Finding the "self" in self-regulation: The identity-value model

Elliot T Berkman, Jordan L Livingston, Lauren E Kahn, Elliot T Berkman, Jordan L Livingston, Lauren E Kahn

Abstract

Many psychological theories suggest a link between self-regulation and identity, but until now a mechanistic account that suggests ways to improve self-regulation has not been put forth. The identity-value model (IVM) connects the idea from social psychology, that aspects of identity such as core values and group affiliations hold positive subjective value, to the process-focused account from decision-making and behavioral economics, that self-regulation is driven by a dynamic value integration across a range of choice attributes. Together, these ideas imply that goal-directed behaviors that are identity-relevant are more likely to be enacted because they have greater subjective value than identity-irrelevant behaviors. A central hypothesis, therefore, is that interventions that increase the degree to which a target behavior is perceived as self-relevant will improve self-regulation. Additionally, identity-based changes in self-regulation are expected to be mediated by changes in subjective value and its underlying neural systems. In this paper, we define the key constructs relevant to the IVM, explicate the model and delineate its boundary conditions, and describe how it fits with related theories. We also review disparate results in the research literature that might share identity-related value as a common underlying mechanism of action. We close by discussing questions about the model whose answers could advance the study of self-regulation.

Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.
The identity-value model of self-regulation. Identity, among other factors, contributes to the subjective value of goal-consistent behaviors to the extent that the goal is identity-relevant. The cumulative subjective value of the behavior is compared to the value of other response options (only one shown, but more are possible), and the behavior with the highest subjective value is enacted. All else being equal, therefore, increasing the identity relevance of a goal will facilitate behaviors that foster goal progress.
Figure 2.
Figure 2.
Overlap between identity and subjective value in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) shown in yellow. Identity-related neural activity is defined as regions active during self-processing and self-related thought (903 studies; red); value is defined as regions active during subjective value computation (344 studies; green). Image generated using the NeuroSynth tool for automated meta-analysis of neuroimaging data (Yarkoni et al., 2011).
Figure 3.
Figure 3.
Identity resides at the highest levels of the goal hierarchy. Higher-level, more abstract, longer-term (“why”) construals connect actions to identity. Lower-level, more concrete, shorter-term (“how”) construals distance actions from identity. Only some aspects of identity are shown; others (e.g., actual self, important past events) are not necessarily higher-level. [Adapted from Carver & Scheier, 1998.]

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