mit rheumatischen erkrankungen: ergebnisse einer pilotstudie]. Rehabilitation 2000;39(2):93‐100. - PubMed

Nwuga 1982 {published data only}

1. Nwuga VC. Relative therapeutic efficacy of vertebral manipulation and conventional treatment in back pain management. Am J Phys Med 1982;61(6):273‐8. - PubMed

O'Sullivan 1997 {published data only}

1. O'Sullivan PB, Phyty GD, Twomey LT, Allison GT. Evaluation of specific stabilizing exercise in the treatment of chronic low back pain with radiologic diagnosis of spondylolysis or spondylolisthesis. Spine 1997;22(24):2959‐67. - PubMed

Sims‐Williams 1979 {published data only}

1. Sims‐Williams H, Jayson MI, Young SM, Baddeley H, Collins E. Controlled trial of mobilisation and manipulation for low back pain: hospital patients. BMJ 1979;2(6201):1318‐20. - PMC - PubMed

Steinberg 1994 {published data only}

1. Steinberg R, Callies R, Bocker B. Changes in pain in the first and second halves of serial cold‐air therapy [Schmerzanderung in der ersten und zweiten halfte einer seriellen kaltlufttherapie]. Physikalische Medizin Rehabilitationsmedizin Kurortmedizin 1994;4(4):120‐1.

Talo 1992 {published data only}

1. Talo S, Rytokoski U, Puukka P. 1992 Volvo award in clinical sciences. Patient classification, a key to evaluate pain treatment: A psychological study in chronic low back pain patients. Spine 1992;17(9):998‐1010. - PubMed

Tasleem 2003 {published data only}

1. Tasleem RA, Buth BA, Koul PA, Kadri SM. Chronic low back pain: comparative analysis of treatment response to drugs and different physical modalities. JK Practitioner 2003;10(3):201‐4.

Torstensen 1998 {published data only}

1. Torstensen TA, Ljunggren AE, Meen HD, Odland E, Mowinckel P, Geijerstam S. Efficiency and costs of medical exercise therapy, conventional physiotherapy, and self‐exercise in patients with chronic low back pain. A pragmatic, randomized, single‐blinded, controlled trial with 1‐ year follow‐up. Spine 1998;23(23):2616‐24. - PubMed

Traherne 1962 {published data only}

1. Traherne JB. Evaluation of the cold spray technique in the treatment of muscle pain in general practice. Practitioner 1962;189:210‐2. - PubMed

Trowbridge 2004 {published data only}

1. Trowbridge CA, Draper DO, Feland JB, Jutte LS, Eggett DL. Paraspinal musculature and skin temperature changes: comparing the Thermacare HeatWrap, the Johnson & Johnson Back Plaster, and the ABC Warme‐Pflaster. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy 2004;34(9):549‐58. - PubMed

Yuan 1981 {published data only}

1. Yuan SH. [Observation of curative effects of external application of tincture of safflower and infrared radiation on chronic lumbago]. Chinese Journal of Physical Therapy 1981;4:22‐3.

Yurtkuran 1997 {published data only}

1. Yurtkuran M, Kahraman Z, Sivrioglu K, Afsin Y, Dogan M. Balneotherapy in low back pain. European Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 1997;7(4):120‐3.

Additional references

AAMPGG 2003

1. Australian Acute Musculoskeletal Pain Guidelines Group (AAMPGG). Evidence‐based management of acute musculoskeletal pain [Available at: http://www.nhmrc.gov.au]. Australian Academic Press: Brisbane 2003.

ACC 1997

1. ACC and the National Health Committee (1997). New Zealand Acute Low Back Pain Guide. Wellington, New Zealand. Wellington, New Zealand.

Battie 1994

1. Battie MC, Cherkin DC, Dunn R, Ciol MA, Wheeler KJ. Managing low back pain: attitudes and treatment preferences of physical therapists. Phys Ther 1994;74(3):219‐26. - PubMed

Bhandari 2004

1. Bhandari M, Busse JW, Jackowski D, Montori VM, Schunemann H, Sprague S, et al. Association between industry funding and statistically significant pro‐industry findings in medical and surgical randomized trials. CMAJ 2004;170:477‐80. - PMC - PubMed

Bigos 1994

1. Bigos S, Bowyer O, Braen G, et al. Acute Low Back Problems in Adults. Clinical Practice Guideline No. 14. Rockville, MD: AHCPR Publication No. 95‐0642. Agency for Health Care Policy and Research, Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1994.

Bleakley 2004

1. Bleakley C, McDonough S, MacAuley D. The use of ice in the treatment of acute soft‐tissue injury: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Am J Sports Med 2004;32(1):251‐61. - PubMed

Car 2003

1. Car J, Sheikh A. Acute low back pain. BMJ 2003;327(7414):541. - PMC - PubMed

Carey 1995

1. Carey TS, Evans A, Hadler N, Kalsbeek W, McLaughlin C, Fryer J. Care‐seeking among individuals with chronic low back pain. Spine 1995;20(3):312‐7. - PubMed

Djulbegovic 2000

1. Djulbegovic B, Lacevic M, Cantor A, Fields KK, Bennett CL, Adams JR, et al. The uncertainty principle and industry‐sponsored research. Lancet 2000;356(9230):635‐8. - PubMed

Europe 2004

1. Tulder M, Becker A, Bekkering T, Breen A, Real M, Hutchinson A, et al. on behalf of the COST B13 Working Group. European Guidelines for the Management of Acute Nonspecific Low Back Pain in Primary Care. Available at: http://www.backpaineurope.org (accessed 22nd March 2005).

Frymoyer 1991

1. Frymoyer JW, Cats‐Baril WL. An overview of the incidences and costs of low back pain. Orthop Clin North Am 1991;22(2):263‐71. - PubMed

Geffen 2003

1. Geffen SJ. 3: Rehabilitation principles for treating chronic musculoskeletal injuries. Med J Aust 2003;178(5):238‐42. - PubMed

Grana 1993

1. Grana WA. Physical agents in musculoskeletal problems: heat and cold therapy modalities. Instr Course Lect 1993;42:439‐42. - PubMed

Hamm 2003

1. Hamm L, Mikkelsen B, Kuhr J, Stovring H, Munck A, Kragstrup J. Danish physiotherapists' management of low back pain. Advances in Physiotherapy 2003;5(3):109‐13.

Hollingworth 2002

1. Hollingworth W, Todd CJ, King H, Males T, Dixon AK, Karia KR, et al. Primary care referrals for lumbar spine radiography: diagnostic yield and clinical guidelines. Br J Gen Pract 2002;52(6):475‐80. - PMC - PubMed

ICSI 2004

1. Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement (ICSI). Adult low back pain. Adult low back pain. Bloomington (MN), Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement (ICSI), Available at: http://www.icsi.org, 2004.

Jette 1996

1. Jette DU, Jette AM. Physical therapy and health outcomes in patients with spinal impairments. Physical Therapy 1996;76(9):930‐45. - PubMed

Kjaergard 2002

1. Kjaergard LL, Als‐Nielsen B. Association between competing interests and authors' conclusions: epidemiological study of randomised clinical trials published in the BMJ. BMJ 2002;325(7358):249‐53. - PMC - PubMed

Li 2001

1. Li LC, Bombardier C. Physical therapy management of low back pain: an exploratory survey of therapist approaches. Phys Ther 2001;81(4):1018‐28. - PubMed

Maniadakis 2000

1. Maniadakis N, Gray A. The economic burden of back pain in the UK. Pain 2000;84(1):95‐103. - PubMed

Michlovitz 1996

1. Michlovitz SL. Thermal agents in rehabilitation. 3rd Edition. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis, 1996.

Rush 1994

1. Rush PJ, Shore A. Physician perceptions of the value of physical modalities in the treatment of musculoskeletal disease. British Journal of Rheumatology 1994;33(6):566‐8. - PubMed

Stanos 2004

1. Stanos SP, Muellner PM, Harden RN. The physiatric approach to low back pain. Seminars in Pain Medicine 2004;2(3):186‐96.

van Tulder 2003

1. Tulder M, Furlan A, Bombardier C, Bouter L. Updated method guidelines for systematic reviews in the Cochrane Collaboration Back Review Group. Spine 2003;28(12):1290‐9. - PubMed

Vasudevan 1997

1. Vasudevan S. Physical rehabilitation in managing pain. Pain: Clinical Updates 1997;V(3):[Available at: http://www.iasp‐pain.org/PCU97c.html] (accessed 5th May 2005).

Walker 2000

1. Walker BF. The prevalence of low back pain: a systematic review of the literature from 1966 to 1998. J Spinal Disord 2000;13(3):205‐17. - PubMed

Publication types

MeSH terms

Adult
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Clinical Trials as Topic
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Cryotherapy / methods*
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Hot Temperature / therapeutic use*
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Humans
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Low Back Pain / therapy*
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3.2. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

3.3. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise…

3.3. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3…

3.3. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

3.4. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise…

3.4. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3…

3.4. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

3.5. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise…

3.5. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3…

3.5. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

3.6. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise…

3.6. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3…

3.6. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

3.7. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise…

3.7. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3…

3.7. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

3.8. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise…

3.8. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3…

3.8. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

3.9. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise…

3.9. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3…

3.9. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

All figures (21)

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doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004750

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References

References to studies included in this review

Landen 1967 {published data only}

1. Landen BR. Heat or cold for the relief of low back pain?. Phys Ther 1967;47(12):1126‐8. - PubMed

Mayer 2005 {published data only}

1. Mayer JM, Ralph L, Look M, Erasala GN, Verna JL, Matheson LN, et al. Treating acute low back pain with continuous low‐level heat wrap therapy and/or exercise: a randomized controlled trial. The Spine Journal 2005;5(4):395‐403. - PubMed

Melzack 1980 {published data only}

1. Melzack R, Jeans ME, Stratford JG, Monks RC. Ice massage and transcutaneous electrical stimulation: comparison of treatment for low‐back pain. Pain 1980;9(2):209‐17. - PubMed

Nadler 2002 {published and unpublished data}

1. Lloyd A, Scott DA, Akehurst RL, Lurie‐Luke E, Jessen G. Cost‐effectiveness of low‐level heat wrap therapy for low back pain. Value in Health 2004;7(4):413‐22. - PubMed
1. Nadler SF, Steiner DJ, Erasala GN, Hengehold DA, Hinkle RT, Goodale BM, et al. Continuous low‐level heat wrap therapy provides more efficacy than Ibuprofen and acetaminophen for acute low back pain. Spine 2002;27(10):1012‐7. - PubMed

Nadler 2003a {published and unpublished data}

1. Nadler SF, Steiner DJ, Erasala GN, Hengehold DA, Abeln SB, Weingand KW. Continuous low‐level heatwrap therapy for treating acute nonspecific low back pain. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation 2003;84(3):329‐334. - PubMed
1. Weingand K. Continuous low‐level topical heat therapy is effective for treating low back pain. Low Back Pain and Disability: Unraveling the Puzzle. New York, NY: Physical Medicine Research Foundation Conference, 2‐5 November, 2000.

Nadler 2003b {published data only}

1. Nadler SF, Steiner DJ, Petty SR, Erasala GN, Hengehold DA, Weingand KW. Overnight use of continuous low‐level heatwrap therapy for relief of low back pain. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation 2003;8(3):335‐42. - PubMed

Nuhr 2004 {published data only}

1. Nuhr M, Hoerauf K, Bertalanffy A, Bertalanffy P, Frickey N, Gore C, et al. Active warming during emergency transport relieves acute low back pain. Spine 2004;29(14):1499‐503. - PubMed

Roberts 1992 {published data only}

1. Roberts D, Walls C, Carlile J, Wheaton C, Aronoff G. Relief of chronic low back pain: heat versus cold. In: Aronoff GH editor(s). Chapter 13, Evaluation and Treatment of Chronic Pain. 2nd Edition. Baltimore: Urban & Schwarzenberg, 1992:263‐6.

St John Dixon 1972 {published data only}

1. John Dixon A, Owen‐Smith BD, Harrison RA. Cold‐sensitive, non‐specific, low back pain: a comparative trial of treatment. Clinical Trials Journal 1972;4:16‐21.

References to studies excluded from this review

Aglas 1997 {published data only}

1. Aglas F, Uitz E, Rainer F. A controlled study to assess efficacy and tolerability of a portable heat application system in patients suffering from spine‐related pain syndromes [Eine kontrollierte studie zur beurteilung der wirksamkeit und vertraglichkeit eines heilwarme‐aktiv‐systems bei patienten mit vertebragenen schmerzen]. Physikalische Medizin Rehabilitationsmedizin Kurortmedizin 1997;7(2):47‐50.

Chok 1999 {published data only}

1. Chok B, Lee R, Latimer J, Tan SB. Endurance training of the trunk extensor muscles in people with subacute low back pain. Physical Therapy 1999;79(11):1032‐42. - PubMed

Constant 1995 {published data only}

1. Constant F, Collin JF, Guillemin F, Boulange M. Effectiveness of spa therapy in chronic low back pain: a randomized clinical trial. Journal of Rheumatology 1995;22(7):1315‐20. - PubMed

Constant 1998 {published data only}

1. Constant F, Guillemin F, Collin JF, Boulange M. Use of spa therapy to improve the quality of life of chronic low back pain patients. Medical Care 1998;36(9):1309‐14. - PubMed

Ferrell 1997 {published data only}

1. Ferrell BA, Josephson KR, Pollan AM, Loy S, Ferrell BR. A randomized trial of walking versus physical methods for chronic pain management. Aging (Milano) 1997;9(1‐2):99‐105. - PubMed

Gallacchi 1981 {published data only}

1. Gallacchi G, Mueller W, Plattner GR, Schnorrenberger CC. Acupuncture and treatment with laser radiation in cases of cervical and lumbar syndromes [Akupunktur‐ und laserstrahlbehandlung beim zervikal‐ und lumbalsyndrom]. Schweiz Med Wochenschr 1981;111(37):1360‐6. - PubMed

Garvey 1989 {published data only}

1. Garvey TA, Marks MR, Wiesel SW. A prospective, randomized, double‐blind evaluation of trigger‐point injection therapy for low‐back pain. Spine 1989;14(9):962‐4. - PubMed

Grant 1964 {published data only}

1. Grant AE. Massage with ice (cryokinetics) in the treatment of painful conditions of the musculoskeletal system. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1964;45:233‐8. - PubMed

Guillemin 1994 {published data only}

1. Guillemin F, Constant F, Collin JF, Boulange M. Short and long‐term effect of spa therapy in chronic low back pain. British Journal of Rheumatology 1994;33(2):148‐51. - PubMed

Hansen 1993 {published data only}

1. Hansen FR, Bendix T, Skov P, Jensen CV, Kristensen JH, Krohn L, et al. Intensive, dynamic back‐muscle exercises, conventional physiotherapy, or placebo‐control treatment of low‐back pain. A randomized, observer‐ blind trial. Spine 1993;18(1):98. - PubMed

Hemmila 1997 {published data only}

1. Hemmila HM, Keinanen‐Kiukaanniemi SM, Levoska S, Puska P. Does folk medicine work? A randomized clinical trial on patients with prolonged back pain. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1997;78(6):571‐7. - PubMed

Hsieh 1992 {published data only}

1. Hsieh CY, Phillips RB, Adams AH, Pope MH. Functional outcomes of low back pain: comparison of four treatment groups in a randomized controlled trial. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 1992;15(1):4‐9. - PubMed

Hurwitz 2002 {published data only}

1. Hurwitz EL, Morgenstern H, Harber P, Kominsky GF, Belin TR, Yu F, et al. The effectiveness of physical modalities among patients with low back pain randomized to chiropractic care: findings from the UCLA low back pain study. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics 2002;25(1):10‐20. - PubMed

Ishimaru 1993 {published data only}

1. Ishimaru K, Shinohara S, Kitade T, Hyodo M. Clinical efficacy of electrical heat acupuncture (First report): Effect on low back pain. American Journal of Acupuncture 1993;21(1):13‐18.

Janora 1998 {published data only}

1. Janora D, Jermyn R, Mazzula S. Use of the aquamed chair for low back pain in the geriatric population. Journal of the American Osteopathic Association 1998;98(7):396.

Jayson 1981 {published data only}

1. Jayson MI, Sims‐Williams H, Young S, Baddeley H, Collins E. Mobilization and manipulation for low‐back pain. Spine 1981;6(4):409‐16. - PubMed

Kankaanpaa 1999 {published data only}

1. Kankaanpaa M, Taimela S, Airaksinen O, Hanninen O. The efficacy of active rehabilitation in chronic low back pain. Effect on pain intensity, self‐experienced disability, and lumbar fatigability. Spine 1999;24(10):1034‐4. - PubMed

Keel 1998 {published data only}

1. Keel PJ, Wittig R, Deutschmann R, Diethelm U, Knusel O, Loschmann C, et al. Effectiveness of in‐patient rehabilitation for sub‐chronic and chronic low back pain by an integrative group treatment program (Swiss Multicentre Study). Scand J Rehab Med 1998;30(4):211‐19. - PubMed

Kinalski 1989 {published data only}

1. Kinalski R, Kuwik W, Pietrzak D. The comparison of the results of manual therapy versus physiotherapy methods used in treatment of patients with low back pain syndromes. Manual Med 1989;4:44‐6.

Koes 1992 {published data only}

1. Koes BW, Bouter LM, Mameren H, Essers AH, Verstegen GM, Hofhuizen DM, et al. Randomised clinical trial of manipulative therapy and physiotherapy for persistent back and neck complaints: results of one year follow up. BMJ 1992;304(6827):601. - PMC - PubMed

Konrad 1992 {published data only}

1. Konrad K, Tatrai T, Hunka A, Vereckei E, Korondi I. Controlled trial of balneotherapy in treatment of low back pain. Ann Rheum Dis 1992;51(6):820‐2. - PMC - PubMed

Kovarovicova 1990 {published data only}

1. Kovarovicova J. Comparison of the effect of magnetotherapy and mud packs in vertebrogenic syndrome [Porovnani ucinku magnetoterapie se slatinnymi zabaly u vertebrogenniho syndromu]. Fysiatrickay a Reumatologickay Vestniak 1990;68(4):209‐15.

Kranjc 1992 {published data only}

1. Kranjc I, Turk Z. Results of a comparative study of the success of treatment of pain in the lumbar spine at the Moravske Toplice health spa, at the department of physical therapy and rehabilitation and at the department of rheumatology of the Maribor Teaching Hospital [Rezultati usporednog ispitivanja uspjesnosti lijecenja boli u lumbalnom predjelu kraljesnice u ljecilistu Moravske Toplice, na odjelu za fizikalnu terapiju i rehabilitaciju te na odjelu za reumatologiju nastavne bolnice Maribor]. Reumatizam 1992;39(2):33‐7. - PubMed

Leclaire 1996 {published data only}

1. Leclaire R, Esdaile JM, Suissa S, Rossignol M, Proulx R, Dupuis M. Back school in a first episode of compensated acute low back pain: a clinical trial to assess efficacy and prevent relapse. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1996;77(7):673‐9. - PubMed

Lindstrom 1970 {published data only}

1. Lindstrom A, Zachrisson M. Physical therapy on low back pain and sciatica: an attempt at evaluation. Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 1970;2:37‐42. - PubMed

Lurie‐Luke 2003 {published data only}

1. Lurie‐Luke E, Neubauer G, Lindl C, Breitkreutz H, Fischer P, Hitzeroth S. An exploratory workplace study to investigate the perceived value of continuous low‐level heatwrap therapy in manual workers. Occupational Medicine 2003;53(3):173‐8. - PubMed

Magyarosy 1996 {published data only}

1. Magyarosy I, Krause KH, Resch KL, Guggemos W, Utzschneider I, Gall H, et al. Surface EMG response to heat and cold application on back muscles: implications for the therapy of low back pain. European Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 1996;6(2):39‐42.

McCray 1984 {published data only}

1. McCray RE, Patton NJ. Pain relief at trigger points: a comparison of moist heat and shortwave diathermy. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy 1984;5(4):175‐8. - PubMed

Metzger 2000 {published data only}

1. Metzger D, Zwingmann C, Protz W, Jackel WH. The whole body cold therapy as analgesic treatment in patients with rheumatic diseases [Die beduetung der ganzkorper‐kaltetherapie im rahmen der rehabilitation bei patienten mit rheumatischen erkrankungen: ergebnisse einer pilotstudie]. Rehabilitation 2000;39(2):93‐100. - PubMed

Nwuga 1982 {published data only}

1. Nwuga VC. Relative therapeutic efficacy of vertebral manipulation and conventional treatment in back pain management. Am J Phys Med 1982;61(6):273‐8. - PubMed

O'Sullivan 1997 {published data only}

1. O'Sullivan PB, Phyty GD, Twomey LT, Allison GT. Evaluation of specific stabilizing exercise in the treatment of chronic low back pain with radiologic diagnosis of spondylolysis or spondylolisthesis. Spine 1997;22(24):2959‐67. - PubMed

Sims‐Williams 1979 {published data only}

1. Sims‐Williams H, Jayson MI, Young SM, Baddeley H, Collins E. Controlled trial of mobilisation and manipulation for low back pain: hospital patients. BMJ 1979;2(6201):1318‐20. - PMC - PubMed

Steinberg 1994 {published data only}

1. Steinberg R, Callies R, Bocker B. Changes in pain in the first and second halves of serial cold‐air therapy [Schmerzanderung in der ersten und zweiten halfte einer seriellen kaltlufttherapie]. Physikalische Medizin Rehabilitationsmedizin Kurortmedizin 1994;4(4):120‐1.

Talo 1992 {published data only}

1. Talo S, Rytokoski U, Puukka P. 1992 Volvo award in clinical sciences. Patient classification, a key to evaluate pain treatment: A psychological study in chronic low back pain patients. Spine 1992;17(9):998‐1010. - PubMed

Tasleem 2003 {published data only}

1. Tasleem RA, Buth BA, Koul PA, Kadri SM. Chronic low back pain: comparative analysis of treatment response to drugs and different physical modalities. JK Practitioner 2003;10(3):201‐4.

Torstensen 1998 {published data only}

1. Torstensen TA, Ljunggren AE, Meen HD, Odland E, Mowinckel P, Geijerstam S. Efficiency and costs of medical exercise therapy, conventional physiotherapy, and self‐exercise in patients with chronic low back pain. A pragmatic, randomized, single‐blinded, controlled trial with 1‐ year follow‐up. Spine 1998;23(23):2616‐24. - PubMed

Traherne 1962 {published data only}

1. Traherne JB. Evaluation of the cold spray technique in the treatment of muscle pain in general practice. Practitioner 1962;189:210‐2. - PubMed

Trowbridge 2004 {published data only}

1. Trowbridge CA, Draper DO, Feland JB, Jutte LS, Eggett DL. Paraspinal musculature and skin temperature changes: comparing the Thermacare HeatWrap, the Johnson & Johnson Back Plaster, and the ABC Warme‐Pflaster. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy 2004;34(9):549‐58. - PubMed

Yuan 1981 {published data only}

1. Yuan SH. [Observation of curative effects of external application of tincture of safflower and infrared radiation on chronic lumbago]. Chinese Journal of Physical Therapy 1981;4:22‐3.

Yurtkuran 1997 {published data only}

1. Yurtkuran M, Kahraman Z, Sivrioglu K, Afsin Y, Dogan M. Balneotherapy in low back pain. European Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 1997;7(4):120‐3.

Additional references

AAMPGG 2003

1. Australian Acute Musculoskeletal Pain Guidelines Group (AAMPGG). Evidence‐based management of acute musculoskeletal pain [Available at: http://www.nhmrc.gov.au]. Australian Academic Press: Brisbane 2003.

ACC 1997

1. ACC and the National Health Committee (1997). New Zealand Acute Low Back Pain Guide. Wellington, New Zealand. Wellington, New Zealand.

Battie 1994

1. Battie MC, Cherkin DC, Dunn R, Ciol MA, Wheeler KJ. Managing low back pain: attitudes and treatment preferences of physical therapists. Phys Ther 1994;74(3):219‐26. - PubMed

Bhandari 2004

1. Bhandari M, Busse JW, Jackowski D, Montori VM, Schunemann H, Sprague S, et al. Association between industry funding and statistically significant pro‐industry findings in medical and surgical randomized trials. CMAJ 2004;170:477‐80. - PMC - PubMed

Bigos 1994

1. Bigos S, Bowyer O, Braen G, et al. Acute Low Back Problems in Adults. Clinical Practice Guideline No. 14. Rockville, MD: AHCPR Publication No. 95‐0642. Agency for Health Care Policy and Research, Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1994.

Bleakley 2004

1. Bleakley C, McDonough S, MacAuley D. The use of ice in the treatment of acute soft‐tissue injury: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Am J Sports Med 2004;32(1):251‐61. - PubMed

Car 2003

1. Car J, Sheikh A. Acute low back pain. BMJ 2003;327(7414):541. - PMC - PubMed

Carey 1995

1. Carey TS, Evans A, Hadler N, Kalsbeek W, McLaughlin C, Fryer J. Care‐seeking among individuals with chronic low back pain. Spine 1995;20(3):312‐7. - PubMed

Djulbegovic 2000

1. Djulbegovic B, Lacevic M, Cantor A, Fields KK, Bennett CL, Adams JR, et al. The uncertainty principle and industry‐sponsored research. Lancet 2000;356(9230):635‐8. - PubMed

Europe 2004

1. Tulder M, Becker A, Bekkering T, Breen A, Real M, Hutchinson A, et al. on behalf of the COST B13 Working Group. European Guidelines for the Management of Acute Nonspecific Low Back Pain in Primary Care. Available at: http://www.backpaineurope.org (accessed 22nd March 2005).

Frymoyer 1991

1. Frymoyer JW, Cats‐Baril WL. An overview of the incidences and costs of low back pain. Orthop Clin North Am 1991;22(2):263‐71. - PubMed

Geffen 2003

1. Geffen SJ. 3: Rehabilitation principles for treating chronic musculoskeletal injuries. Med J Aust 2003;178(5):238‐42. - PubMed

Grana 1993

1. Grana WA. Physical agents in musculoskeletal problems: heat and cold therapy modalities. Instr Course Lect 1993;42:439‐42. - PubMed

Hamm 2003

1. Hamm L, Mikkelsen B, Kuhr J, Stovring H, Munck A, Kragstrup J. Danish physiotherapists' management of low back pain. Advances in Physiotherapy 2003;5(3):109‐13.

Hollingworth 2002

1. Hollingworth W, Todd CJ, King H, Males T, Dixon AK, Karia KR, et al. Primary care referrals for lumbar spine radiography: diagnostic yield and clinical guidelines. Br J Gen Pract 2002;52(6):475‐80. - PMC - PubMed

ICSI 2004

1. Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement (ICSI). Adult low back pain. Adult low back pain. Bloomington (MN), Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement (ICSI), Available at: http://www.icsi.org, 2004.

Jette 1996

1. Jette DU, Jette AM. Physical therapy and health outcomes in patients with spinal impairments. Physical Therapy 1996;76(9):930‐45. - PubMed

Kjaergard 2002

1. Kjaergard LL, Als‐Nielsen B. Association between competing interests and authors' conclusions: epidemiological study of randomised clinical trials published in the BMJ. BMJ 2002;325(7358):249‐53. - PMC - PubMed

Li 2001

1. Li LC, Bombardier C. Physical therapy management of low back pain: an exploratory survey of therapist approaches. Phys Ther 2001;81(4):1018‐28. - PubMed

Maniadakis 2000

1. Maniadakis N, Gray A. The economic burden of back pain in the UK. Pain 2000;84(1):95‐103. - PubMed

Michlovitz 1996

1. Michlovitz SL. Thermal agents in rehabilitation. 3rd Edition. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis, 1996.

Rush 1994

1. Rush PJ, Shore A. Physician perceptions of the value of physical modalities in the treatment of musculoskeletal disease. British Journal of Rheumatology 1994;33(6):566‐8. - PubMed

Stanos 2004

1. Stanos SP, Muellner PM, Harden RN. The physiatric approach to low back pain. Seminars in Pain Medicine 2004;2(3):186‐96.

van Tulder 2003

1. Tulder M, Furlan A, Bombardier C, Bouter L. Updated method guidelines for systematic reviews in the Cochrane Collaboration Back Review Group. Spine 2003;28(12):1290‐9. - PubMed

Vasudevan 1997

1. Vasudevan S. Physical rehabilitation in managing pain. Pain: Clinical Updates 1997;V(3):[Available at: http://www.iasp‐pain.org/PCU97c.html] (accessed 5th May 2005).

Walker 2000

1. Walker BF. The prevalence of low back pain: a systematic review of the literature from 1966 to 1998. J Spinal Disord 2000;13(3):205‐17. - PubMed

Publication types

MeSH terms

Adult
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Clinical Trials as Topic
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Cryotherapy / methods*
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Hot Temperature / therapeutic use*
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Humans
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Low Back Pain / therapy*
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3.3. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

3.4. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise…

3.4. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3…

3.4. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

3.5. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise…

3.5. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3…

3.5. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

3.6. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise…

3.6. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3…

3.6. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

3.7. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise…

3.7. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3…

3.7. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

3.8. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise…

3.8. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3…

3.8. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

3.9. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise…

3.9. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3…

3.9. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

All figures (21)

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doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004750

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References

References to studies included in this review

Landen 1967 {published data only}

1. Landen BR. Heat or cold for the relief of low back pain?. Phys Ther 1967;47(12):1126‐8. - PubMed

Mayer 2005 {published data only}

1. Mayer JM, Ralph L, Look M, Erasala GN, Verna JL, Matheson LN, et al. Treating acute low back pain with continuous low‐level heat wrap therapy and/or exercise: a randomized controlled trial. The Spine Journal 2005;5(4):395‐403. - PubMed

Melzack 1980 {published data only}

1. Melzack R, Jeans ME, Stratford JG, Monks RC. Ice massage and transcutaneous electrical stimulation: comparison of treatment for low‐back pain. Pain 1980;9(2):209‐17. - PubMed

Nadler 2002 {published and unpublished data}

1. Lloyd A, Scott DA, Akehurst RL, Lurie‐Luke E, Jessen G. Cost‐effectiveness of low‐level heat wrap therapy for low back pain. Value in Health 2004;7(4):413‐22. - PubMed
1. Nadler SF, Steiner DJ, Erasala GN, Hengehold DA, Hinkle RT, Goodale BM, et al. Continuous low‐level heat wrap therapy provides more efficacy than Ibuprofen and acetaminophen for acute low back pain. Spine 2002;27(10):1012‐7. - PubMed

Nadler 2003a {published and unpublished data}

1. Nadler SF, Steiner DJ, Erasala GN, Hengehold DA, Abeln SB, Weingand KW. Continuous low‐level heatwrap therapy for treating acute nonspecific low back pain. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation 2003;84(3):329‐334. - PubMed
1. Weingand K. Continuous low‐level topical heat therapy is effective for treating low back pain. Low Back Pain and Disability: Unraveling the Puzzle. New York, NY: Physical Medicine Research Foundation Conference, 2‐5 November, 2000.

Nadler 2003b {published data only}

1. Nadler SF, Steiner DJ, Petty SR, Erasala GN, Hengehold DA, Weingand KW. Overnight use of continuous low‐level heatwrap therapy for relief of low back pain. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation 2003;8(3):335‐42. - PubMed

Nuhr 2004 {published data only}

1. Nuhr M, Hoerauf K, Bertalanffy A, Bertalanffy P, Frickey N, Gore C, et al. Active warming during emergency transport relieves acute low back pain. Spine 2004;29(14):1499‐503. - PubMed

Roberts 1992 {published data only}

1. Roberts D, Walls C, Carlile J, Wheaton C, Aronoff G. Relief of chronic low back pain: heat versus cold. In: Aronoff GH editor(s). Chapter 13, Evaluation and Treatment of Chronic Pain. 2nd Edition. Baltimore: Urban & Schwarzenberg, 1992:263‐6.

St John Dixon 1972 {published data only}

1. John Dixon A, Owen‐Smith BD, Harrison RA. Cold‐sensitive, non‐specific, low back pain: a comparative trial of treatment. Clinical Trials Journal 1972;4:16‐21.

References to studies excluded from this review

Aglas 1997 {published data only}

1. Aglas F, Uitz E, Rainer F. A controlled study to assess efficacy and tolerability of a portable heat application system in patients suffering from spine‐related pain syndromes [Eine kontrollierte studie zur beurteilung der wirksamkeit und vertraglichkeit eines heilwarme‐aktiv‐systems bei patienten mit vertebragenen schmerzen]. Physikalische Medizin Rehabilitationsmedizin Kurortmedizin 1997;7(2):47‐50.

Chok 1999 {published data only}

1. Chok B, Lee R, Latimer J, Tan SB. Endurance training of the trunk extensor muscles in people with subacute low back pain. Physical Therapy 1999;79(11):1032‐42. - PubMed

Constant 1995 {published data only}

1. Constant F, Collin JF, Guillemin F, Boulange M. Effectiveness of spa therapy in chronic low back pain: a randomized clinical trial. Journal of Rheumatology 1995;22(7):1315‐20. - PubMed

Constant 1998 {published data only}

1. Constant F, Guillemin F, Collin JF, Boulange M. Use of spa therapy to improve the quality of life of chronic low back pain patients. Medical Care 1998;36(9):1309‐14. - PubMed

Ferrell 1997 {published data only}

1. Ferrell BA, Josephson KR, Pollan AM, Loy S, Ferrell BR. A randomized trial of walking versus physical methods for chronic pain management. Aging (Milano) 1997;9(1‐2):99‐105. - PubMed

Gallacchi 1981 {published data only}

1. Gallacchi G, Mueller W, Plattner GR, Schnorrenberger CC. Acupuncture and treatment with laser radiation in cases of cervical and lumbar syndromes [Akupunktur‐ und laserstrahlbehandlung beim zervikal‐ und lumbalsyndrom]. Schweiz Med Wochenschr 1981;111(37):1360‐6. - PubMed

Garvey 1989 {published data only}

1. Garvey TA, Marks MR, Wiesel SW. A prospective, randomized, double‐blind evaluation of trigger‐point injection therapy for low‐back pain. Spine 1989;14(9):962‐4. - PubMed

Grant 1964 {published data only}

1. Grant AE. Massage with ice (cryokinetics) in the treatment of painful conditions of the musculoskeletal system. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1964;45:233‐8. - PubMed

Guillemin 1994 {published data only}

1. Guillemin F, Constant F, Collin JF, Boulange M. Short and long‐term effect of spa therapy in chronic low back pain. British Journal of Rheumatology 1994;33(2):148‐51. - PubMed

Hansen 1993 {published data only}

1. Hansen FR, Bendix T, Skov P, Jensen CV, Kristensen JH, Krohn L, et al. Intensive, dynamic back‐muscle exercises, conventional physiotherapy, or placebo‐control treatment of low‐back pain. A randomized, observer‐ blind trial. Spine 1993;18(1):98. - PubMed

Hemmila 1997 {published data only}

1. Hemmila HM, Keinanen‐Kiukaanniemi SM, Levoska S, Puska P. Does folk medicine work? A randomized clinical trial on patients with prolonged back pain. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1997;78(6):571‐7. - PubMed

Hsieh 1992 {published data only}

1. Hsieh CY, Phillips RB, Adams AH, Pope MH. Functional outcomes of low back pain: comparison of four treatment groups in a randomized controlled trial. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 1992;15(1):4‐9. - PubMed

Hurwitz 2002 {published data only}

1. Hurwitz EL, Morgenstern H, Harber P, Kominsky GF, Belin TR, Yu F, et al. The effectiveness of physical modalities among patients with low back pain randomized to chiropractic care: findings from the UCLA low back pain study. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics 2002;25(1):10‐20. - PubMed

Ishimaru 1993 {published data only}

1. Ishimaru K, Shinohara S, Kitade T, Hyodo M. Clinical efficacy of electrical heat acupuncture (First report): Effect on low back pain. American Journal of Acupuncture 1993;21(1):13‐18.

Janora 1998 {published data only}

1. Janora D, Jermyn R, Mazzula S. Use of the aquamed chair for low back pain in the geriatric population. Journal of the American Osteopathic Association 1998;98(7):396.

Jayson 1981 {published data only}

1. Jayson MI, Sims‐Williams H, Young S, Baddeley H, Collins E. Mobilization and manipulation for low‐back pain. Spine 1981;6(4):409‐16. - PubMed

Kankaanpaa 1999 {published data only}

1. Kankaanpaa M, Taimela S, Airaksinen O, Hanninen O. The efficacy of active rehabilitation in chronic low back pain. Effect on pain intensity, self‐experienced disability, and lumbar fatigability. Spine 1999;24(10):1034‐4. - PubMed

Keel 1998 {published data only}

1. Keel PJ, Wittig R, Deutschmann R, Diethelm U, Knusel O, Loschmann C, et al. Effectiveness of in‐patient rehabilitation for sub‐chronic and chronic low back pain by an integrative group treatment program (Swiss Multicentre Study). Scand J Rehab Med 1998;30(4):211‐19. - PubMed

Kinalski 1989 {published data only}

1. Kinalski R, Kuwik W, Pietrzak D. The comparison of the results of manual therapy versus physiotherapy methods used in treatment of patients with low back pain syndromes. Manual Med 1989;4:44‐6.

Koes 1992 {published data only}

1. Koes BW, Bouter LM, Mameren H, Essers AH, Verstegen GM, Hofhuizen DM, et al. Randomised clinical trial of manipulative therapy and physiotherapy for persistent back and neck complaints: results of one year follow up. BMJ 1992;304(6827):601. - PMC - PubMed

Konrad 1992 {published data only}

1. Konrad K, Tatrai T, Hunka A, Vereckei E, Korondi I. Controlled trial of balneotherapy in treatment of low back pain. Ann Rheum Dis 1992;51(6):820‐2. - PMC - PubMed

Kovarovicova 1990 {published data only}

1. Kovarovicova J. Comparison of the effect of magnetotherapy and mud packs in vertebrogenic syndrome [Porovnani ucinku magnetoterapie se slatinnymi zabaly u vertebrogenniho syndromu]. Fysiatrickay a Reumatologickay Vestniak 1990;68(4):209‐15.

Kranjc 1992 {published data only}

1. Kranjc I, Turk Z. Results of a comparative study of the success of treatment of pain in the lumbar spine at the Moravske Toplice health spa, at the department of physical therapy and rehabilitation and at the department of rheumatology of the Maribor Teaching Hospital [Rezultati usporednog ispitivanja uspjesnosti lijecenja boli u lumbalnom predjelu kraljesnice u ljecilistu Moravske Toplice, na odjelu za fizikalnu terapiju i rehabilitaciju te na odjelu za reumatologiju nastavne bolnice Maribor]. Reumatizam 1992;39(2):33‐7. - PubMed

Leclaire 1996 {published data only}

1. Leclaire R, Esdaile JM, Suissa S, Rossignol M, Proulx R, Dupuis M. Back school in a first episode of compensated acute low back pain: a clinical trial to assess efficacy and prevent relapse. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1996;77(7):673‐9. - PubMed

Lindstrom 1970 {published data only}

1. Lindstrom A, Zachrisson M. Physical therapy on low back pain and sciatica: an attempt at evaluation. Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 1970;2:37‐42. - PubMed

Lurie‐Luke 2003 {published data only}

1. Lurie‐Luke E, Neubauer G, Lindl C, Breitkreutz H, Fischer P, Hitzeroth S. An exploratory workplace study to investigate the perceived value of continuous low‐level heatwrap therapy in manual workers. Occupational Medicine 2003;53(3):173‐8. - PubMed

Magyarosy 1996 {published data only}

1. Magyarosy I, Krause KH, Resch KL, Guggemos W, Utzschneider I, Gall H, et al. Surface EMG response to heat and cold application on back muscles: implications for the therapy of low back pain. European Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 1996;6(2):39‐42.

McCray 1984 {published data only}

1. McCray RE, Patton NJ. Pain relief at trigger points: a comparison of moist heat and shortwave diathermy. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy 1984;5(4):175‐8. - PubMed

Metzger 2000 {published data only}

1. Metzger D, Zwingmann C, Protz W, Jackel WH. The whole body cold therapy as analgesic treatment in patients with rheumatic diseases [Die beduetung der ganzkorper‐kaltetherapie im rahmen der rehabilitation bei patienten mit rheumatischen erkrankungen: ergebnisse einer pilotstudie]. Rehabilitation 2000;39(2):93‐100. - PubMed

Nwuga 1982 {published data only}

1. Nwuga VC. Relative therapeutic efficacy of vertebral manipulation and conventional treatment in back pain management. Am J Phys Med 1982;61(6):273‐8. - PubMed

O'Sullivan 1997 {published data only}

1. O'Sullivan PB, Phyty GD, Twomey LT, Allison GT. Evaluation of specific stabilizing exercise in the treatment of chronic low back pain with radiologic diagnosis of spondylolysis or spondylolisthesis. Spine 1997;22(24):2959‐67. - PubMed

Sims‐Williams 1979 {published data only}

1. Sims‐Williams H, Jayson MI, Young SM, Baddeley H, Collins E. Controlled trial of mobilisation and manipulation for low back pain: hospital patients. BMJ 1979;2(6201):1318‐20. - PMC - PubMed

Steinberg 1994 {published data only}

1. Steinberg R, Callies R, Bocker B. Changes in pain in the first and second halves of serial cold‐air therapy [Schmerzanderung in der ersten und zweiten halfte einer seriellen kaltlufttherapie]. Physikalische Medizin Rehabilitationsmedizin Kurortmedizin 1994;4(4):120‐1.

Talo 1992 {published data only}

1. Talo S, Rytokoski U, Puukka P. 1992 Volvo award in clinical sciences. Patient classification, a key to evaluate pain treatment: A psychological study in chronic low back pain patients. Spine 1992;17(9):998‐1010. - PubMed

Tasleem 2003 {published data only}

1. Tasleem RA, Buth BA, Koul PA, Kadri SM. Chronic low back pain: comparative analysis of treatment response to drugs and different physical modalities. JK Practitioner 2003;10(3):201‐4.

Torstensen 1998 {published data only}

1. Torstensen TA, Ljunggren AE, Meen HD, Odland E, Mowinckel P, Geijerstam S. Efficiency and costs of medical exercise therapy, conventional physiotherapy, and self‐exercise in patients with chronic low back pain. A pragmatic, randomized, single‐blinded, controlled trial with 1‐ year follow‐up. Spine 1998;23(23):2616‐24. - PubMed

Traherne 1962 {published data only}

1. Traherne JB. Evaluation of the cold spray technique in the treatment of muscle pain in general practice. Practitioner 1962;189:210‐2. - PubMed

Trowbridge 2004 {published data only}

1. Trowbridge CA, Draper DO, Feland JB, Jutte LS, Eggett DL. Paraspinal musculature and skin temperature changes: comparing the Thermacare HeatWrap, the Johnson & Johnson Back Plaster, and the ABC Warme‐Pflaster. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy 2004;34(9):549‐58. - PubMed

Yuan 1981 {published data only}

1. Yuan SH. [Observation of curative effects of external application of tincture of safflower and infrared radiation on chronic lumbago]. Chinese Journal of Physical Therapy 1981;4:22‐3.

Yurtkuran 1997 {published data only}

1. Yurtkuran M, Kahraman Z, Sivrioglu K, Afsin Y, Dogan M. Balneotherapy in low back pain. European Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 1997;7(4):120‐3.

Additional references

AAMPGG 2003

1. Australian Acute Musculoskeletal Pain Guidelines Group (AAMPGG). Evidence‐based management of acute musculoskeletal pain [Available at: http://www.nhmrc.gov.au]. Australian Academic Press: Brisbane 2003.

ACC 1997

1. ACC and the National Health Committee (1997). New Zealand Acute Low Back Pain Guide. Wellington, New Zealand. Wellington, New Zealand.

Battie 1994

1. Battie MC, Cherkin DC, Dunn R, Ciol MA, Wheeler KJ. Managing low back pain: attitudes and treatment preferences of physical therapists. Phys Ther 1994;74(3):219‐26. - PubMed

Bhandari 2004

1. Bhandari M, Busse JW, Jackowski D, Montori VM, Schunemann H, Sprague S, et al. Association between industry funding and statistically significant pro‐industry findings in medical and surgical randomized trials. CMAJ 2004;170:477‐80. - PMC - PubMed

Bigos 1994

1. Bigos S, Bowyer O, Braen G, et al. Acute Low Back Problems in Adults. Clinical Practice Guideline No. 14. Rockville, MD: AHCPR Publication No. 95‐0642. Agency for Health Care Policy and Research, Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1994.

Bleakley 2004

1. Bleakley C, McDonough S, MacAuley D. The use of ice in the treatment of acute soft‐tissue injury: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Am J Sports Med 2004;32(1):251‐61. - PubMed

Car 2003

1. Car J, Sheikh A. Acute low back pain. BMJ 2003;327(7414):541. - PMC - PubMed

Carey 1995

1. Carey TS, Evans A, Hadler N, Kalsbeek W, McLaughlin C, Fryer J. Care‐seeking among individuals with chronic low back pain. Spine 1995;20(3):312‐7. - PubMed

Djulbegovic 2000

1. Djulbegovic B, Lacevic M, Cantor A, Fields KK, Bennett CL, Adams JR, et al. The uncertainty principle and industry‐sponsored research. Lancet 2000;356(9230):635‐8. - PubMed

Europe 2004

1. Tulder M, Becker A, Bekkering T, Breen A, Real M, Hutchinson A, et al. on behalf of the COST B13 Working Group. European Guidelines for the Management of Acute Nonspecific Low Back Pain in Primary Care. Available at: http://www.backpaineurope.org (accessed 22nd March 2005).

Frymoyer 1991

1. Frymoyer JW, Cats‐Baril WL. An overview of the incidences and costs of low back pain. Orthop Clin North Am 1991;22(2):263‐71. - PubMed

Geffen 2003

1. Geffen SJ. 3: Rehabilitation principles for treating chronic musculoskeletal injuries. Med J Aust 2003;178(5):238‐42. - PubMed

Grana 1993

1. Grana WA. Physical agents in musculoskeletal problems: heat and cold therapy modalities. Instr Course Lect 1993;42:439‐42. - PubMed

Hamm 2003

1. Hamm L, Mikkelsen B, Kuhr J, Stovring H, Munck A, Kragstrup J. Danish physiotherapists' management of low back pain. Advances in Physiotherapy 2003;5(3):109‐13.

Hollingworth 2002

1. Hollingworth W, Todd CJ, King H, Males T, Dixon AK, Karia KR, et al. Primary care referrals for lumbar spine radiography: diagnostic yield and clinical guidelines. Br J Gen Pract 2002;52(6):475‐80. - PMC - PubMed

ICSI 2004

1. Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement (ICSI). Adult low back pain. Adult low back pain. Bloomington (MN), Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement (ICSI), Available at: http://www.icsi.org, 2004.

Jette 1996

1. Jette DU, Jette AM. Physical therapy and health outcomes in patients with spinal impairments. Physical Therapy 1996;76(9):930‐45. - PubMed

Kjaergard 2002

1. Kjaergard LL, Als‐Nielsen B. Association between competing interests and authors' conclusions: epidemiological study of randomised clinical trials published in the BMJ. BMJ 2002;325(7358):249‐53. - PMC - PubMed

Li 2001

1. Li LC, Bombardier C. Physical therapy management of low back pain: an exploratory survey of therapist approaches. Phys Ther 2001;81(4):1018‐28. - PubMed

Maniadakis 2000

1. Maniadakis N, Gray A. The economic burden of back pain in the UK. Pain 2000;84(1):95‐103. - PubMed

Michlovitz 1996

1. Michlovitz SL. Thermal agents in rehabilitation. 3rd Edition. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis, 1996.

Rush 1994

1. Rush PJ, Shore A. Physician perceptions of the value of physical modalities in the treatment of musculoskeletal disease. British Journal of Rheumatology 1994;33(6):566‐8. - PubMed

Stanos 2004

1. Stanos SP, Muellner PM, Harden RN. The physiatric approach to low back pain. Seminars in Pain Medicine 2004;2(3):186‐96.

van Tulder 2003

1. Tulder M, Furlan A, Bombardier C, Bouter L. Updated method guidelines for systematic reviews in the Cochrane Collaboration Back Review Group. Spine 2003;28(12):1290‐9. - PubMed

Vasudevan 1997

1. Vasudevan S. Physical rehabilitation in managing pain. Pain: Clinical Updates 1997;V(3):[Available at: http://www.iasp‐pain.org/PCU97c.html] (accessed 5th May 2005).

Walker 2000

1. Walker BF. The prevalence of low back pain: a systematic review of the literature from 1966 to 1998. J Spinal Disord 2000;13(3):205‐17. - PubMed

Publication types

MeSH terms

Adult
Actions
Clinical Trials as Topic
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Cryotherapy / methods*
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Hot Temperature / therapeutic use*
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Humans
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Low Back Pain / therapy*
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3.4. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

3.5. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise…

3.5. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3…

3.5. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

3.6. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise…

3.6. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3…

3.6. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

3.7. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise…

3.7. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3…

3.7. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

3.8. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise…

3.8. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3…

3.8. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

3.9. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise…

3.9. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3…

3.9. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

All figures (21)

Update of

doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004750

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References

References to studies included in this review

Landen 1967 {published data only}

1. Landen BR. Heat or cold for the relief of low back pain?. Phys Ther 1967;47(12):1126‐8. - PubMed

Mayer 2005 {published data only}

1. Mayer JM, Ralph L, Look M, Erasala GN, Verna JL, Matheson LN, et al. Treating acute low back pain with continuous low‐level heat wrap therapy and/or exercise: a randomized controlled trial. The Spine Journal 2005;5(4):395‐403. - PubMed

Melzack 1980 {published data only}

1. Melzack R, Jeans ME, Stratford JG, Monks RC. Ice massage and transcutaneous electrical stimulation: comparison of treatment for low‐back pain. Pain 1980;9(2):209‐17. - PubMed

Nadler 2002 {published and unpublished data}

1. Lloyd A, Scott DA, Akehurst RL, Lurie‐Luke E, Jessen G. Cost‐effectiveness of low‐level heat wrap therapy for low back pain. Value in Health 2004;7(4):413‐22. - PubMed
1. Nadler SF, Steiner DJ, Erasala GN, Hengehold DA, Hinkle RT, Goodale BM, et al. Continuous low‐level heat wrap therapy provides more efficacy than Ibuprofen and acetaminophen for acute low back pain. Spine 2002;27(10):1012‐7. - PubMed

Nadler 2003a {published and unpublished data}

1. Nadler SF, Steiner DJ, Erasala GN, Hengehold DA, Abeln SB, Weingand KW. Continuous low‐level heatwrap therapy for treating acute nonspecific low back pain. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation 2003;84(3):329‐334. - PubMed
1. Weingand K. Continuous low‐level topical heat therapy is effective for treating low back pain. Low Back Pain and Disability: Unraveling the Puzzle. New York, NY: Physical Medicine Research Foundation Conference, 2‐5 November, 2000.

Nadler 2003b {published data only}

1. Nadler SF, Steiner DJ, Petty SR, Erasala GN, Hengehold DA, Weingand KW. Overnight use of continuous low‐level heatwrap therapy for relief of low back pain. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation 2003;8(3):335‐42. - PubMed

Nuhr 2004 {published data only}

1. Nuhr M, Hoerauf K, Bertalanffy A, Bertalanffy P, Frickey N, Gore C, et al. Active warming during emergency transport relieves acute low back pain. Spine 2004;29(14):1499‐503. - PubMed

Roberts 1992 {published data only}

1. Roberts D, Walls C, Carlile J, Wheaton C, Aronoff G. Relief of chronic low back pain: heat versus cold. In: Aronoff GH editor(s). Chapter 13, Evaluation and Treatment of Chronic Pain. 2nd Edition. Baltimore: Urban & Schwarzenberg, 1992:263‐6.

St John Dixon 1972 {published data only}

1. John Dixon A, Owen‐Smith BD, Harrison RA. Cold‐sensitive, non‐specific, low back pain: a comparative trial of treatment. Clinical Trials Journal 1972;4:16‐21.

References to studies excluded from this review

Aglas 1997 {published data only}

1. Aglas F, Uitz E, Rainer F. A controlled study to assess efficacy and tolerability of a portable heat application system in patients suffering from spine‐related pain syndromes [Eine kontrollierte studie zur beurteilung der wirksamkeit und vertraglichkeit eines heilwarme‐aktiv‐systems bei patienten mit vertebragenen schmerzen]. Physikalische Medizin Rehabilitationsmedizin Kurortmedizin 1997;7(2):47‐50.

Chok 1999 {published data only}

1. Chok B, Lee R, Latimer J, Tan SB. Endurance training of the trunk extensor muscles in people with subacute low back pain. Physical Therapy 1999;79(11):1032‐42. - PubMed

Constant 1995 {published data only}

1. Constant F, Collin JF, Guillemin F, Boulange M. Effectiveness of spa therapy in chronic low back pain: a randomized clinical trial. Journal of Rheumatology 1995;22(7):1315‐20. - PubMed

Constant 1998 {published data only}

1. Constant F, Guillemin F, Collin JF, Boulange M. Use of spa therapy to improve the quality of life of chronic low back pain patients. Medical Care 1998;36(9):1309‐14. - PubMed

Ferrell 1997 {published data only}

1. Ferrell BA, Josephson KR, Pollan AM, Loy S, Ferrell BR. A randomized trial of walking versus physical methods for chronic pain management. Aging (Milano) 1997;9(1‐2):99‐105. - PubMed

Gallacchi 1981 {published data only}

1. Gallacchi G, Mueller W, Plattner GR, Schnorrenberger CC. Acupuncture and treatment with laser radiation in cases of cervical and lumbar syndromes [Akupunktur‐ und laserstrahlbehandlung beim zervikal‐ und lumbalsyndrom]. Schweiz Med Wochenschr 1981;111(37):1360‐6. - PubMed

Garvey 1989 {published data only}

1. Garvey TA, Marks MR, Wiesel SW. A prospective, randomized, double‐blind evaluation of trigger‐point injection therapy for low‐back pain. Spine 1989;14(9):962‐4. - PubMed

Grant 1964 {published data only}

1. Grant AE. Massage with ice (cryokinetics) in the treatment of painful conditions of the musculoskeletal system. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1964;45:233‐8. - PubMed

Guillemin 1994 {published data only}

1. Guillemin F, Constant F, Collin JF, Boulange M. Short and long‐term effect of spa therapy in chronic low back pain. British Journal of Rheumatology 1994;33(2):148‐51. - PubMed

Hansen 1993 {published data only}

1. Hansen FR, Bendix T, Skov P, Jensen CV, Kristensen JH, Krohn L, et al. Intensive, dynamic back‐muscle exercises, conventional physiotherapy, or placebo‐control treatment of low‐back pain. A randomized, observer‐ blind trial. Spine 1993;18(1):98. - PubMed

Hemmila 1997 {published data only}

1. Hemmila HM, Keinanen‐Kiukaanniemi SM, Levoska S, Puska P. Does folk medicine work? A randomized clinical trial on patients with prolonged back pain. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1997;78(6):571‐7. - PubMed

Hsieh 1992 {published data only}

1. Hsieh CY, Phillips RB, Adams AH, Pope MH. Functional outcomes of low back pain: comparison of four treatment groups in a randomized controlled trial. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 1992;15(1):4‐9. - PubMed

Hurwitz 2002 {published data only}

1. Hurwitz EL, Morgenstern H, Harber P, Kominsky GF, Belin TR, Yu F, et al. The effectiveness of physical modalities among patients with low back pain randomized to chiropractic care: findings from the UCLA low back pain study. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics 2002;25(1):10‐20. - PubMed

Ishimaru 1993 {published data only}

1. Ishimaru K, Shinohara S, Kitade T, Hyodo M. Clinical efficacy of electrical heat acupuncture (First report): Effect on low back pain. American Journal of Acupuncture 1993;21(1):13‐18.

Janora 1998 {published data only}

1. Janora D, Jermyn R, Mazzula S. Use of the aquamed chair for low back pain in the geriatric population. Journal of the American Osteopathic Association 1998;98(7):396.

Jayson 1981 {published data only}

1. Jayson MI, Sims‐Williams H, Young S, Baddeley H, Collins E. Mobilization and manipulation for low‐back pain. Spine 1981;6(4):409‐16. - PubMed

Kankaanpaa 1999 {published data only}

1. Kankaanpaa M, Taimela S, Airaksinen O, Hanninen O. The efficacy of active rehabilitation in chronic low back pain. Effect on pain intensity, self‐experienced disability, and lumbar fatigability. Spine 1999;24(10):1034‐4. - PubMed

Keel 1998 {published data only}

1. Keel PJ, Wittig R, Deutschmann R, Diethelm U, Knusel O, Loschmann C, et al. Effectiveness of in‐patient rehabilitation for sub‐chronic and chronic low back pain by an integrative group treatment program (Swiss Multicentre Study). Scand J Rehab Med 1998;30(4):211‐19. - PubMed

Kinalski 1989 {published data only}

1. Kinalski R, Kuwik W, Pietrzak D. The comparison of the results of manual therapy versus physiotherapy methods used in treatment of patients with low back pain syndromes. Manual Med 1989;4:44‐6.

Koes 1992 {published data only}

1. Koes BW, Bouter LM, Mameren H, Essers AH, Verstegen GM, Hofhuizen DM, et al. Randomised clinical trial of manipulative therapy and physiotherapy for persistent back and neck complaints: results of one year follow up. BMJ 1992;304(6827):601. - PMC - PubMed

Konrad 1992 {published data only}

1. Konrad K, Tatrai T, Hunka A, Vereckei E, Korondi I. Controlled trial of balneotherapy in treatment of low back pain. Ann Rheum Dis 1992;51(6):820‐2. - PMC - PubMed

Kovarovicova 1990 {published data only}

1. Kovarovicova J. Comparison of the effect of magnetotherapy and mud packs in vertebrogenic syndrome [Porovnani ucinku magnetoterapie se slatinnymi zabaly u vertebrogenniho syndromu]. Fysiatrickay a Reumatologickay Vestniak 1990;68(4):209‐15.

Kranjc 1992 {published data only}

1. Kranjc I, Turk Z. Results of a comparative study of the success of treatment of pain in the lumbar spine at the Moravske Toplice health spa, at the department of physical therapy and rehabilitation and at the department of rheumatology of the Maribor Teaching Hospital [Rezultati usporednog ispitivanja uspjesnosti lijecenja boli u lumbalnom predjelu kraljesnice u ljecilistu Moravske Toplice, na odjelu za fizikalnu terapiju i rehabilitaciju te na odjelu za reumatologiju nastavne bolnice Maribor]. Reumatizam 1992;39(2):33‐7. - PubMed

Leclaire 1996 {published data only}

1. Leclaire R, Esdaile JM, Suissa S, Rossignol M, Proulx R, Dupuis M. Back school in a first episode of compensated acute low back pain: a clinical trial to assess efficacy and prevent relapse. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1996;77(7):673‐9. - PubMed

Lindstrom 1970 {published data only}

1. Lindstrom A, Zachrisson M. Physical therapy on low back pain and sciatica: an attempt at evaluation. Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 1970;2:37‐42. - PubMed

Lurie‐Luke 2003 {published data only}

1. Lurie‐Luke E, Neubauer G, Lindl C, Breitkreutz H, Fischer P, Hitzeroth S. An exploratory workplace study to investigate the perceived value of continuous low‐level heatwrap therapy in manual workers. Occupational Medicine 2003;53(3):173‐8. - PubMed

Magyarosy 1996 {published data only}

1. Magyarosy I, Krause KH, Resch KL, Guggemos W, Utzschneider I, Gall H, et al. Surface EMG response to heat and cold application on back muscles: implications for the therapy of low back pain. European Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 1996;6(2):39‐42.

McCray 1984 {published data only}

1. McCray RE, Patton NJ. Pain relief at trigger points: a comparison of moist heat and shortwave diathermy. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy 1984;5(4):175‐8. - PubMed

Metzger 2000 {published data only}

1. Metzger D, Zwingmann C, Protz W, Jackel WH. The whole body cold therapy as analgesic treatment in patients with rheumatic diseases [Die beduetung der ganzkorper‐kaltetherapie im rahmen der rehabilitation bei patienten mit rheumatischen erkrankungen: ergebnisse einer pilotstudie]. Rehabilitation 2000;39(2):93‐100. - PubMed

Nwuga 1982 {published data only}

1. Nwuga VC. Relative therapeutic efficacy of vertebral manipulation and conventional treatment in back pain management. Am J Phys Med 1982;61(6):273‐8. - PubMed

O'Sullivan 1997 {published data only}

1. O'Sullivan PB, Phyty GD, Twomey LT, Allison GT. Evaluation of specific stabilizing exercise in the treatment of chronic low back pain with radiologic diagnosis of spondylolysis or spondylolisthesis. Spine 1997;22(24):2959‐67. - PubMed

Sims‐Williams 1979 {published data only}

1. Sims‐Williams H, Jayson MI, Young SM, Baddeley H, Collins E. Controlled trial of mobilisation and manipulation for low back pain: hospital patients. BMJ 1979;2(6201):1318‐20. - PMC - PubMed

Steinberg 1994 {published data only}

1. Steinberg R, Callies R, Bocker B. Changes in pain in the first and second halves of serial cold‐air therapy [Schmerzanderung in der ersten und zweiten halfte einer seriellen kaltlufttherapie]. Physikalische Medizin Rehabilitationsmedizin Kurortmedizin 1994;4(4):120‐1.

Talo 1992 {published data only}

1. Talo S, Rytokoski U, Puukka P. 1992 Volvo award in clinical sciences. Patient classification, a key to evaluate pain treatment: A psychological study in chronic low back pain patients. Spine 1992;17(9):998‐1010. - PubMed

Tasleem 2003 {published data only}

1. Tasleem RA, Buth BA, Koul PA, Kadri SM. Chronic low back pain: comparative analysis of treatment response to drugs and different physical modalities. JK Practitioner 2003;10(3):201‐4.

Torstensen 1998 {published data only}

1. Torstensen TA, Ljunggren AE, Meen HD, Odland E, Mowinckel P, Geijerstam S. Efficiency and costs of medical exercise therapy, conventional physiotherapy, and self‐exercise in patients with chronic low back pain. A pragmatic, randomized, single‐blinded, controlled trial with 1‐ year follow‐up. Spine 1998;23(23):2616‐24. - PubMed

Traherne 1962 {published data only}

1. Traherne JB. Evaluation of the cold spray technique in the treatment of muscle pain in general practice. Practitioner 1962;189:210‐2. - PubMed

Trowbridge 2004 {published data only}

1. Trowbridge CA, Draper DO, Feland JB, Jutte LS, Eggett DL. Paraspinal musculature and skin temperature changes: comparing the Thermacare HeatWrap, the Johnson & Johnson Back Plaster, and the ABC Warme‐Pflaster. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy 2004;34(9):549‐58. - PubMed

Yuan 1981 {published data only}

1. Yuan SH. [Observation of curative effects of external application of tincture of safflower and infrared radiation on chronic lumbago]. Chinese Journal of Physical Therapy 1981;4:22‐3.

Yurtkuran 1997 {published data only}

1. Yurtkuran M, Kahraman Z, Sivrioglu K, Afsin Y, Dogan M. Balneotherapy in low back pain. European Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 1997;7(4):120‐3.

Additional references

AAMPGG 2003

1. Australian Acute Musculoskeletal Pain Guidelines Group (AAMPGG). Evidence‐based management of acute musculoskeletal pain [Available at: http://www.nhmrc.gov.au]. Australian Academic Press: Brisbane 2003.

ACC 1997

1. ACC and the National Health Committee (1997). New Zealand Acute Low Back Pain Guide. Wellington, New Zealand. Wellington, New Zealand.

Battie 1994

1. Battie MC, Cherkin DC, Dunn R, Ciol MA, Wheeler KJ. Managing low back pain: attitudes and treatment preferences of physical therapists. Phys Ther 1994;74(3):219‐26. - PubMed

Bhandari 2004

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Bigos 1994

1. Bigos S, Bowyer O, Braen G, et al. Acute Low Back Problems in Adults. Clinical Practice Guideline No. 14. Rockville, MD: AHCPR Publication No. 95‐0642. Agency for Health Care Policy and Research, Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1994.

Bleakley 2004

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Car 2003

1. Car J, Sheikh A. Acute low back pain. BMJ 2003;327(7414):541. - PMC - PubMed

Carey 1995

1. Carey TS, Evans A, Hadler N, Kalsbeek W, McLaughlin C, Fryer J. Care‐seeking among individuals with chronic low back pain. Spine 1995;20(3):312‐7. - PubMed

Djulbegovic 2000

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Walker 2000

1. Walker BF. The prevalence of low back pain: a systematic review of the literature from 1966 to 1998. J Spinal Disord 2000;13(3):205‐17. - PubMed

Publication types

MeSH terms

Adult
Actions
Clinical Trials as Topic
Actions
Cryotherapy / methods*
Actions
Hot Temperature / therapeutic use*
Actions
Humans
Actions
Low Back Pain / therapy*
Actions

Related information

LinkOut - more resources

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[x]

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3.5. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

3.6. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise…

3.6. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3…

3.6. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

3.7. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise…

3.7. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3…

3.7. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

3.8. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise…

3.8. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3…

3.8. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

3.9. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise…

3.9. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3…

3.9. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

All figures (21)

Update of

doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004750

Similar articles

A Cochrane review of superficial heat or cold for low back pain.
French SD, Cameron M, Walker BF, Reggars JW, Esterman AJ. French SD, et al. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2006 Apr 20;31(9):998-1006. doi: 10.1097/01.brs.0000214881.10814.64. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2006. PMID: 16641776 Review.
Heated insufflation with or without humidification for laparoscopic abdominal surgery.
Birch DW, Dang JT, Switzer NJ, Manouchehri N, Shi X, Hadi G, Karmali S. Birch DW, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Oct 19;10(10):CD007821. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD007821.pub3. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016. PMID: 27760282 Free PMC article. Review.
Cold-water immersion (cryotherapy) for preventing and treating muscle soreness after exercise.
Bleakley C, McDonough S, Gardner E, Baxter GD, Hopkins JT, Davison GW. Bleakley C, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Feb 15;2012(2):CD008262. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD008262.pub2. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012. PMID: 22336838 Free PMC article.
Muscle energy technique for non-specific low-back pain.
Franke H, Fryer G, Ostelo RW, Kamper SJ. Franke H, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Feb 27;(2):CD009852. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD009852.pub2. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015. PMID: 25723574 Review.
Pilates for low back pain.
Yamato TP, Maher CG, Saragiotto BT, Hancock MJ, Ostelo RW, Cabral CM, Costa LC, Costa LO. Yamato TP, et al. Sao Paulo Med J. 2016 Jul-Aug;134(4):366-7. doi: 10.1590/1516-3180.20161344T1. Sao Paulo Med J. 2016. PMID: 27557145

Cited by

Mézières Method as a practice of embodiment in patients with low back pain: a mixed study.
Alfonso-Mora ML, Guerra-Balic M, Sánchez-Martín R, Pedraza-Gómez Z, Ramírez-Moreno J, Castellanos-Garrido AL, Zambrano-Cristancho LK, Rengifo Varona ML. Alfonso-Mora ML, et al. Ann Med. 2023;55(2):2265379. doi: 10.1080/07853890.2023.2265379. Epub 2023 Oct 17. Ann Med. 2023. PMID: 37847998 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial.
Cell-free supernatant of probiotic bacteria exerted antibiofilm and antibacterial activities against Pseudomonas aeruginosa: A novel biotic therapy.
Drumond MM, Tapia-Costa AP, Neumann E, Nunes ÁC, Barbosa JW, Kassuha DE, Mancha-Agresti P. Drumond MM, et al. Front Pharmacol. 2023 Jun 15;14:1152588. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1152588. eCollection 2023. Front Pharmacol. 2023. PMID: 37397469 Free PMC article.
Efficacy of Pilates on Pain, Functional Disorders and Quality of Life in Patients with Chronic Low Back Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
Yu Z, Yin Y, Wang J, Zhang X, Cai H, Peng F. Yu Z, et al. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2023 Feb 6;20(4):2850. doi: 10.3390/ijerph20042850. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2023. PMID: 36833545 Free PMC article. Review.
Assessment and nonsurgical management of low back pain: a narrative review.
Park SC, Kang MS, Yang JH, Kim TH. Park SC, et al. Korean J Intern Med. 2023 Jan;38(1):16-26. doi: 10.3904/kjim.2022.250. Epub 2022 Nov 24. Korean J Intern Med. 2023. PMID: 36420562 Free PMC article. Review.
Effectiveness of a Group-Based Rehabilitation Program Combining Education with Multimodal Exercises in the Treatment of Patients with Nonspecific Chronic Low Back Pain: A Retrospective Uncontrolled Study.
Martins C, Sayegh S, Faundez A, Fourchet F, Bothorel H. Martins C, et al. Biology (Basel). 2022 Oct 14;11(10):1508. doi: 10.3390/biology11101508. Biology (Basel). 2022. PMID: 36290412 Free PMC article.

References

References to studies included in this review

Landen 1967 {published data only}

1. Landen BR. Heat or cold for the relief of low back pain?. Phys Ther 1967;47(12):1126‐8. - PubMed

Mayer 2005 {published data only}

1. Mayer JM, Ralph L, Look M, Erasala GN, Verna JL, Matheson LN, et al. Treating acute low back pain with continuous low‐level heat wrap therapy and/or exercise: a randomized controlled trial. The Spine Journal 2005;5(4):395‐403. - PubMed

Melzack 1980 {published data only}

1. Melzack R, Jeans ME, Stratford JG, Monks RC. Ice massage and transcutaneous electrical stimulation: comparison of treatment for low‐back pain. Pain 1980;9(2):209‐17. - PubMed

Nadler 2002 {published and unpublished data}

1. Lloyd A, Scott DA, Akehurst RL, Lurie‐Luke E, Jessen G. Cost‐effectiveness of low‐level heat wrap therapy for low back pain. Value in Health 2004;7(4):413‐22. - PubMed
1. Nadler SF, Steiner DJ, Erasala GN, Hengehold DA, Hinkle RT, Goodale BM, et al. Continuous low‐level heat wrap therapy provides more efficacy than Ibuprofen and acetaminophen for acute low back pain. Spine 2002;27(10):1012‐7. - PubMed

Nadler 2003a {published and unpublished data}

1. Nadler SF, Steiner DJ, Erasala GN, Hengehold DA, Abeln SB, Weingand KW. Continuous low‐level heatwrap therapy for treating acute nonspecific low back pain. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation 2003;84(3):329‐334. - PubMed
1. Weingand K. Continuous low‐level topical heat therapy is effective for treating low back pain. Low Back Pain and Disability: Unraveling the Puzzle. New York, NY: Physical Medicine Research Foundation Conference, 2‐5 November, 2000.

Nadler 2003b {published data only}

1. Nadler SF, Steiner DJ, Petty SR, Erasala GN, Hengehold DA, Weingand KW. Overnight use of continuous low‐level heatwrap therapy for relief of low back pain. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation 2003;8(3):335‐42. - PubMed

Nuhr 2004 {published data only}

1. Nuhr M, Hoerauf K, Bertalanffy A, Bertalanffy P, Frickey N, Gore C, et al. Active warming during emergency transport relieves acute low back pain. Spine 2004;29(14):1499‐503. - PubMed

Roberts 1992 {published data only}

1. Roberts D, Walls C, Carlile J, Wheaton C, Aronoff G. Relief of chronic low back pain: heat versus cold. In: Aronoff GH editor(s). Chapter 13, Evaluation and Treatment of Chronic Pain. 2nd Edition. Baltimore: Urban & Schwarzenberg, 1992:263‐6.

St John Dixon 1972 {published data only}

1. John Dixon A, Owen‐Smith BD, Harrison RA. Cold‐sensitive, non‐specific, low back pain: a comparative trial of treatment. Clinical Trials Journal 1972;4:16‐21.

References to studies excluded from this review

Aglas 1997 {published data only}

1. Aglas F, Uitz E, Rainer F. A controlled study to assess efficacy and tolerability of a portable heat application system in patients suffering from spine‐related pain syndromes [Eine kontrollierte studie zur beurteilung der wirksamkeit und vertraglichkeit eines heilwarme‐aktiv‐systems bei patienten mit vertebragenen schmerzen]. Physikalische Medizin Rehabilitationsmedizin Kurortmedizin 1997;7(2):47‐50.

Chok 1999 {published data only}

1. Chok B, Lee R, Latimer J, Tan SB. Endurance training of the trunk extensor muscles in people with subacute low back pain. Physical Therapy 1999;79(11):1032‐42. - PubMed

Constant 1995 {published data only}

1. Constant F, Collin JF, Guillemin F, Boulange M. Effectiveness of spa therapy in chronic low back pain: a randomized clinical trial. Journal of Rheumatology 1995;22(7):1315‐20. - PubMed

Constant 1998 {published data only}

1. Constant F, Guillemin F, Collin JF, Boulange M. Use of spa therapy to improve the quality of life of chronic low back pain patients. Medical Care 1998;36(9):1309‐14. - PubMed

Ferrell 1997 {published data only}

1. Ferrell BA, Josephson KR, Pollan AM, Loy S, Ferrell BR. A randomized trial of walking versus physical methods for chronic pain management. Aging (Milano) 1997;9(1‐2):99‐105. - PubMed

Gallacchi 1981 {published data only}

1. Gallacchi G, Mueller W, Plattner GR, Schnorrenberger CC. Acupuncture and treatment with laser radiation in cases of cervical and lumbar syndromes [Akupunktur‐ und laserstrahlbehandlung beim zervikal‐ und lumbalsyndrom]. Schweiz Med Wochenschr 1981;111(37):1360‐6. - PubMed

Garvey 1989 {published data only}

1. Garvey TA, Marks MR, Wiesel SW. A prospective, randomized, double‐blind evaluation of trigger‐point injection therapy for low‐back pain. Spine 1989;14(9):962‐4. - PubMed

Grant 1964 {published data only}

1. Grant AE. Massage with ice (cryokinetics) in the treatment of painful conditions of the musculoskeletal system. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1964;45:233‐8. - PubMed

Guillemin 1994 {published data only}

1. Guillemin F, Constant F, Collin JF, Boulange M. Short and long‐term effect of spa therapy in chronic low back pain. British Journal of Rheumatology 1994;33(2):148‐51. - PubMed

Hansen 1993 {published data only}

1. Hansen FR, Bendix T, Skov P, Jensen CV, Kristensen JH, Krohn L, et al. Intensive, dynamic back‐muscle exercises, conventional physiotherapy, or placebo‐control treatment of low‐back pain. A randomized, observer‐ blind trial. Spine 1993;18(1):98. - PubMed

Hemmila 1997 {published data only}

1. Hemmila HM, Keinanen‐Kiukaanniemi SM, Levoska S, Puska P. Does folk medicine work? A randomized clinical trial on patients with prolonged back pain. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1997;78(6):571‐7. - PubMed

Hsieh 1992 {published data only}

1. Hsieh CY, Phillips RB, Adams AH, Pope MH. Functional outcomes of low back pain: comparison of four treatment groups in a randomized controlled trial. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 1992;15(1):4‐9. - PubMed

Hurwitz 2002 {published data only}

1. Hurwitz EL, Morgenstern H, Harber P, Kominsky GF, Belin TR, Yu F, et al. The effectiveness of physical modalities among patients with low back pain randomized to chiropractic care: findings from the UCLA low back pain study. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics 2002;25(1):10‐20. - PubMed

Ishimaru 1993 {published data only}

1. Ishimaru K, Shinohara S, Kitade T, Hyodo M. Clinical efficacy of electrical heat acupuncture (First report): Effect on low back pain. American Journal of Acupuncture 1993;21(1):13‐18.

Janora 1998 {published data only}

1. Janora D, Jermyn R, Mazzula S. Use of the aquamed chair for low back pain in the geriatric population. Journal of the American Osteopathic Association 1998;98(7):396.

Jayson 1981 {published data only}

1. Jayson MI, Sims‐Williams H, Young S, Baddeley H, Collins E. Mobilization and manipulation for low‐back pain. Spine 1981;6(4):409‐16. - PubMed

Kankaanpaa 1999 {published data only}

1. Kankaanpaa M, Taimela S, Airaksinen O, Hanninen O. The efficacy of active rehabilitation in chronic low back pain. Effect on pain intensity, self‐experienced disability, and lumbar fatigability. Spine 1999;24(10):1034‐4. - PubMed

Keel 1998 {published data only}

1. Keel PJ, Wittig R, Deutschmann R, Diethelm U, Knusel O, Loschmann C, et al. Effectiveness of in‐patient rehabilitation for sub‐chronic and chronic low back pain by an integrative group treatment program (Swiss Multicentre Study). Scand J Rehab Med 1998;30(4):211‐19. - PubMed

Kinalski 1989 {published data only}

1. Kinalski R, Kuwik W, Pietrzak D. The comparison of the results of manual therapy versus physiotherapy methods used in treatment of patients with low back pain syndromes. Manual Med 1989;4:44‐6.

Koes 1992 {published data only}

1. Koes BW, Bouter LM, Mameren H, Essers AH, Verstegen GM, Hofhuizen DM, et al. Randomised clinical trial of manipulative therapy and physiotherapy for persistent back and neck complaints: results of one year follow up. BMJ 1992;304(6827):601. - PMC - PubMed

Konrad 1992 {published data only}

1. Konrad K, Tatrai T, Hunka A, Vereckei E, Korondi I. Controlled trial of balneotherapy in treatment of low back pain. Ann Rheum Dis 1992;51(6):820‐2. - PMC - PubMed

Kovarovicova 1990 {published data only}

1. Kovarovicova J. Comparison of the effect of magnetotherapy and mud packs in vertebrogenic syndrome [Porovnani ucinku magnetoterapie se slatinnymi zabaly u vertebrogenniho syndromu]. Fysiatrickay a Reumatologickay Vestniak 1990;68(4):209‐15.

Kranjc 1992 {published data only}

1. Kranjc I, Turk Z. Results of a comparative study of the success of treatment of pain in the lumbar spine at the Moravske Toplice health spa, at the department of physical therapy and rehabilitation and at the department of rheumatology of the Maribor Teaching Hospital [Rezultati usporednog ispitivanja uspjesnosti lijecenja boli u lumbalnom predjelu kraljesnice u ljecilistu Moravske Toplice, na odjelu za fizikalnu terapiju i rehabilitaciju te na odjelu za reumatologiju nastavne bolnice Maribor]. Reumatizam 1992;39(2):33‐7. - PubMed

Leclaire 1996 {published data only}

1. Leclaire R, Esdaile JM, Suissa S, Rossignol M, Proulx R, Dupuis M. Back school in a first episode of compensated acute low back pain: a clinical trial to assess efficacy and prevent relapse. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1996;77(7):673‐9. - PubMed

Lindstrom 1970 {published data only}

1. Lindstrom A, Zachrisson M. Physical therapy on low back pain and sciatica: an attempt at evaluation. Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 1970;2:37‐42. - PubMed

Lurie‐Luke 2003 {published data only}

1. Lurie‐Luke E, Neubauer G, Lindl C, Breitkreutz H, Fischer P, Hitzeroth S. An exploratory workplace study to investigate the perceived value of continuous low‐level heatwrap therapy in manual workers. Occupational Medicine 2003;53(3):173‐8. - PubMed

Magyarosy 1996 {published data only}

1. Magyarosy I, Krause KH, Resch KL, Guggemos W, Utzschneider I, Gall H, et al. Surface EMG response to heat and cold application on back muscles: implications for the therapy of low back pain. European Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 1996;6(2):39‐42.

McCray 1984 {published data only}

1. McCray RE, Patton NJ. Pain relief at trigger points: a comparison of moist heat and shortwave diathermy. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy 1984;5(4):175‐8. - PubMed

Metzger 2000 {published data only}

1. Metzger D, Zwingmann C, Protz W, Jackel WH. The whole body cold therapy as analgesic treatment in patients with rheumatic diseases [Die beduetung der ganzkorper‐kaltetherapie im rahmen der rehabilitation bei patienten mit rheumatischen erkrankungen: ergebnisse einer pilotstudie]. Rehabilitation 2000;39(2):93‐100. - PubMed

Nwuga 1982 {published data only}

1. Nwuga VC. Relative therapeutic efficacy of vertebral manipulation and conventional treatment in back pain management. Am J Phys Med 1982;61(6):273‐8. - PubMed

O'Sullivan 1997 {published data only}

1. O'Sullivan PB, Phyty GD, Twomey LT, Allison GT. Evaluation of specific stabilizing exercise in the treatment of chronic low back pain with radiologic diagnosis of spondylolysis or spondylolisthesis. Spine 1997;22(24):2959‐67. - PubMed

Sims‐Williams 1979 {published data only}

1. Sims‐Williams H, Jayson MI, Young SM, Baddeley H, Collins E. Controlled trial of mobilisation and manipulation for low back pain: hospital patients. BMJ 1979;2(6201):1318‐20. - PMC - PubMed

Steinberg 1994 {published data only}

1. Steinberg R, Callies R, Bocker B. Changes in pain in the first and second halves of serial cold‐air therapy [Schmerzanderung in der ersten und zweiten halfte einer seriellen kaltlufttherapie]. Physikalische Medizin Rehabilitationsmedizin Kurortmedizin 1994;4(4):120‐1.

Talo 1992 {published data only}

1. Talo S, Rytokoski U, Puukka P. 1992 Volvo award in clinical sciences. Patient classification, a key to evaluate pain treatment: A psychological study in chronic low back pain patients. Spine 1992;17(9):998‐1010. - PubMed

Tasleem 2003 {published data only}

1. Tasleem RA, Buth BA, Koul PA, Kadri SM. Chronic low back pain: comparative analysis of treatment response to drugs and different physical modalities. JK Practitioner 2003;10(3):201‐4.

Torstensen 1998 {published data only}

1. Torstensen TA, Ljunggren AE, Meen HD, Odland E, Mowinckel P, Geijerstam S. Efficiency and costs of medical exercise therapy, conventional physiotherapy, and self‐exercise in patients with chronic low back pain. A pragmatic, randomized, single‐blinded, controlled trial with 1‐ year follow‐up. Spine 1998;23(23):2616‐24. - PubMed

Traherne 1962 {published data only}

1. Traherne JB. Evaluation of the cold spray technique in the treatment of muscle pain in general practice. Practitioner 1962;189:210‐2. - PubMed

Trowbridge 2004 {published data only}

1. Trowbridge CA, Draper DO, Feland JB, Jutte LS, Eggett DL. Paraspinal musculature and skin temperature changes: comparing the Thermacare HeatWrap, the Johnson & Johnson Back Plaster, and the ABC Warme‐Pflaster. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy 2004;34(9):549‐58. - PubMed

Yuan 1981 {published data only}

1. Yuan SH. [Observation of curative effects of external application of tincture of safflower and infrared radiation on chronic lumbago]. Chinese Journal of Physical Therapy 1981;4:22‐3.

Yurtkuran 1997 {published data only}

1. Yurtkuran M, Kahraman Z, Sivrioglu K, Afsin Y, Dogan M. Balneotherapy in low back pain. European Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 1997;7(4):120‐3.

Additional references

AAMPGG 2003

1. Australian Acute Musculoskeletal Pain Guidelines Group (AAMPGG). Evidence‐based management of acute musculoskeletal pain [Available at: http://www.nhmrc.gov.au]. Australian Academic Press: Brisbane 2003.

ACC 1997

1. ACC and the National Health Committee (1997). New Zealand Acute Low Back Pain Guide. Wellington, New Zealand. Wellington, New Zealand.

Battie 1994

1. Battie MC, Cherkin DC, Dunn R, Ciol MA, Wheeler KJ. Managing low back pain: attitudes and treatment preferences of physical therapists. Phys Ther 1994;74(3):219‐26. - PubMed

Bhandari 2004

1. Bhandari M, Busse JW, Jackowski D, Montori VM, Schunemann H, Sprague S, et al. Association between industry funding and statistically significant pro‐industry findings in medical and surgical randomized trials. CMAJ 2004;170:477‐80. - PMC - PubMed

Bigos 1994

1. Bigos S, Bowyer O, Braen G, et al. Acute Low Back Problems in Adults. Clinical Practice Guideline No. 14. Rockville, MD: AHCPR Publication No. 95‐0642. Agency for Health Care Policy and Research, Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1994.

Bleakley 2004

1. Bleakley C, McDonough S, MacAuley D. The use of ice in the treatment of acute soft‐tissue injury: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Am J Sports Med 2004;32(1):251‐61. - PubMed

Car 2003

1. Car J, Sheikh A. Acute low back pain. BMJ 2003;327(7414):541. - PMC - PubMed

Carey 1995

1. Carey TS, Evans A, Hadler N, Kalsbeek W, McLaughlin C, Fryer J. Care‐seeking among individuals with chronic low back pain. Spine 1995;20(3):312‐7. - PubMed

Djulbegovic 2000

1. Djulbegovic B, Lacevic M, Cantor A, Fields KK, Bennett CL, Adams JR, et al. The uncertainty principle and industry‐sponsored research. Lancet 2000;356(9230):635‐8. - PubMed

Europe 2004

1. Tulder M, Becker A, Bekkering T, Breen A, Real M, Hutchinson A, et al. on behalf of the COST B13 Working Group. European Guidelines for the Management of Acute Nonspecific Low Back Pain in Primary Care. Available at: http://www.backpaineurope.org (accessed 22nd March 2005).

Frymoyer 1991

1. Frymoyer JW, Cats‐Baril WL. An overview of the incidences and costs of low back pain. Orthop Clin North Am 1991;22(2):263‐71. - PubMed

Geffen 2003

1. Geffen SJ. 3: Rehabilitation principles for treating chronic musculoskeletal injuries. Med J Aust 2003;178(5):238‐42. - PubMed

Grana 1993

1. Grana WA. Physical agents in musculoskeletal problems: heat and cold therapy modalities. Instr Course Lect 1993;42:439‐42. - PubMed

Hamm 2003

1. Hamm L, Mikkelsen B, Kuhr J, Stovring H, Munck A, Kragstrup J. Danish physiotherapists' management of low back pain. Advances in Physiotherapy 2003;5(3):109‐13.

Hollingworth 2002

1. Hollingworth W, Todd CJ, King H, Males T, Dixon AK, Karia KR, et al. Primary care referrals for lumbar spine radiography: diagnostic yield and clinical guidelines. Br J Gen Pract 2002;52(6):475‐80. - PMC - PubMed

ICSI 2004

1. Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement (ICSI). Adult low back pain. Adult low back pain. Bloomington (MN), Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement (ICSI), Available at: http://www.icsi.org, 2004.

Jette 1996

1. Jette DU, Jette AM. Physical therapy and health outcomes in patients with spinal impairments. Physical Therapy 1996;76(9):930‐45. - PubMed

Kjaergard 2002

1. Kjaergard LL, Als‐Nielsen B. Association between competing interests and authors' conclusions: epidemiological study of randomised clinical trials published in the BMJ. BMJ 2002;325(7358):249‐53. - PMC - PubMed

Li 2001

1. Li LC, Bombardier C. Physical therapy management of low back pain: an exploratory survey of therapist approaches. Phys Ther 2001;81(4):1018‐28. - PubMed

Maniadakis 2000

1. Maniadakis N, Gray A. The economic burden of back pain in the UK. Pain 2000;84(1):95‐103. - PubMed

Michlovitz 1996

1. Michlovitz SL. Thermal agents in rehabilitation. 3rd Edition. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis, 1996.

Rush 1994

1. Rush PJ, Shore A. Physician perceptions of the value of physical modalities in the treatment of musculoskeletal disease. British Journal of Rheumatology 1994;33(6):566‐8. - PubMed

Stanos 2004

1. Stanos SP, Muellner PM, Harden RN. The physiatric approach to low back pain. Seminars in Pain Medicine 2004;2(3):186‐96.

van Tulder 2003

1. Tulder M, Furlan A, Bombardier C, Bouter L. Updated method guidelines for systematic reviews in the Cochrane Collaboration Back Review Group. Spine 2003;28(12):1290‐9. - PubMed

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1. Vasudevan S. Physical rehabilitation in managing pain. Pain: Clinical Updates 1997;V(3):[Available at: http://www.iasp‐pain.org/PCU97c.html] (accessed 5th May 2005).

Walker 2000

1. Walker BF. The prevalence of low back pain: a systematic review of the literature from 1966 to 1998. J Spinal Disord 2000;13(3):205‐17. - PubMed

Publication types

MeSH terms

Adult
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Clinical Trials as Topic
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Cryotherapy / methods*
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Hot Temperature / therapeutic use*
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Humans
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Low Back Pain / therapy*
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3.6. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

3.7. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise…

3.7. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3…

3.7. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

3.8. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise…

3.8. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3…

3.8. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

3.9. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise…

3.9. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3…

3.9. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

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doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004750

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References

References to studies included in this review

Landen 1967 {published data only}

1. Landen BR. Heat or cold for the relief of low back pain?. Phys Ther 1967;47(12):1126‐8. - PubMed

Mayer 2005 {published data only}

1. Mayer JM, Ralph L, Look M, Erasala GN, Verna JL, Matheson LN, et al. Treating acute low back pain with continuous low‐level heat wrap therapy and/or exercise: a randomized controlled trial. The Spine Journal 2005;5(4):395‐403. - PubMed

Melzack 1980 {published data only}

1. Melzack R, Jeans ME, Stratford JG, Monks RC. Ice massage and transcutaneous electrical stimulation: comparison of treatment for low‐back pain. Pain 1980;9(2):209‐17. - PubMed

Nadler 2002 {published and unpublished data}

1. Lloyd A, Scott DA, Akehurst RL, Lurie‐Luke E, Jessen G. Cost‐effectiveness of low‐level heat wrap therapy for low back pain. Value in Health 2004;7(4):413‐22. - PubMed
1. Nadler SF, Steiner DJ, Erasala GN, Hengehold DA, Hinkle RT, Goodale BM, et al. Continuous low‐level heat wrap therapy provides more efficacy than Ibuprofen and acetaminophen for acute low back pain. Spine 2002;27(10):1012‐7. - PubMed

Nadler 2003a {published and unpublished data}

1. Nadler SF, Steiner DJ, Erasala GN, Hengehold DA, Abeln SB, Weingand KW. Continuous low‐level heatwrap therapy for treating acute nonspecific low back pain. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation 2003;84(3):329‐334. - PubMed
1. Weingand K. Continuous low‐level topical heat therapy is effective for treating low back pain. Low Back Pain and Disability: Unraveling the Puzzle. New York, NY: Physical Medicine Research Foundation Conference, 2‐5 November, 2000.

Nadler 2003b {published data only}

1. Nadler SF, Steiner DJ, Petty SR, Erasala GN, Hengehold DA, Weingand KW. Overnight use of continuous low‐level heatwrap therapy for relief of low back pain. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation 2003;8(3):335‐42. - PubMed

Nuhr 2004 {published data only}

1. Nuhr M, Hoerauf K, Bertalanffy A, Bertalanffy P, Frickey N, Gore C, et al. Active warming during emergency transport relieves acute low back pain. Spine 2004;29(14):1499‐503. - PubMed

Roberts 1992 {published data only}

1. Roberts D, Walls C, Carlile J, Wheaton C, Aronoff G. Relief of chronic low back pain: heat versus cold. In: Aronoff GH editor(s). Chapter 13, Evaluation and Treatment of Chronic Pain. 2nd Edition. Baltimore: Urban & Schwarzenberg, 1992:263‐6.

St John Dixon 1972 {published data only}

1. John Dixon A, Owen‐Smith BD, Harrison RA. Cold‐sensitive, non‐specific, low back pain: a comparative trial of treatment. Clinical Trials Journal 1972;4:16‐21.

References to studies excluded from this review

Aglas 1997 {published data only}

1. Aglas F, Uitz E, Rainer F. A controlled study to assess efficacy and tolerability of a portable heat application system in patients suffering from spine‐related pain syndromes [Eine kontrollierte studie zur beurteilung der wirksamkeit und vertraglichkeit eines heilwarme‐aktiv‐systems bei patienten mit vertebragenen schmerzen]. Physikalische Medizin Rehabilitationsmedizin Kurortmedizin 1997;7(2):47‐50.

Chok 1999 {published data only}

1. Chok B, Lee R, Latimer J, Tan SB. Endurance training of the trunk extensor muscles in people with subacute low back pain. Physical Therapy 1999;79(11):1032‐42. - PubMed

Constant 1995 {published data only}

1. Constant F, Collin JF, Guillemin F, Boulange M. Effectiveness of spa therapy in chronic low back pain: a randomized clinical trial. Journal of Rheumatology 1995;22(7):1315‐20. - PubMed

Constant 1998 {published data only}

1. Constant F, Guillemin F, Collin JF, Boulange M. Use of spa therapy to improve the quality of life of chronic low back pain patients. Medical Care 1998;36(9):1309‐14. - PubMed

Ferrell 1997 {published data only}

1. Ferrell BA, Josephson KR, Pollan AM, Loy S, Ferrell BR. A randomized trial of walking versus physical methods for chronic pain management. Aging (Milano) 1997;9(1‐2):99‐105. - PubMed

Gallacchi 1981 {published data only}

1. Gallacchi G, Mueller W, Plattner GR, Schnorrenberger CC. Acupuncture and treatment with laser radiation in cases of cervical and lumbar syndromes [Akupunktur‐ und laserstrahlbehandlung beim zervikal‐ und lumbalsyndrom]. Schweiz Med Wochenschr 1981;111(37):1360‐6. - PubMed

Garvey 1989 {published data only}

1. Garvey TA, Marks MR, Wiesel SW. A prospective, randomized, double‐blind evaluation of trigger‐point injection therapy for low‐back pain. Spine 1989;14(9):962‐4. - PubMed

Grant 1964 {published data only}

1. Grant AE. Massage with ice (cryokinetics) in the treatment of painful conditions of the musculoskeletal system. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1964;45:233‐8. - PubMed

Guillemin 1994 {published data only}

1. Guillemin F, Constant F, Collin JF, Boulange M. Short and long‐term effect of spa therapy in chronic low back pain. British Journal of Rheumatology 1994;33(2):148‐51. - PubMed

Hansen 1993 {published data only}

1. Hansen FR, Bendix T, Skov P, Jensen CV, Kristensen JH, Krohn L, et al. Intensive, dynamic back‐muscle exercises, conventional physiotherapy, or placebo‐control treatment of low‐back pain. A randomized, observer‐ blind trial. Spine 1993;18(1):98. - PubMed

Hemmila 1997 {published data only}

1. Hemmila HM, Keinanen‐Kiukaanniemi SM, Levoska S, Puska P. Does folk medicine work? A randomized clinical trial on patients with prolonged back pain. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1997;78(6):571‐7. - PubMed

Hsieh 1992 {published data only}

1. Hsieh CY, Phillips RB, Adams AH, Pope MH. Functional outcomes of low back pain: comparison of four treatment groups in a randomized controlled trial. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 1992;15(1):4‐9. - PubMed

Hurwitz 2002 {published data only}

1. Hurwitz EL, Morgenstern H, Harber P, Kominsky GF, Belin TR, Yu F, et al. The effectiveness of physical modalities among patients with low back pain randomized to chiropractic care: findings from the UCLA low back pain study. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics 2002;25(1):10‐20. - PubMed

Ishimaru 1993 {published data only}

1. Ishimaru K, Shinohara S, Kitade T, Hyodo M. Clinical efficacy of electrical heat acupuncture (First report): Effect on low back pain. American Journal of Acupuncture 1993;21(1):13‐18.

Janora 1998 {published data only}

1. Janora D, Jermyn R, Mazzula S. Use of the aquamed chair for low back pain in the geriatric population. Journal of the American Osteopathic Association 1998;98(7):396.

Jayson 1981 {published data only}

1. Jayson MI, Sims‐Williams H, Young S, Baddeley H, Collins E. Mobilization and manipulation for low‐back pain. Spine 1981;6(4):409‐16. - PubMed

Kankaanpaa 1999 {published data only}

1. Kankaanpaa M, Taimela S, Airaksinen O, Hanninen O. The efficacy of active rehabilitation in chronic low back pain. Effect on pain intensity, self‐experienced disability, and lumbar fatigability. Spine 1999;24(10):1034‐4. - PubMed

Keel 1998 {published data only}

1. Keel PJ, Wittig R, Deutschmann R, Diethelm U, Knusel O, Loschmann C, et al. Effectiveness of in‐patient rehabilitation for sub‐chronic and chronic low back pain by an integrative group treatment program (Swiss Multicentre Study). Scand J Rehab Med 1998;30(4):211‐19. - PubMed

Kinalski 1989 {published data only}

1. Kinalski R, Kuwik W, Pietrzak D. The comparison of the results of manual therapy versus physiotherapy methods used in treatment of patients with low back pain syndromes. Manual Med 1989;4:44‐6.

Koes 1992 {published data only}

1. Koes BW, Bouter LM, Mameren H, Essers AH, Verstegen GM, Hofhuizen DM, et al. Randomised clinical trial of manipulative therapy and physiotherapy for persistent back and neck complaints: results of one year follow up. BMJ 1992;304(6827):601. - PMC - PubMed

Konrad 1992 {published data only}

1. Konrad K, Tatrai T, Hunka A, Vereckei E, Korondi I. Controlled trial of balneotherapy in treatment of low back pain. Ann Rheum Dis 1992;51(6):820‐2. - PMC - PubMed

Kovarovicova 1990 {published data only}

1. Kovarovicova J. Comparison of the effect of magnetotherapy and mud packs in vertebrogenic syndrome [Porovnani ucinku magnetoterapie se slatinnymi zabaly u vertebrogenniho syndromu]. Fysiatrickay a Reumatologickay Vestniak 1990;68(4):209‐15.

Kranjc 1992 {published data only}

1. Kranjc I, Turk Z. Results of a comparative study of the success of treatment of pain in the lumbar spine at the Moravske Toplice health spa, at the department of physical therapy and rehabilitation and at the department of rheumatology of the Maribor Teaching Hospital [Rezultati usporednog ispitivanja uspjesnosti lijecenja boli u lumbalnom predjelu kraljesnice u ljecilistu Moravske Toplice, na odjelu za fizikalnu terapiju i rehabilitaciju te na odjelu za reumatologiju nastavne bolnice Maribor]. Reumatizam 1992;39(2):33‐7. - PubMed

Leclaire 1996 {published data only}

1. Leclaire R, Esdaile JM, Suissa S, Rossignol M, Proulx R, Dupuis M. Back school in a first episode of compensated acute low back pain: a clinical trial to assess efficacy and prevent relapse. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1996;77(7):673‐9. - PubMed

Lindstrom 1970 {published data only}

1. Lindstrom A, Zachrisson M. Physical therapy on low back pain and sciatica: an attempt at evaluation. Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 1970;2:37‐42. - PubMed

Lurie‐Luke 2003 {published data only}

1. Lurie‐Luke E, Neubauer G, Lindl C, Breitkreutz H, Fischer P, Hitzeroth S. An exploratory workplace study to investigate the perceived value of continuous low‐level heatwrap therapy in manual workers. Occupational Medicine 2003;53(3):173‐8. - PubMed

Magyarosy 1996 {published data only}

1. Magyarosy I, Krause KH, Resch KL, Guggemos W, Utzschneider I, Gall H, et al. Surface EMG response to heat and cold application on back muscles: implications for the therapy of low back pain. European Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 1996;6(2):39‐42.

McCray 1984 {published data only}

1. McCray RE, Patton NJ. Pain relief at trigger points: a comparison of moist heat and shortwave diathermy. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy 1984;5(4):175‐8. - PubMed

Metzger 2000 {published data only}

1. Metzger D, Zwingmann C, Protz W, Jackel WH. The whole body cold therapy as analgesic treatment in patients with rheumatic diseases [Die beduetung der ganzkorper‐kaltetherapie im rahmen der rehabilitation bei patienten mit rheumatischen erkrankungen: ergebnisse einer pilotstudie]. Rehabilitation 2000;39(2):93‐100. - PubMed

Nwuga 1982 {published data only}

1. Nwuga VC. Relative therapeutic efficacy of vertebral manipulation and conventional treatment in back pain management. Am J Phys Med 1982;61(6):273‐8. - PubMed

O'Sullivan 1997 {published data only}

1. O'Sullivan PB, Phyty GD, Twomey LT, Allison GT. Evaluation of specific stabilizing exercise in the treatment of chronic low back pain with radiologic diagnosis of spondylolysis or spondylolisthesis. Spine 1997;22(24):2959‐67. - PubMed

Sims‐Williams 1979 {published data only}

1. Sims‐Williams H, Jayson MI, Young SM, Baddeley H, Collins E. Controlled trial of mobilisation and manipulation for low back pain: hospital patients. BMJ 1979;2(6201):1318‐20. - PMC - PubMed

Steinberg 1994 {published data only}

1. Steinberg R, Callies R, Bocker B. Changes in pain in the first and second halves of serial cold‐air therapy [Schmerzanderung in der ersten und zweiten halfte einer seriellen kaltlufttherapie]. Physikalische Medizin Rehabilitationsmedizin Kurortmedizin 1994;4(4):120‐1.

Talo 1992 {published data only}

1. Talo S, Rytokoski U, Puukka P. 1992 Volvo award in clinical sciences. Patient classification, a key to evaluate pain treatment: A psychological study in chronic low back pain patients. Spine 1992;17(9):998‐1010. - PubMed

Tasleem 2003 {published data only}

1. Tasleem RA, Buth BA, Koul PA, Kadri SM. Chronic low back pain: comparative analysis of treatment response to drugs and different physical modalities. JK Practitioner 2003;10(3):201‐4.

Torstensen 1998 {published data only}

1. Torstensen TA, Ljunggren AE, Meen HD, Odland E, Mowinckel P, Geijerstam S. Efficiency and costs of medical exercise therapy, conventional physiotherapy, and self‐exercise in patients with chronic low back pain. A pragmatic, randomized, single‐blinded, controlled trial with 1‐ year follow‐up. Spine 1998;23(23):2616‐24. - PubMed

Traherne 1962 {published data only}

1. Traherne JB. Evaluation of the cold spray technique in the treatment of muscle pain in general practice. Practitioner 1962;189:210‐2. - PubMed

Trowbridge 2004 {published data only}

1. Trowbridge CA, Draper DO, Feland JB, Jutte LS, Eggett DL. Paraspinal musculature and skin temperature changes: comparing the Thermacare HeatWrap, the Johnson & Johnson Back Plaster, and the ABC Warme‐Pflaster. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy 2004;34(9):549‐58. - PubMed

Yuan 1981 {published data only}

1. Yuan SH. [Observation of curative effects of external application of tincture of safflower and infrared radiation on chronic lumbago]. Chinese Journal of Physical Therapy 1981;4:22‐3.

Yurtkuran 1997 {published data only}

1. Yurtkuran M, Kahraman Z, Sivrioglu K, Afsin Y, Dogan M. Balneotherapy in low back pain. European Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 1997;7(4):120‐3.

Additional references

AAMPGG 2003

1. Australian Acute Musculoskeletal Pain Guidelines Group (AAMPGG). Evidence‐based management of acute musculoskeletal pain [Available at: http://www.nhmrc.gov.au]. Australian Academic Press: Brisbane 2003.

ACC 1997

1. ACC and the National Health Committee (1997). New Zealand Acute Low Back Pain Guide. Wellington, New Zealand. Wellington, New Zealand.

Battie 1994

1. Battie MC, Cherkin DC, Dunn R, Ciol MA, Wheeler KJ. Managing low back pain: attitudes and treatment preferences of physical therapists. Phys Ther 1994;74(3):219‐26. - PubMed

Bhandari 2004

1. Bhandari M, Busse JW, Jackowski D, Montori VM, Schunemann H, Sprague S, et al. Association between industry funding and statistically significant pro‐industry findings in medical and surgical randomized trials. CMAJ 2004;170:477‐80. - PMC - PubMed

Bigos 1994

1. Bigos S, Bowyer O, Braen G, et al. Acute Low Back Problems in Adults. Clinical Practice Guideline No. 14. Rockville, MD: AHCPR Publication No. 95‐0642. Agency for Health Care Policy and Research, Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1994.

Bleakley 2004

1. Bleakley C, McDonough S, MacAuley D. The use of ice in the treatment of acute soft‐tissue injury: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Am J Sports Med 2004;32(1):251‐61. - PubMed

Car 2003

1. Car J, Sheikh A. Acute low back pain. BMJ 2003;327(7414):541. - PMC - PubMed

Carey 1995

1. Carey TS, Evans A, Hadler N, Kalsbeek W, McLaughlin C, Fryer J. Care‐seeking among individuals with chronic low back pain. Spine 1995;20(3):312‐7. - PubMed

Djulbegovic 2000

1. Djulbegovic B, Lacevic M, Cantor A, Fields KK, Bennett CL, Adams JR, et al. The uncertainty principle and industry‐sponsored research. Lancet 2000;356(9230):635‐8. - PubMed

Europe 2004

1. Tulder M, Becker A, Bekkering T, Breen A, Real M, Hutchinson A, et al. on behalf of the COST B13 Working Group. European Guidelines for the Management of Acute Nonspecific Low Back Pain in Primary Care. Available at: http://www.backpaineurope.org (accessed 22nd March 2005).

Frymoyer 1991

1. Frymoyer JW, Cats‐Baril WL. An overview of the incidences and costs of low back pain. Orthop Clin North Am 1991;22(2):263‐71. - PubMed

Geffen 2003

1. Geffen SJ. 3: Rehabilitation principles for treating chronic musculoskeletal injuries. Med J Aust 2003;178(5):238‐42. - PubMed

Grana 1993

1. Grana WA. Physical agents in musculoskeletal problems: heat and cold therapy modalities. Instr Course Lect 1993;42:439‐42. - PubMed

Hamm 2003

1. Hamm L, Mikkelsen B, Kuhr J, Stovring H, Munck A, Kragstrup J. Danish physiotherapists' management of low back pain. Advances in Physiotherapy 2003;5(3):109‐13.

Hollingworth 2002

1. Hollingworth W, Todd CJ, King H, Males T, Dixon AK, Karia KR, et al. Primary care referrals for lumbar spine radiography: diagnostic yield and clinical guidelines. Br J Gen Pract 2002;52(6):475‐80. - PMC - PubMed

ICSI 2004

1. Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement (ICSI). Adult low back pain. Adult low back pain. Bloomington (MN), Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement (ICSI), Available at: http://www.icsi.org, 2004.

Jette 1996

1. Jette DU, Jette AM. Physical therapy and health outcomes in patients with spinal impairments. Physical Therapy 1996;76(9):930‐45. - PubMed

Kjaergard 2002

1. Kjaergard LL, Als‐Nielsen B. Association between competing interests and authors' conclusions: epidemiological study of randomised clinical trials published in the BMJ. BMJ 2002;325(7358):249‐53. - PMC - PubMed

Li 2001

1. Li LC, Bombardier C. Physical therapy management of low back pain: an exploratory survey of therapist approaches. Phys Ther 2001;81(4):1018‐28. - PubMed

Maniadakis 2000

1. Maniadakis N, Gray A. The economic burden of back pain in the UK. Pain 2000;84(1):95‐103. - PubMed

Michlovitz 1996

1. Michlovitz SL. Thermal agents in rehabilitation. 3rd Edition. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis, 1996.

Rush 1994

1. Rush PJ, Shore A. Physician perceptions of the value of physical modalities in the treatment of musculoskeletal disease. British Journal of Rheumatology 1994;33(6):566‐8. - PubMed

Stanos 2004

1. Stanos SP, Muellner PM, Harden RN. The physiatric approach to low back pain. Seminars in Pain Medicine 2004;2(3):186‐96.

van Tulder 2003

1. Tulder M, Furlan A, Bombardier C, Bouter L. Updated method guidelines for systematic reviews in the Cochrane Collaboration Back Review Group. Spine 2003;28(12):1290‐9. - PubMed

Vasudevan 1997

1. Vasudevan S. Physical rehabilitation in managing pain. Pain: Clinical Updates 1997;V(3):[Available at: http://www.iasp‐pain.org/PCU97c.html] (accessed 5th May 2005).

Walker 2000

1. Walker BF. The prevalence of low back pain: a systematic review of the literature from 1966 to 1998. J Spinal Disord 2000;13(3):205‐17. - PubMed

Publication types

MeSH terms

Adult
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Clinical Trials as Topic
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Cryotherapy / methods*
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Hot Temperature / therapeutic use*
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Humans
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Low Back Pain / therapy*
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3.7. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

3.8. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise…

3.8. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3…

3.8. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

3.9. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise…

3.9. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3…

3.9. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

All figures (21)

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doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004750

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References

References to studies included in this review

Landen 1967 {published data only}

1. Landen BR. Heat or cold for the relief of low back pain?. Phys Ther 1967;47(12):1126‐8. - PubMed

Mayer 2005 {published data only}

1. Mayer JM, Ralph L, Look M, Erasala GN, Verna JL, Matheson LN, et al. Treating acute low back pain with continuous low‐level heat wrap therapy and/or exercise: a randomized controlled trial. The Spine Journal 2005;5(4):395‐403. - PubMed

Melzack 1980 {published data only}

1. Melzack R, Jeans ME, Stratford JG, Monks RC. Ice massage and transcutaneous electrical stimulation: comparison of treatment for low‐back pain. Pain 1980;9(2):209‐17. - PubMed

Nadler 2002 {published and unpublished data}

1. Lloyd A, Scott DA, Akehurst RL, Lurie‐Luke E, Jessen G. Cost‐effectiveness of low‐level heat wrap therapy for low back pain. Value in Health 2004;7(4):413‐22. - PubMed
1. Nadler SF, Steiner DJ, Erasala GN, Hengehold DA, Hinkle RT, Goodale BM, et al. Continuous low‐level heat wrap therapy provides more efficacy than Ibuprofen and acetaminophen for acute low back pain. Spine 2002;27(10):1012‐7. - PubMed

Nadler 2003a {published and unpublished data}

1. Nadler SF, Steiner DJ, Erasala GN, Hengehold DA, Abeln SB, Weingand KW. Continuous low‐level heatwrap therapy for treating acute nonspecific low back pain. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation 2003;84(3):329‐334. - PubMed
1. Weingand K. Continuous low‐level topical heat therapy is effective for treating low back pain. Low Back Pain and Disability: Unraveling the Puzzle. New York, NY: Physical Medicine Research Foundation Conference, 2‐5 November, 2000.

Nadler 2003b {published data only}

1. Nadler SF, Steiner DJ, Petty SR, Erasala GN, Hengehold DA, Weingand KW. Overnight use of continuous low‐level heatwrap therapy for relief of low back pain. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation 2003;8(3):335‐42. - PubMed

Nuhr 2004 {published data only}

1. Nuhr M, Hoerauf K, Bertalanffy A, Bertalanffy P, Frickey N, Gore C, et al. Active warming during emergency transport relieves acute low back pain. Spine 2004;29(14):1499‐503. - PubMed

Roberts 1992 {published data only}

1. Roberts D, Walls C, Carlile J, Wheaton C, Aronoff G. Relief of chronic low back pain: heat versus cold. In: Aronoff GH editor(s). Chapter 13, Evaluation and Treatment of Chronic Pain. 2nd Edition. Baltimore: Urban & Schwarzenberg, 1992:263‐6.

St John Dixon 1972 {published data only}

1. John Dixon A, Owen‐Smith BD, Harrison RA. Cold‐sensitive, non‐specific, low back pain: a comparative trial of treatment. Clinical Trials Journal 1972;4:16‐21.

References to studies excluded from this review

Aglas 1997 {published data only}

1. Aglas F, Uitz E, Rainer F. A controlled study to assess efficacy and tolerability of a portable heat application system in patients suffering from spine‐related pain syndromes [Eine kontrollierte studie zur beurteilung der wirksamkeit und vertraglichkeit eines heilwarme‐aktiv‐systems bei patienten mit vertebragenen schmerzen]. Physikalische Medizin Rehabilitationsmedizin Kurortmedizin 1997;7(2):47‐50.

Chok 1999 {published data only}

1. Chok B, Lee R, Latimer J, Tan SB. Endurance training of the trunk extensor muscles in people with subacute low back pain. Physical Therapy 1999;79(11):1032‐42. - PubMed

Constant 1995 {published data only}

1. Constant F, Collin JF, Guillemin F, Boulange M. Effectiveness of spa therapy in chronic low back pain: a randomized clinical trial. Journal of Rheumatology 1995;22(7):1315‐20. - PubMed

Constant 1998 {published data only}

1. Constant F, Guillemin F, Collin JF, Boulange M. Use of spa therapy to improve the quality of life of chronic low back pain patients. Medical Care 1998;36(9):1309‐14. - PubMed

Ferrell 1997 {published data only}

1. Ferrell BA, Josephson KR, Pollan AM, Loy S, Ferrell BR. A randomized trial of walking versus physical methods for chronic pain management. Aging (Milano) 1997;9(1‐2):99‐105. - PubMed

Gallacchi 1981 {published data only}

1. Gallacchi G, Mueller W, Plattner GR, Schnorrenberger CC. Acupuncture and treatment with laser radiation in cases of cervical and lumbar syndromes [Akupunktur‐ und laserstrahlbehandlung beim zervikal‐ und lumbalsyndrom]. Schweiz Med Wochenschr 1981;111(37):1360‐6. - PubMed

Garvey 1989 {published data only}

1. Garvey TA, Marks MR, Wiesel SW. A prospective, randomized, double‐blind evaluation of trigger‐point injection therapy for low‐back pain. Spine 1989;14(9):962‐4. - PubMed

Grant 1964 {published data only}

1. Grant AE. Massage with ice (cryokinetics) in the treatment of painful conditions of the musculoskeletal system. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1964;45:233‐8. - PubMed

Guillemin 1994 {published data only}

1. Guillemin F, Constant F, Collin JF, Boulange M. Short and long‐term effect of spa therapy in chronic low back pain. British Journal of Rheumatology 1994;33(2):148‐51. - PubMed

Hansen 1993 {published data only}

1. Hansen FR, Bendix T, Skov P, Jensen CV, Kristensen JH, Krohn L, et al. Intensive, dynamic back‐muscle exercises, conventional physiotherapy, or placebo‐control treatment of low‐back pain. A randomized, observer‐ blind trial. Spine 1993;18(1):98. - PubMed

Hemmila 1997 {published data only}

1. Hemmila HM, Keinanen‐Kiukaanniemi SM, Levoska S, Puska P. Does folk medicine work? A randomized clinical trial on patients with prolonged back pain. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1997;78(6):571‐7. - PubMed

Hsieh 1992 {published data only}

1. Hsieh CY, Phillips RB, Adams AH, Pope MH. Functional outcomes of low back pain: comparison of four treatment groups in a randomized controlled trial. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 1992;15(1):4‐9. - PubMed

Hurwitz 2002 {published data only}

1. Hurwitz EL, Morgenstern H, Harber P, Kominsky GF, Belin TR, Yu F, et al. The effectiveness of physical modalities among patients with low back pain randomized to chiropractic care: findings from the UCLA low back pain study. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics 2002;25(1):10‐20. - PubMed

Ishimaru 1993 {published data only}

1. Ishimaru K, Shinohara S, Kitade T, Hyodo M. Clinical efficacy of electrical heat acupuncture (First report): Effect on low back pain. American Journal of Acupuncture 1993;21(1):13‐18.

Janora 1998 {published data only}

1. Janora D, Jermyn R, Mazzula S. Use of the aquamed chair for low back pain in the geriatric population. Journal of the American Osteopathic Association 1998;98(7):396.

Jayson 1981 {published data only}

1. Jayson MI, Sims‐Williams H, Young S, Baddeley H, Collins E. Mobilization and manipulation for low‐back pain. Spine 1981;6(4):409‐16. - PubMed

Kankaanpaa 1999 {published data only}

1. Kankaanpaa M, Taimela S, Airaksinen O, Hanninen O. The efficacy of active rehabilitation in chronic low back pain. Effect on pain intensity, self‐experienced disability, and lumbar fatigability. Spine 1999;24(10):1034‐4. - PubMed

Keel 1998 {published data only}

1. Keel PJ, Wittig R, Deutschmann R, Diethelm U, Knusel O, Loschmann C, et al. Effectiveness of in‐patient rehabilitation for sub‐chronic and chronic low back pain by an integrative group treatment program (Swiss Multicentre Study). Scand J Rehab Med 1998;30(4):211‐19. - PubMed

Kinalski 1989 {published data only}

1. Kinalski R, Kuwik W, Pietrzak D. The comparison of the results of manual therapy versus physiotherapy methods used in treatment of patients with low back pain syndromes. Manual Med 1989;4:44‐6.

Koes 1992 {published data only}

1. Koes BW, Bouter LM, Mameren H, Essers AH, Verstegen GM, Hofhuizen DM, et al. Randomised clinical trial of manipulative therapy and physiotherapy for persistent back and neck complaints: results of one year follow up. BMJ 1992;304(6827):601. - PMC - PubMed

Konrad 1992 {published data only}

1. Konrad K, Tatrai T, Hunka A, Vereckei E, Korondi I. Controlled trial of balneotherapy in treatment of low back pain. Ann Rheum Dis 1992;51(6):820‐2. - PMC - PubMed

Kovarovicova 1990 {published data only}

1. Kovarovicova J. Comparison of the effect of magnetotherapy and mud packs in vertebrogenic syndrome [Porovnani ucinku magnetoterapie se slatinnymi zabaly u vertebrogenniho syndromu]. Fysiatrickay a Reumatologickay Vestniak 1990;68(4):209‐15.

Kranjc 1992 {published data only}

1. Kranjc I, Turk Z. Results of a comparative study of the success of treatment of pain in the lumbar spine at the Moravske Toplice health spa, at the department of physical therapy and rehabilitation and at the department of rheumatology of the Maribor Teaching Hospital [Rezultati usporednog ispitivanja uspjesnosti lijecenja boli u lumbalnom predjelu kraljesnice u ljecilistu Moravske Toplice, na odjelu za fizikalnu terapiju i rehabilitaciju te na odjelu za reumatologiju nastavne bolnice Maribor]. Reumatizam 1992;39(2):33‐7. - PubMed

Leclaire 1996 {published data only}

1. Leclaire R, Esdaile JM, Suissa S, Rossignol M, Proulx R, Dupuis M. Back school in a first episode of compensated acute low back pain: a clinical trial to assess efficacy and prevent relapse. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1996;77(7):673‐9. - PubMed

Lindstrom 1970 {published data only}

1. Lindstrom A, Zachrisson M. Physical therapy on low back pain and sciatica: an attempt at evaluation. Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 1970;2:37‐42. - PubMed

Lurie‐Luke 2003 {published data only}

1. Lurie‐Luke E, Neubauer G, Lindl C, Breitkreutz H, Fischer P, Hitzeroth S. An exploratory workplace study to investigate the perceived value of continuous low‐level heatwrap therapy in manual workers. Occupational Medicine 2003;53(3):173‐8. - PubMed

Magyarosy 1996 {published data only}

1. Magyarosy I, Krause KH, Resch KL, Guggemos W, Utzschneider I, Gall H, et al. Surface EMG response to heat and cold application on back muscles: implications for the therapy of low back pain. European Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 1996;6(2):39‐42.

McCray 1984 {published data only}

1. McCray RE, Patton NJ. Pain relief at trigger points: a comparison of moist heat and shortwave diathermy. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy 1984;5(4):175‐8. - PubMed

Metzger 2000 {published data only}

1. Metzger D, Zwingmann C, Protz W, Jackel WH. The whole body cold therapy as analgesic treatment in patients with rheumatic diseases [Die beduetung der ganzkorper‐kaltetherapie im rahmen der rehabilitation bei patienten mit rheumatischen erkrankungen: ergebnisse einer pilotstudie]. Rehabilitation 2000;39(2):93‐100. - PubMed

Nwuga 1982 {published data only}

1. Nwuga VC. Relative therapeutic efficacy of vertebral manipulation and conventional treatment in back pain management. Am J Phys Med 1982;61(6):273‐8. - PubMed

O'Sullivan 1997 {published data only}

1. O'Sullivan PB, Phyty GD, Twomey LT, Allison GT. Evaluation of specific stabilizing exercise in the treatment of chronic low back pain with radiologic diagnosis of spondylolysis or spondylolisthesis. Spine 1997;22(24):2959‐67. - PubMed

Sims‐Williams 1979 {published data only}

1. Sims‐Williams H, Jayson MI, Young SM, Baddeley H, Collins E. Controlled trial of mobilisation and manipulation for low back pain: hospital patients. BMJ 1979;2(6201):1318‐20. - PMC - PubMed

Steinberg 1994 {published data only}

1. Steinberg R, Callies R, Bocker B. Changes in pain in the first and second halves of serial cold‐air therapy [Schmerzanderung in der ersten und zweiten halfte einer seriellen kaltlufttherapie]. Physikalische Medizin Rehabilitationsmedizin Kurortmedizin 1994;4(4):120‐1.

Talo 1992 {published data only}

1. Talo S, Rytokoski U, Puukka P. 1992 Volvo award in clinical sciences. Patient classification, a key to evaluate pain treatment: A psychological study in chronic low back pain patients. Spine 1992;17(9):998‐1010. - PubMed

Tasleem 2003 {published data only}

1. Tasleem RA, Buth BA, Koul PA, Kadri SM. Chronic low back pain: comparative analysis of treatment response to drugs and different physical modalities. JK Practitioner 2003;10(3):201‐4.

Torstensen 1998 {published data only}

1. Torstensen TA, Ljunggren AE, Meen HD, Odland E, Mowinckel P, Geijerstam S. Efficiency and costs of medical exercise therapy, conventional physiotherapy, and self‐exercise in patients with chronic low back pain. A pragmatic, randomized, single‐blinded, controlled trial with 1‐ year follow‐up. Spine 1998;23(23):2616‐24. - PubMed

Traherne 1962 {published data only}

1. Traherne JB. Evaluation of the cold spray technique in the treatment of muscle pain in general practice. Practitioner 1962;189:210‐2. - PubMed

Trowbridge 2004 {published data only}

1. Trowbridge CA, Draper DO, Feland JB, Jutte LS, Eggett DL. Paraspinal musculature and skin temperature changes: comparing the Thermacare HeatWrap, the Johnson & Johnson Back Plaster, and the ABC Warme‐Pflaster. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy 2004;34(9):549‐58. - PubMed

Yuan 1981 {published data only}

1. Yuan SH. [Observation of curative effects of external application of tincture of safflower and infrared radiation on chronic lumbago]. Chinese Journal of Physical Therapy 1981;4:22‐3.

Yurtkuran 1997 {published data only}

1. Yurtkuran M, Kahraman Z, Sivrioglu K, Afsin Y, Dogan M. Balneotherapy in low back pain. European Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 1997;7(4):120‐3.

Additional references

AAMPGG 2003

1. Australian Acute Musculoskeletal Pain Guidelines Group (AAMPGG). Evidence‐based management of acute musculoskeletal pain [Available at: http://www.nhmrc.gov.au]. Australian Academic Press: Brisbane 2003.

ACC 1997

1. ACC and the National Health Committee (1997). New Zealand Acute Low Back Pain Guide. Wellington, New Zealand. Wellington, New Zealand.

Battie 1994

1. Battie MC, Cherkin DC, Dunn R, Ciol MA, Wheeler KJ. Managing low back pain: attitudes and treatment preferences of physical therapists. Phys Ther 1994;74(3):219‐26. - PubMed

Bhandari 2004

1. Bhandari M, Busse JW, Jackowski D, Montori VM, Schunemann H, Sprague S, et al. Association between industry funding and statistically significant pro‐industry findings in medical and surgical randomized trials. CMAJ 2004;170:477‐80. - PMC - PubMed

Bigos 1994

1. Bigos S, Bowyer O, Braen G, et al. Acute Low Back Problems in Adults. Clinical Practice Guideline No. 14. Rockville, MD: AHCPR Publication No. 95‐0642. Agency for Health Care Policy and Research, Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1994.

Bleakley 2004

1. Bleakley C, McDonough S, MacAuley D. The use of ice in the treatment of acute soft‐tissue injury: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Am J Sports Med 2004;32(1):251‐61. - PubMed

Car 2003

1. Car J, Sheikh A. Acute low back pain. BMJ 2003;327(7414):541. - PMC - PubMed

Carey 1995

1. Carey TS, Evans A, Hadler N, Kalsbeek W, McLaughlin C, Fryer J. Care‐seeking among individuals with chronic low back pain. Spine 1995;20(3):312‐7. - PubMed

Djulbegovic 2000

1. Djulbegovic B, Lacevic M, Cantor A, Fields KK, Bennett CL, Adams JR, et al. The uncertainty principle and industry‐sponsored research. Lancet 2000;356(9230):635‐8. - PubMed

Europe 2004

1. Tulder M, Becker A, Bekkering T, Breen A, Real M, Hutchinson A, et al. on behalf of the COST B13 Working Group. European Guidelines for the Management of Acute Nonspecific Low Back Pain in Primary Care. Available at: http://www.backpaineurope.org (accessed 22nd March 2005).

Frymoyer 1991

1. Frymoyer JW, Cats‐Baril WL. An overview of the incidences and costs of low back pain. Orthop Clin North Am 1991;22(2):263‐71. - PubMed

Geffen 2003

1. Geffen SJ. 3: Rehabilitation principles for treating chronic musculoskeletal injuries. Med J Aust 2003;178(5):238‐42. - PubMed

Grana 1993

1. Grana WA. Physical agents in musculoskeletal problems: heat and cold therapy modalities. Instr Course Lect 1993;42:439‐42. - PubMed

Hamm 2003

1. Hamm L, Mikkelsen B, Kuhr J, Stovring H, Munck A, Kragstrup J. Danish physiotherapists' management of low back pain. Advances in Physiotherapy 2003;5(3):109‐13.

Hollingworth 2002

1. Hollingworth W, Todd CJ, King H, Males T, Dixon AK, Karia KR, et al. Primary care referrals for lumbar spine radiography: diagnostic yield and clinical guidelines. Br J Gen Pract 2002;52(6):475‐80. - PMC - PubMed

ICSI 2004

1. Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement (ICSI). Adult low back pain. Adult low back pain. Bloomington (MN), Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement (ICSI), Available at: http://www.icsi.org, 2004.

Jette 1996

1. Jette DU, Jette AM. Physical therapy and health outcomes in patients with spinal impairments. Physical Therapy 1996;76(9):930‐45. - PubMed

Kjaergard 2002

1. Kjaergard LL, Als‐Nielsen B. Association between competing interests and authors' conclusions: epidemiological study of randomised clinical trials published in the BMJ. BMJ 2002;325(7358):249‐53. - PMC - PubMed

Li 2001

1. Li LC, Bombardier C. Physical therapy management of low back pain: an exploratory survey of therapist approaches. Phys Ther 2001;81(4):1018‐28. - PubMed

Maniadakis 2000

1. Maniadakis N, Gray A. The economic burden of back pain in the UK. Pain 2000;84(1):95‐103. - PubMed

Michlovitz 1996

1. Michlovitz SL. Thermal agents in rehabilitation. 3rd Edition. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis, 1996.

Rush 1994

1. Rush PJ, Shore A. Physician perceptions of the value of physical modalities in the treatment of musculoskeletal disease. British Journal of Rheumatology 1994;33(6):566‐8. - PubMed

Stanos 2004

1. Stanos SP, Muellner PM, Harden RN. The physiatric approach to low back pain. Seminars in Pain Medicine 2004;2(3):186‐96.

van Tulder 2003

1. Tulder M, Furlan A, Bombardier C, Bouter L. Updated method guidelines for systematic reviews in the Cochrane Collaboration Back Review Group. Spine 2003;28(12):1290‐9. - PubMed

Vasudevan 1997

1. Vasudevan S. Physical rehabilitation in managing pain. Pain: Clinical Updates 1997;V(3):[Available at: http://www.iasp‐pain.org/PCU97c.html] (accessed 5th May 2005).

Walker 2000

1. Walker BF. The prevalence of low back pain: a systematic review of the literature from 1966 to 1998. J Spinal Disord 2000;13(3):205‐17. - PubMed

Publication types

MeSH terms

Adult
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Clinical Trials as Topic
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Cryotherapy / methods*
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Hot Temperature / therapeutic use*
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Humans
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Low Back Pain / therapy*
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3.8. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

3.9. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise…

3.9. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP <3…

3.9. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

All figures (21)

Update of

doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004750

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References

References to studies included in this review

Landen 1967 {published data only}

1. Landen BR. Heat or cold for the relief of low back pain?. Phys Ther 1967;47(12):1126‐8. - PubMed

Mayer 2005 {published data only}

1. Mayer JM, Ralph L, Look M, Erasala GN, Verna JL, Matheson LN, et al. Treating acute low back pain with continuous low‐level heat wrap therapy and/or exercise: a randomized controlled trial. The Spine Journal 2005;5(4):395‐403. - PubMed

Melzack 1980 {published data only}

1. Melzack R, Jeans ME, Stratford JG, Monks RC. Ice massage and transcutaneous electrical stimulation: comparison of treatment for low‐back pain. Pain 1980;9(2):209‐17. - PubMed

Nadler 2002 {published and unpublished data}

1. Lloyd A, Scott DA, Akehurst RL, Lurie‐Luke E, Jessen G. Cost‐effectiveness of low‐level heat wrap therapy for low back pain. Value in Health 2004;7(4):413‐22. - PubMed
1. Nadler SF, Steiner DJ, Erasala GN, Hengehold DA, Hinkle RT, Goodale BM, et al. Continuous low‐level heat wrap therapy provides more efficacy than Ibuprofen and acetaminophen for acute low back pain. Spine 2002;27(10):1012‐7. - PubMed

Nadler 2003a {published and unpublished data}

1. Nadler SF, Steiner DJ, Erasala GN, Hengehold DA, Abeln SB, Weingand KW. Continuous low‐level heatwrap therapy for treating acute nonspecific low back pain. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation 2003;84(3):329‐334. - PubMed
1. Weingand K. Continuous low‐level topical heat therapy is effective for treating low back pain. Low Back Pain and Disability: Unraveling the Puzzle. New York, NY: Physical Medicine Research Foundation Conference, 2‐5 November, 2000.

Nadler 2003b {published data only}

1. Nadler SF, Steiner DJ, Petty SR, Erasala GN, Hengehold DA, Weingand KW. Overnight use of continuous low‐level heatwrap therapy for relief of low back pain. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation 2003;8(3):335‐42. - PubMed

Nuhr 2004 {published data only}

1. Nuhr M, Hoerauf K, Bertalanffy A, Bertalanffy P, Frickey N, Gore C, et al. Active warming during emergency transport relieves acute low back pain. Spine 2004;29(14):1499‐503. - PubMed

Roberts 1992 {published data only}

1. Roberts D, Walls C, Carlile J, Wheaton C, Aronoff G. Relief of chronic low back pain: heat versus cold. In: Aronoff GH editor(s). Chapter 13, Evaluation and Treatment of Chronic Pain. 2nd Edition. Baltimore: Urban & Schwarzenberg, 1992:263‐6.

St John Dixon 1972 {published data only}

1. John Dixon A, Owen‐Smith BD, Harrison RA. Cold‐sensitive, non‐specific, low back pain: a comparative trial of treatment. Clinical Trials Journal 1972;4:16‐21.

References to studies excluded from this review

Aglas 1997 {published data only}

1. Aglas F, Uitz E, Rainer F. A controlled study to assess efficacy and tolerability of a portable heat application system in patients suffering from spine‐related pain syndromes [Eine kontrollierte studie zur beurteilung der wirksamkeit und vertraglichkeit eines heilwarme‐aktiv‐systems bei patienten mit vertebragenen schmerzen]. Physikalische Medizin Rehabilitationsmedizin Kurortmedizin 1997;7(2):47‐50.

Chok 1999 {published data only}

1. Chok B, Lee R, Latimer J, Tan SB. Endurance training of the trunk extensor muscles in people with subacute low back pain. Physical Therapy 1999;79(11):1032‐42. - PubMed

Constant 1995 {published data only}

1. Constant F, Collin JF, Guillemin F, Boulange M. Effectiveness of spa therapy in chronic low back pain: a randomized clinical trial. Journal of Rheumatology 1995;22(7):1315‐20. - PubMed

Constant 1998 {published data only}

1. Constant F, Guillemin F, Collin JF, Boulange M. Use of spa therapy to improve the quality of life of chronic low back pain patients. Medical Care 1998;36(9):1309‐14. - PubMed

Ferrell 1997 {published data only}

1. Ferrell BA, Josephson KR, Pollan AM, Loy S, Ferrell BR. A randomized trial of walking versus physical methods for chronic pain management. Aging (Milano) 1997;9(1‐2):99‐105. - PubMed

Gallacchi 1981 {published data only}

1. Gallacchi G, Mueller W, Plattner GR, Schnorrenberger CC. Acupuncture and treatment with laser radiation in cases of cervical and lumbar syndromes [Akupunktur‐ und laserstrahlbehandlung beim zervikal‐ und lumbalsyndrom]. Schweiz Med Wochenschr 1981;111(37):1360‐6. - PubMed

Garvey 1989 {published data only}

1. Garvey TA, Marks MR, Wiesel SW. A prospective, randomized, double‐blind evaluation of trigger‐point injection therapy for low‐back pain. Spine 1989;14(9):962‐4. - PubMed

Grant 1964 {published data only}

1. Grant AE. Massage with ice (cryokinetics) in the treatment of painful conditions of the musculoskeletal system. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1964;45:233‐8. - PubMed

Guillemin 1994 {published data only}

1. Guillemin F, Constant F, Collin JF, Boulange M. Short and long‐term effect of spa therapy in chronic low back pain. British Journal of Rheumatology 1994;33(2):148‐51. - PubMed

Hansen 1993 {published data only}

1. Hansen FR, Bendix T, Skov P, Jensen CV, Kristensen JH, Krohn L, et al. Intensive, dynamic back‐muscle exercises, conventional physiotherapy, or placebo‐control treatment of low‐back pain. A randomized, observer‐ blind trial. Spine 1993;18(1):98. - PubMed

Hemmila 1997 {published data only}

1. Hemmila HM, Keinanen‐Kiukaanniemi SM, Levoska S, Puska P. Does folk medicine work? A randomized clinical trial on patients with prolonged back pain. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1997;78(6):571‐7. - PubMed

Hsieh 1992 {published data only}

1. Hsieh CY, Phillips RB, Adams AH, Pope MH. Functional outcomes of low back pain: comparison of four treatment groups in a randomized controlled trial. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 1992;15(1):4‐9. - PubMed

Hurwitz 2002 {published data only}

1. Hurwitz EL, Morgenstern H, Harber P, Kominsky GF, Belin TR, Yu F, et al. The effectiveness of physical modalities among patients with low back pain randomized to chiropractic care: findings from the UCLA low back pain study. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics 2002;25(1):10‐20. - PubMed

Ishimaru 1993 {published data only}

1. Ishimaru K, Shinohara S, Kitade T, Hyodo M. Clinical efficacy of electrical heat acupuncture (First report): Effect on low back pain. American Journal of Acupuncture 1993;21(1):13‐18.

Janora 1998 {published data only}

1. Janora D, Jermyn R, Mazzula S. Use of the aquamed chair for low back pain in the geriatric population. Journal of the American Osteopathic Association 1998;98(7):396.

Jayson 1981 {published data only}

1. Jayson MI, Sims‐Williams H, Young S, Baddeley H, Collins E. Mobilization and manipulation for low‐back pain. Spine 1981;6(4):409‐16. - PubMed

Kankaanpaa 1999 {published data only}

1. Kankaanpaa M, Taimela S, Airaksinen O, Hanninen O. The efficacy of active rehabilitation in chronic low back pain. Effect on pain intensity, self‐experienced disability, and lumbar fatigability. Spine 1999;24(10):1034‐4. - PubMed

Keel 1998 {published data only}

1. Keel PJ, Wittig R, Deutschmann R, Diethelm U, Knusel O, Loschmann C, et al. Effectiveness of in‐patient rehabilitation for sub‐chronic and chronic low back pain by an integrative group treatment program (Swiss Multicentre Study). Scand J Rehab Med 1998;30(4):211‐19. - PubMed

Kinalski 1989 {published data only}

1. Kinalski R, Kuwik W, Pietrzak D. The comparison of the results of manual therapy versus physiotherapy methods used in treatment of patients with low back pain syndromes. Manual Med 1989;4:44‐6.

Koes 1992 {published data only}

1. Koes BW, Bouter LM, Mameren H, Essers AH, Verstegen GM, Hofhuizen DM, et al. Randomised clinical trial of manipulative therapy and physiotherapy for persistent back and neck complaints: results of one year follow up. BMJ 1992;304(6827):601. - PMC - PubMed

Konrad 1992 {published data only}

1. Konrad K, Tatrai T, Hunka A, Vereckei E, Korondi I. Controlled trial of balneotherapy in treatment of low back pain. Ann Rheum Dis 1992;51(6):820‐2. - PMC - PubMed

Kovarovicova 1990 {published data only}

1. Kovarovicova J. Comparison of the effect of magnetotherapy and mud packs in vertebrogenic syndrome [Porovnani ucinku magnetoterapie se slatinnymi zabaly u vertebrogenniho syndromu]. Fysiatrickay a Reumatologickay Vestniak 1990;68(4):209‐15.

Kranjc 1992 {published data only}

1. Kranjc I, Turk Z. Results of a comparative study of the success of treatment of pain in the lumbar spine at the Moravske Toplice health spa, at the department of physical therapy and rehabilitation and at the department of rheumatology of the Maribor Teaching Hospital [Rezultati usporednog ispitivanja uspjesnosti lijecenja boli u lumbalnom predjelu kraljesnice u ljecilistu Moravske Toplice, na odjelu za fizikalnu terapiju i rehabilitaciju te na odjelu za reumatologiju nastavne bolnice Maribor]. Reumatizam 1992;39(2):33‐7. - PubMed

Leclaire 1996 {published data only}

1. Leclaire R, Esdaile JM, Suissa S, Rossignol M, Proulx R, Dupuis M. Back school in a first episode of compensated acute low back pain: a clinical trial to assess efficacy and prevent relapse. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1996;77(7):673‐9. - PubMed

Lindstrom 1970 {published data only}

1. Lindstrom A, Zachrisson M. Physical therapy on low back pain and sciatica: an attempt at evaluation. Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 1970;2:37‐42. - PubMed

Lurie‐Luke 2003 {published data only}

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Cryotherapy / methods*
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Hot Temperature / therapeutic use*
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Low Back Pain / therapy*
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3.9. Analysis

Comparison 3 Heat plus exercise vs other interventions (acute and sub‐acute LBP

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