'Dove Confident Me Indonesia: Single Session': study protocol for a randomised controlled trial to evaluate a school-based body image intervention among Indonesian adolescents

Nadia Craddock, Kirsty M Garbett, Sharon Haywood, Kholisah Nasution, Paul White, L Ayu Saraswati, Chairunnisa Rizkiah, Bernie E Medise, Phillippa C Diedrichs, Nadia Craddock, Kirsty M Garbett, Sharon Haywood, Kholisah Nasution, Paul White, L Ayu Saraswati, Chairunnisa Rizkiah, Bernie E Medise, Phillippa C Diedrichs

Abstract

Background: Due to the prevalence and associated adverse health consequences of negative body image among adolescents globally, there is a need to develop acceptable, effective, and scalable interventions. School-based body image interventions delivered by trained teachers show promise in reducing negative body image in adolescents. However, there is currently a lack of evidenced-based body image interventions for use in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). This paper outlines a protocol for the development and evaluation of Dove Confident Me Indonesia: Single Session, a single-session, teacher-led body image intervention for Indonesian adolescents.

Method: The effectiveness of the intervention will be evaluated using a cluster randomised controlled trial design. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the trial will be conducted online. Trained teachers or school guidance counsellors will deliver the intervention. Self-report questionnaires will be collected at three time points: baseline, post-intervention, and two-month follow-up. The primary outcome is body esteem. Secondary outcomes are internalisation of appearance ideals, mood, engagement in life activities, tendency to engage in appearance comparisons, and skin shade satisfaction. A minimum of 1000 participants will provide 95% power to detect small-to-medium intervention effects. To account for attrition and potential internet issues, the sample will comprise of 2000 Indonesian adolescents in grades 7-9, attending state junior high schools in Surabaya, East Java. Quantitative and qualitative data on acceptability of the intervention will also be collected from teachers and students. Additionally, fidelity of lesson implementation will be assessed. This project received ethical approval from the Universitas Indonesia and the University of the West of England. The intervention will be disseminated in junior high schools throughout Indonesia via UNICEF's Life Skills Education (LSE) programme, which will be freely available for teachers to download.

Discussion: This paper presents Dove Confident Me Indonesia: Single Session, a culturally adapted school-based intervention designed to improve Indonesian adolescents' body image. It details the plan for evaluation, highlighting the strengths and limitations of the proposed study design. It will be informative for others aiming to adapt evidence-based school curricula to promote well-being among adolescents in LMICs.

Trial registration: NCT04665557 . Registered 11th December 2020.

Keywords: Adolescent mental health; Body image; Indonesia; Life skills education; Low- and middle-income countries; Randomised controlled trial; School-based intervention; Single-session intervention; Southeast Asia; Study protocol.

Conflict of interest statement

PCD is an independent consultant to the Dove Self-Esteem Project global education initiative. PCD and SH were on the Dove Self-Esteem Project Global Advisory Board in 2013–2016. The authors declare no other conflicts of interest in relation to this work.

© 2021. The Author(s).

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Study Design Flowchart
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Schedule of Enrolment, Interventions, and Assessments
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
An Excerpt of the Teacher Guide Featuring the Introduction and Part of Activity One
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
The Before-and-After Social Media Photos Provided for Students in Activity Three
Fig. 5
Fig. 5
The First Two Role-Play Scenarios Provided for Students in Activity Four

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