Finding, treating and retaining persons with HIV in a high HIV prevalence and high treatment coverage country: Results from the Botswana Combination Prevention Project

Pamela Bachanas, Mary Grace Alwano, Refeletswe Lebelonyane, Lisa Block, Stephanie Behel, Elliot Raizes, Gene Ussery, Huisheng Wang, Faith Ussery, Molly Pretorius Holme, Connie Sexton, Sherri Pals, Arielle Lasry, Lisetta Del Castillo, Shannon Hader, Shahin Lockman, Naomi Bock, Janet Moore, Pamela Bachanas, Mary Grace Alwano, Refeletswe Lebelonyane, Lisa Block, Stephanie Behel, Elliot Raizes, Gene Ussery, Huisheng Wang, Faith Ussery, Molly Pretorius Holme, Connie Sexton, Sherri Pals, Arielle Lasry, Lisetta Del Castillo, Shannon Hader, Shahin Lockman, Naomi Bock, Janet Moore

Abstract

Introduction: The scale-up of Universal Test and Treat has resulted in reductions in HIV morbidity, mortality and incidence. However, healthcare system and personal challenges have impacted the levels of treatment coverage achieved. We implemented interventions to improve linkage to care, retention, viral load (VL) coverage and service delivery, and describe the HIV care cascade over the course of the Botswana Combination Prevention Project (BCPP) study.

Methods: BCPP was designed to evaluate the impact of prevention interventions on HIV incidence in 30 communities in Botswana. We followed a longitudinal cohort of newly identified and known HIV-positive persons not on antiretroviral therapy (ART) identified through community-based testing activities through BCPP and referred with appointments to local HIV clinics in 15 intervention communities. Those who did not keep the first or follow-up appointments were tracked and traced through phone and home contacts. Improvements to service delivery models in the intervention clinics were also implemented.

Results: A total of 3,657 newly identified or HIV-positive persons not on ART were identified and referred to their local HIV clinic; 90% (3,282/3,657) linked to care and of those, 93% (3,066/3,282) initiated treatment. Near the end of the study, 221 persons remained >90 days late for appointments or missing. Tracing efforts identified 54/3,066 (2%) persons who initiated treatment but died, and 106/3,066 (3%) persons were located and returned to treatment. At study end, 61/3,066 (2%) persons remained missing and were never reached. Overall, 2,951 (98%) persons living with HIV (PLHIV) who initiated treatment were still alive, retained in care and still receiving ART out of the 3,001 persons alive at the end of the study. Of those on ART, 2,854 (97%) had current VL results and 2,784 (98%) of those were virally suppressed at study end.

Conclusions: This study achieved high rates of linkage, treatment initiation, retention and VL coverage and suppression in a cohort of newly identified and known PLHIV not on ART. Tracking and tracing interventions effectively identified those persons who needed more resource intensive follow-up. The interventions implemented to improve service delivery and data quality may have also contributed to high linkage and retention rates. Clinical trial number: NCT01965470.

Conflict of interest statement

Authors Lisa Block, Gene Ussery, and Huisheng Wang were employed by Northrup Grumman. There are no patents, products in development or marketed products to declare. This does not alter our adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.

Figures

Fig 1. BCPP interventions across the clinical…
Fig 1. BCPP interventions across the clinical cascade.
Fig 2. Linkage, ART initiation and retention…
Fig 2. Linkage, ART initiation and retention outcomes among persons referred for care and treatment in intervention communities.
Fig 3. Longitudinal HIV care cascade among…
Fig 3. Longitudinal HIV care cascade among PLHIV not on ART and referred to treatment in 15 intervention communities.

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