Effect of caloric restriction on gut permeability, inflammation markers, and fecal microbiota in obese women

Beate Ott, Thomas Skurk, Ljiljana Hastreiter, Ilias Lagkouvardos, Sandra Fischer, Janine Büttner, Teresa Kellerer, Thomas Clavel, Michael Rychlik, Dirk Haller, Hans Hauner, Beate Ott, Thomas Skurk, Ljiljana Hastreiter, Ilias Lagkouvardos, Sandra Fischer, Janine Büttner, Teresa Kellerer, Thomas Clavel, Michael Rychlik, Dirk Haller, Hans Hauner

Abstract

Recent findings suggest an association between obesity, loss of gut barrier function and changes in microbiota profiles. Our primary objective was to examine the effect of caloric restriction and subsequent weight reduction on gut permeability in obese women. The impact on inflammatory markers and fecal microbiota was also investigated. The 4-week very-low calorie diet (VLCD, 800 kcal/day) induced a mean weight loss of 6.9 ± 1.9 kg accompanied by a reduction in HOMA-IR (Homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance), fasting plasma glucose and insulin, plasma leptin, and leptin gene expression in subcutaneous adipose tissue. Plasma high-molecular weight adiponectin (HMW adiponectin) was significantly increased after VLCD. Plasma levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP) were significantly decreased after 28 days of VLCD. Using three different methods, gut paracellular permeability was decreased after VLCD. These changes in clinical parameters were not associated with major consistent changes in dominant bacterial communities in feces. In summary, a 4-week caloric restriction resulted in significant weight loss, improved gut barrier integrity and reduced systemic inflammation in obese women.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
(a–d) Boxplots based on cycle threshold values (CT) of adipose tissue biopsies from 18 participants before and after the 4-week caloric restriction. (e) For fat cell diameters, data of 8 participants were available. ***P < 0.001.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Fecal microbiota analysis by 16 S rRNA gene amplicon analysis. (a) Diversity within samples (alpha-diversity) was estimated by species richness and Shannon-effective counts. (b) meta nonparametric multidimensional scaling plot of phylogenetic distances based on generalized UniFrac (beta-diversity). (c) Occurrence of members of the phylum Proteobacteria and the family Enterobacteriaceae, including significance before and after Benjamini-Hochberg adjustment. (d) Relative abundances of five dominant OTUs showing significance overtime. ***P < 0.001; **P < 0.01; *P < 0.5.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Study design. The scheme gives an overview of the timeline and different examinations performed. Abbreviations: BS, Blood sample; FB, fat biopsy; FS, fecal sample; GP, gut permeability; IC, indirect calorimetry; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; NC, nutritional counseling; PE, physical examination; oGTT, oral glucose tolerance test; Q, questionnaire.

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